ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere thanks to my instructor

Mrs. who guided me to
the successful completion of this project. I
take this opportunity to express my deep
sense of gratitude for their individual
guidance, constant encouragement and
immense motivation which have sustained
my efforts at all stages of this project work.
I extend my sincere thanks to my principal
Mrs. Nikita Damle for her support and for
all the facilities provided for the preparation
of this project work.
In the end, I would wish to thank everyone,
who motivated me to continue my work.
 INDEX
Sr.
No
Topics
1. Introduction
2. Factors affecting the
rate of evaporation
3. Experiment 1
4. Experiment 2
5. Experiment 3
 Introduction
When liquid is placed in an open vessel. It
slowly escapes into gaseous phase
eventually leaving the vessel empty. This
phenomenon is known as vaporization or
evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be
explained in the terms of kinetic molecular
model although there are strong molecular
attractive forces which hold molecules
together. The molecules having sufficient
kinetic energy can escape into gaseous
phase. If such molecules happen to come
near the surface in a sample of liquid all the
molecules do not have same kinetic energy.
There is a small fraction of molecules which
have enough kinetic energy to overcome
the attractive forces and escapes into
gaseous phase.
Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to
the reason that the molecules which
undergo evaporation have high kinetic
energy therefore the kinetic energy of the
molecules which are left behind is less.
Since the remaining molecules which are
left have lower average kinetic energy.
Therefore, temperature is kept constant the
remaining liquid will have same distribution
of the molecular kinetic energy and high
molecular energy will be kept one escaping
from liquid into gaseous phase of the liquid
is taken in an open vessel evaporation will
continue until whole of the liquid
evaporates.
 Factors affecting the
rate of evaporation
(1) Nature of Liquids: The magnitude of
inter-molecular forces of attraction in liquid
determine the speed of evaporation. Weaker
the inter-molecular forces of attraction larger is
the extent of evaporation. In diethyl ether rate
of evaporation is greater than that of ethyl
alcohol.
(2) Temperature: The rate of evaporation of
liquids varies directly with temperature. With
the increase in the temperature, fraction of
molecules having sufficient kinetic energy to
escape out from the surface also increases.
Thus with the increase in temperature rate of
evaporation also increases.
(3) Surface Area: Molecules that escape the
surface of the liquids constitute the
evaporation. Therefore, larger surface area
contributes accelerating evaporation.
(4) Composition of Environment: The rate
of evaporation of liquids depends upon the
flow of air currents above the surface of the
liquid. Air current flowing over the surface of
the liquid took away the molecules of the
substance in vapour state there by preventing
condensation.
 Experiment no. 1
Aim: To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone,
benzene and chloroform.
Requirement: Three same size Petri dishes of diameter
10 cm., 10 ml. pipettes, stop watch, acetone benzene
and chloroform.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B
and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with
stopper similarly pipette out of 10 ml. of benzene and
chloroform in each of Petri "B" and "C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start
the stop watch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute.
Now cover each of the petri dish and note the volume of
remaining material in them.
Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
 Petri Liquid Volume Vol. Rate (V/T)
dishes Taken remaining Evap. ml./s
Marked (V1) ml. (V2) ml. V=V1–
V2
A 10 2 8 8/600=0.0133

B 10 3 7 7/600=0.0116

C 10 4 6 6/600=0.01

Results:
Rate of evaporation of Acetone is 0.0133 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Benzene is 0.0166 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is 0.010 ml/s.
Conclusion:
The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and
chloroform are in order.
Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.
 Experiment no. 2
Aim: To study the effect of surface area on the rate
of evaporation of diethylether.
Requirement: Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5
cm., 5 cm., 7.5 cm. with cover, 10 ml. of pipette and
stop watch.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A,
B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml diethylether in each of the
Petri dishes A, B and C and cover them immediately.
3. Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop
watch.
4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min.
vaporization of diethyl ether from each Petri dish.
Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
 Petri Diameter of Volume Taken Remaining Evaporated
dishes P.T.Ds. (ml.) Vol. (ml.) volume
Marked
A 2.5 10 4 6

B 5 10 2 8

C 7.5 10 0 10

Results: The order of evaporation of

acetone in three petri dishes as 7.5 > 5.0 >
2.5 cm.
Conclusion: Larger the surface area more is
evaporation.
 Experiment no. 3
Aim: To study the effect of temperature on
the rate of evaporation of acetone.
Requirement: Two Petri dishes of 5 cm.
diameter each stop watch, 10 ml. pipette,
thermometer, thermostat.
Procedure:
1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and
mark them as A, B.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each
of Petri dishes A and B and cover them.
3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature
and to the other heat for same time.
4. Note the reading.
Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
 Petri Time Temperature Volume Take Evaporated
dishes (Sec.) (°C) n (ml.) volume
Marked (ml.)
A 10 30 10 10

B 20 40 10 10

Results: The order of evaporation of

acetone in two Petri dishes as given
Room Temperature < Heating.
Conclusion: Observation clearly shows that
the evaporation increases with
temperature.