DevineniVenkataRamana&Dr.

HimaSekhar

MIC College of Technology

Department of
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INSTRUCTION MANUAL
Communication Systems Laboratory

V SEMESTER (AUTONOMOUS)
B. Tech V Semester
L T P C
1 0 2 2

18EC5L10-Communication Systems Laboratory

List of Experiments

All the experiments should be performed in Hardware and software (MATLAB)

1. Amplitude modulation(AM)- Modulation and demodulation

2. DSB-SC Modulation and demodulation
3. SSB-SC Modulation and demodulation
4. Frequency Modulation and demodulation
5. PCM Modulation and demodulation
6. DPCM Modulation and demodulation
7. DM Modulation and demodulation
8. ASK Modulation and demodulation
9. FSK Modulation and demodulation
10. PSK Modulation and demodulation
11. Sampling theorem
12. Time division Multiplexing
Equipment required for Laboratories:
1. RPS – 0 – 30 V
2. CRO – 0 – 20 M Hz.
3. Function Generators – 0 – 1 M Hz
4. RF Generators – 0 – 1000 M Hz./0 – 100 M Hz.
5. Multimeters
6. Lab Experimental kits for analog and Digital Communication
7. Components
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S.No Name of the Experiment

1 Amplitude modulation(AM)- Modulation and demodulation

2 DSB-SC Modulation and demodulation

3 SSB-SC Modulation and demodulation

4 Frequency Modulation and demodulation

5 PCM Modulation and demodulation

6 DPCM Modulation and demodulation

7 DM Modulation and demodulation

8 ASK Modulation and demodulation

9 FSK Modulation and demodulation

10 PSK Modulation and demodulation

11 Sampling theorem

12 Time division Multiplexing

INDEX
 S.NO DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT SIGN REMARK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Lab incharge Hod

HARDWARE
 AMPLITUDE MODULATION &
DEMODULATION

EXP NO:
 AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM:
1. To generate amplitude modulated waves for different modulation depths and to determine the
percentage modulation.
2. To Demodulate the modulated wave using AM detector.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation trainer kit.
2. C.R.O (30MHz)
3. Adapter
4. Connecting patch cords
5. CRO Probes

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

THEORY:
Amplitude Modulation is defined as a process in which the amplitude of the carrier wave c(t) is
varied linearly with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal m(t).The standard form of an
amplitude modulated (AM) wave is defined by
s ( t )=A c [ 1+ K a m ( t ) cos ( 2 πf c t ) ]

Where
K a a constant is called the amplitude sensitivity of the modulator.
The demodulation circuit is used to recover the message signal from the incoming AM wave at the
receiver. An envelope detector is a simple and yet highly effective device that is well suited for the
demodulation of AM wave, for which the percentage modulation is less than 100%.Ideally, an envelope
detector produces an output signal that follows the envelop of the input signal wave form exactly; hence,
the name. Some version of this circuit is used in almost all commercial AM radio receivers.
( E max −Emin )
The Modulation Index is defined as, m = ( E max + Emin )
Where,
Emax is the maximum amplitude of the modulated wave and
Emin is the minimum amplitude of the modulated wave.

OBSERVATIONS TABLE:
Table 1:
fm=25 KHz, fc= 280 KHz, Ac= 2.1 V p-p.
Modulation %m
µ Am(Volts) Vmax(volts) Vmin(Volts)
Index ‘m’ (m x100)

µ>1 0.6 3 -0.8 1.727 172

µ<1 2.1 2.2 0.3 0.76 76

µ=1 20 2.6 0 1 100

Table 2:
Name of the signal Amplitude Time period Frequency
Modulating(AF) Signal 0.5 V 40 ms 2.5 KHz
Carrier Signal(RF) 2.1 V 3.5 µs 0.28 MHz
AM Signal 2.5 V 3.6 µs 0.27 MHz
Demodulated Signal 0.46 V 40 ms 2.5 KHz

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Adapter to the power supply and switch on the trainer kit.
2. Connect CRO at the output of modulating signal generator and measure its amplitude and
frequency.
3. Observe the carrier signal amplitude and frequency.
4. Apply the message signal and the carrier signal as input to AM modulator and Observe its output
5. Measure Amax and Amin of AM wave.
 6. Vary amplitude of modulating signal and calculate different modulation index, percentage
modulation.
7. Apply AM wave as input to AM demodulator and observe its output. Measure its amplitude and
frequency.
8. With the variation of modulating signal amplitude observe and note down the amplitude of
detected signal.
9. Draw the wave forms of modulating signal, carrier signal, AM signal and detected signal.

MODEL WAVEFORMS:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the connections before giving the power supply
2. Observations should be done carefully.

RESULT:
Amplitude modulated signal and demodulated signals are obtained, graphs are drawn and also
calculated the different modulation depths.
Modulation depths for
m<1: 76%
m=1: 100%
m>1: 172%

INFERENCES:
Modulation index of AM wave varies according to instantaneous amplitude of the message signal

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define AM and draw its spectrum?
2. Draw the phase’s representation of an amplitude modulated wave?
3. Give the significance of modulation index?
4. What are the different degrees of modulation?
5. What are the limitations of square law modulator?
6. Compare linear and nonlinear modulators?
7. Compare base modulation and emitter modulation?
8. Explain how AM wave is detected?
9. Define detection process?
10. What are the different types of distortions that occur in an envelope detector? How can they be
eliminated?
DSB-SC MODULATION AND
DEMODULATION
EXP NO:
DSB-SC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM:
1. To generate AM-Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) signal and
2. To demodulate the DSB-SC signal using Synchronous detector.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. DSB modulation & demodulation trainer kit.
2. C.R.O (30MHz)
3. CRO Probes
4. Connecting patch chords
5. Adapter

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DSB-SC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

THEORY:
Balanced modulator is used for generating DSB-SC signal. A balanced modulator consists of two
standard amplitude modulators arranged in a balanced configuration so as to suppress the carrier wave.
The two modulators are identical except the reversal of sign of the modulating signal applied to them.
The message signal m(t) is recovered from a DSB-SC wave s(t) by first multiplying s(t) with
locally generated carrier wave and then low-pass filtering as shown in the block diagram.
It is assumed that the local oscillator output in the detector is exactly coherent or synchronized,
in both frequency and phase; with the carrier wave c(t) used to generate s(t).This method of demodulation
is known as coherent detection or synchronous detection.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the adapter to the trainer kit and switch on the supply.
2. Connect CRO at the output of modulating signal generator and measure it’s a mplitude and
frequency.
3. Observe the carrier signal amplitude and frequency.
4. Apply the message signal and the carrier signal as input to DSB modulator and
Observe its modulated output.

OBSERVATIONS TABLE:

Name of the signal Amplitude Time period Frequency

Modulating(AF) Signal 1.2 V 0.6 ms 1.66 KHz
Carrier Signal(RF) 1.1 V 1 µs 1MHz
DSB Signal 1.1V 1.1 µs 0.9 MHz
Demodulated Signal 1.2 V 0.6 ms 1.66 KHz

MODEL WAVEFORMS:
 5. Apply DSB modulated wave and carrier signal as inputs to synchronous demodulator and observe
its output. Measure its amplitude and frequency.
6. Draw the wave forms of modulating signal, carrier signal, DSB signal and detected signal.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the connections before giving the supply
2. Observations should be done carefully

RESULT:
DSB modulated signal is generated using Product Modulator and the demodulated signal is
obtained using Synchronous Detector and appropriate graphs are plotted.

INFERENCES:
Phase reversal in DSB-SC Signal is occurring at the zero crossings of modulating signal.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the advantages of suppressing the carrier?
2. What are the two ways of generating DSB_SC
3. What is the efficiency of the DSB-SC modulating system?
4. What are the applications of balanced modulator?
5. What is the effect of amplitude of message on DSB-Sc signal?
6. Write the applications of synchronous detector?
7. What are the drawbacks of synchronous detector?
8. What is the Effect of Carrier signal on output signal?
FREQUENCY MODULATION AND
DEMODULATION
 EXP NO:
FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
1. To generate frequency modulated signal and determine the modulation index and bandwidth for
various values of amplitude and frequency of modulating signal.
2. To demodulate a Frequency Modulated signal using FM detector.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Frequency Modulation and Demodulation trainer kit.
2. C.R.O (30MHz)
3. Adapter
4. Connecting patch chords
5. CRO Probes

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

THEORY:
The process, in which the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal, is called “Frequency Modulation”. The FM signal is expressed as
s ( t )=A c cos ( 2 πf c + β sin ( 2 πf m t ) )

Where
AC is amplitude of the carrier signal, f C is the carrier frequency, β is the modulation index of
the FM wave
Modulation index (mf =β) can be found using Δf/fm where Δf = |fc-fmin|.
Band width BW=2(β+1) fm=2(Δf+ fm)
PROCEDURE:
 1. Connect the AC power supply to the mains and switch on the trainer kit.
2. Observe the modulating signal at the output of modulating signal generator(AF) and note
the amplitude and frequency.
3. Observe the carrier signal at the output of the FM modulator without input and note the
frequency.
4. Observe the output of FM modulator with inputs simultaneously on CRO and measure
maximum and minimum frequencies of FM signal.

OBSERVATIONS TABLE:

Table 1 fc = 30 KHz

BW=
Δf(KHz)=
S.No. fm(KHz) Tmax(μsec) fmin(KHz) β =Δf/fm 2(Δf +fm )
fc-fmin
(KHz)
1. 5.55 50 20 10 1.8 31.1

Table 2

Name of the signal Amplitude(v) Time period Frequency

Modulating(AF) Signal 6V 0.18 ms 5.55 KHz
Carrier Signal(RF) 1.6 V 28 µs 0.03MHz
FM Signal 1.6 V 50 µs 20 µs 0.02MHz 0.05MHz
Demodulated Signal 6V 0.18 ms 5.55 KHz
MODEL WAVEFORMS:

5. Now slowly increase the amplitude of modulating signal and measure f min and maximum
frequency deviation Δf at each step. Evaluate the modulating index (m f =β) using Δf/fm
where Δf = |fc-fmin|. Calculate Band width. BW=2(β+1)fm=2(Δf+ fm)
 6. Connect the FM wave as input to FM demodulator and observe its output.note the
amplitude and frequency.
7. Draw the waveforms of modulating signal, carrier, FM modulated signal and detected
signals

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the connections before giving the power supply
2. Observations should be done carefully

RESULT:
Frequency modulated signal and demodulated signals are obtained and graphs are drawn.
Modulation index =1.8
Bandwidth =31.1 KHz

INFERENCES:
The modulation index of the FM signal varies in accordance with instantaneous value of
amplitude as well as frequency of the modulating signal.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define frequency modulation?
2. Mention the advantages of indirect method of FM generation?
3. Define modulation index and frequency deviation of FM?
4. What are the advantages of FM?
5. What is narrow band FM?
6. Compare narrow band FM and wide band FM?
7. Differrntiate FM and AM?
8. How FM wave can be converted into PM wave?
9, State the principle of reactance tube modulator?
10. Draw the circuit of varactor diode modulator?
11. What is the bandwidth of FM system?
12. Want is the function of FM discriminator?
13. How does ratio detector differ from fosterseely discriminator?
14. What is meant by linear detector?
15. What are the drawbacks of slope detector?
SAMPLING THEOREM
EXP NO:
SAMPLING THEOREM

AIM:
To convert analog signal into discrete signal by using sampling theorem and also to
reconstruct it from the sampled signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Sampling theorem trainer kit
2. Function Generator (1MHz)
3. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (30 MHz)
4. CRO Probes

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SAMPLING THEOREM

THEORY:
The analog signal can be converted to a discrete time signal by a process called sampling. The
sampling theorem for a band limited signal of finite energy can be stated as,
‘’A band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency component higher than W Hz is
completely described by specifying the values of the signal at instants of time separated by 1/2W
seconds.’’
It can be recovered from knowledge of samples taken at the rate of 2W per second.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the input signal with a frequency of 1 kHz using a function generator.
 3. Sampling clock frequency which is variable of 500 Hz to 5 kHz should be connected
across the terminal which is indicated.
4. By using the capacitors provided on the trainer, reconstruct the signal and verify it
with the give input.
5. Reconstructed signal voltage will be depends on capacitor value.
6. Vary the sampling frequency and study the change in reconstructed signal.
7. If the sampling clock frequency is below 2 kHz you will observe the distorted output.

MODEL GRAPHS:
OBSERVATION TABLE

Name of the signal Amplitude Time period Frequency

Modulating(AF) Signal 1.5 V 1 ms 1 KHz
Carrier Signal(RF) 1.8 V 120 µs 8.3 KHz
SAMPLED Signal 1.4 V 120 µs 8.3 KHz
Demodulated Signal 1.5 V 1 ms 1 KHz

RESULT:
Hence sampling theorem is verified and plotted the appropriate waveforms.
INFERENCES:
For the case f s=2fm, although the successive cycles of spectrum are not overlapping they are
touching each other. In this case the original spectrum can be recovered from the sampled spectrum
using a low pass filter with cut off frequency fm

For the case fs<2fm, the successive cycles of the sampled spectrum will overlap each other and hence
in this case the original spectrum cannot be extracted out of the spectrum Hence for reconstruction
without distortion it is necessary that
f s>=2fm

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is aliasing effect?
2. What is the function of Op-amps in this circuit and what is the effect of frequency of
sampling signal?
 SSB MODULATION
AND
DEMODULATION

EXP NO:
 SSB MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Aim: To generate the SSB modulated wave and plot the appropriate waveforms

Apparatus Required:

Name of the Component/Equipment Specifications Quantity

SSB system trainer board --- 1

CRO 30MHz 1

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Theory:

An SSB signal is produced by passing the DSB signal through a highly selective band pass
filter. This filter selects either the upper or the lower sideband. Hence transmission bandwidth can be cut
by half if one sideband is entirely suppressed. This leads to single-sideband modulation (SSB). In SSB
modulation bandwidth saving is accompanied by a considerable increase in equipment complexity.
Procedure:

1. Switch on the trainer and measure the output of the regulated power supply i.e., ±12V and -8V.

2. Observe the output of the RF generator using CRO. There are 2 outputs from the RF generator, one is
direct output and another is 90 o out of phase with the direct output. The output frequency is 100 KHz
and the amplitude is ≥ 0.2VPP. (Potentiometers are provided to vary the output amplitude).

3. Observe the output of the AF generator, using CRO. There are 2 outputs from the AF generator, one
is direct output and another is 90 o out of phase with the direct output. A switch is provided to select
the required frequency (2 KHz, 4KHz or 6 KHz). AGC potentiometer is provided to adjust the gain of
the oscillator (or to set the output to good shape). The oscillator output has amplitude  10VPP. This
amplitude can be varied using the potentiometers provided.

4. Measure and record the RF signal frequency using frequency counter. (or CRO).

5. Set the amplitudes of the RF signals to 0.1 V p-p and connect direct signal to one balanced modulator
and 90o phase shift signal to another balanced modulator.

6. Select the required frequency (2KHz, 4KHz or 6KHz) of the AF generator with the help of
switch and adjust the AGC potentiometer until the output amplitude is  10 V PP (when amplitude
controls are in maximum condition).

7. Measure and record the AF signal frequency using frequency counter (or CRO).

8. Set the AF signal amplitudes to 8 V p-p using amplitude controls and connect to the balanced
modulators.

9. Observe the outputs of both the balanced modulators simultaneously using Dual trace oscilloscope
and adjust the balance control until desired output wave forms (DSB-SC).

10. To get SSB lower side band signal, connect balanced modulator output (DSB_SC) signals to subtract
or.

11. Measure and record the SSB signal frequency.

12. Calculate theoretical frequency of SSB (LSB) and compare it with the practical value.

LSB frequency = RF frequency – AF frequency

13. To get SSB upper side band signal, connect the output of the balanced modulator to the summer
circuit.

14. Measure and record the SSB upper side band signal frequency.

15. Calculate theoretical value of the SSB(USB) frequency and compare it with practical value. USB
frequency = RF frequency + AF frequency
Model Waveforms:
Observations:

Signal Amplitude (volts) Frequency (KHz)

Message signal 2 1

Carrier signal 2 100

SSB (LSB) 0.5 98.54

SSB (USB) 0.42 101.4

Precautions:

1. Check the connections before giving the power supply

2. Observations should be done careful

Result:

The waveforms of SSB Waves is generated and plotted the appropriate waveforms

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are the different methods to generate SSB-SC signal?

2. What is the advantage of SSB-SC over DSB-SC?
3. Explain Phase Shift method for SSB generation.
4. Why SSB is not used for broadcasting?
5. Give the circuit for synchronous detector?
6. What are the uses of synchronous or coherent detector?
7. Give the block diagram of synchronous detector?
8. Why the name synchronous detector?
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
& DEMULTIPLEXING
Exp.No:1

1. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING & DEMULTIPLEXING

AIM:To study the analog multiplexing and de multiplexing and plot the corresponding graphs.

APPARATUS:
S.No Description Quantity

1 Time Division Multiplexing and de multiplexing trainer Kit 1

2 Dual Trace Oscilloscope 1

4 BNC probes 2

5 Connecting Wires As Required

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
THEORY:

In PAM and PPM the pulse is present for a short duration and for most of the time between the
two pulses no signal is present. This free space between the pulses can be occupied by pulses from other
channels. This is known as Time Division Multiplexing. Thus, time division multiplexing makes
maximum utilization of the transmission channel. Each channel to be transmitted is passed through the
low pass filter. The outputs of the low pass filters are connected to the rotating sampling switch (or)
commutator. It takes the sample from each channel per revolution and rotates at the rate of f s. Thus the
sampling frequency becomes fs the single signal composed due to multiplexing of input channels. These
channels signals are then passed through low pass reconstruction filters. If the highest signal frequency
present in all the channels is f m, then by sampling theorem, the sampling frequency fs must be such that
fs≥2fm. Therefore, the time space between successive samples from any one input will be T s=1/fs, and
Ts=1/2fm.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Time Division Multiplexing &Demultiplexing kit to power mains.
2. The input waves available on the kit are sine wave, square wave and triangular wave.
Observe each of these inputs on channel-1 of CRO. Note down the amplitude and time
period of each wave.
3. Connect these three input waves to any of the 8 input channels of the kit. Observe
multiplexed output at the MUX OUTPUT on channel-2 of CRO. Note down the
amplitude and time period of individual signals in this waveform.
4. Connect MUX OUTPUT to DEMUX INPUT. By applying selection lines according to
the input channels selected observe the output at each channel on channel-1 of CRO.
Output is observed only at the channel that matches with the selection lines. Note down
the amplitude and time period of the signals.

OBSERVATIONS:

Table 1.1Amplitude and Time period values of input signals

S.No Waveform Amplitude(volts) Time period(ms) Frequency(Hz)

1 Square wave
 2 Sine wave
3 Triangular wave

Table 1.2Amplitude and Time period values of multiplexed output

S.No Waveform Amplitude(volts) Time period(ms) Frequency(Hz)

1 Square wave
2 Sine wave
3 Triangular wave

Table 1.3Amplitude and Time period values of de-multiplexed output

S.No Waveform Amplitude(volts) Time period(ms) Frequency(Hz)

1 Square wave
2 Sine wave
3 Triangular wave

MODEL GRAPHS:

MULTIPLEXER INPUTS:

MULTIPLEXER OUTPUT:
DEMULTIPLEXER OUTPUTS:

PRECAUTIONS:

(1) Supply should not be given during connections.

(2) Avoid loose contacts.

RESULT:

The analog multiplexing and de-multiplexing is performed and the graphs are drawn
corresponding to multiplexed and de-multiplexed waveforms.
VIVA-VOCE:
1. What is multiplexing?
2. What is the need for multiplexing?
3. What is the difference between analog signal and digital signal?
4. What is sampling theorem?
5. What are the different types of multiplexing techniques?
PULSE CODE MODULATION AND
DEMODULATION
Exp.No:2
2. PULSE CODE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To study the pulse code modulation and demodulation by sending variable frequency sine wave.

APPARATUS:

S.No Description Quantity

1 PCM trainer kit 1

2 Dual Trace Oscilloscope 1

3 BNC probes 2

4 Connecting Wires As Required

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
THEORY:

Pulse Code Modulation is known as digital pulse modulation technique. In fact, in the pulse code
modulation technique the message signal is subjected to a great number of operations. It consists of 3
main parts i.e., transmitter, transmission path and receiver. The essential operations in the transmitter of a
PCM system are sampling, quantizing and encoding. Sampling is the operation in which an analog signal
is sampled according to the sampling theorem resulting in a discrete time signal. The quantizing and
encoding operations are usually performed in the same circuit which is known as an ADC.
The essential operations in the receiver are regeneration of impaired signals, decoding and
demodulation of the train of quantized samples. These operations are usually performed in the same
circuit which is known as digital to analog converter. Further at intermediate points along the
transmission route from the transmitter to the receiver, regenerative repeaters are used to reconstruct the
transmitted sequence of coded pulses in order to combat the accumulated effects of signal distortion and
noise. The quantization refers to the use of a finite set of amplitude levels and the selection of a level
nearest to a particular sample value of the message signal as the representation the system at transmission
in which sampled and quantized values of an analog signal are transmitted via a sequence of code words
is called Pulse Code Modulation.
Two most commonly used versions are the differential pulse code modulation and delta
modulation. The PCM communication system is shown in the above figure. In the circuit is often called
an analog to digital converter. The functional block that performs the task of accepting binary digits and
generating appropriate sequences of levels is called a digital to analog converter. The bandwidth of PCM
will be much greater than that of the message. PCM is used to convert analog signals to binary form. Low
pass filter may be used to reduce the quantization noise and it yields the original message signal.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the PCM kit to the power mains.

2. The DC output voltage can be varied from -5V to +5V. Fix the DC voltage to any value, say
2V.
3. The modulating signal at AF output is of fixed amplitude and variable frequency. The
frequency is fixed to a particular value by observing the waveform on channel-1 of CRO.
4. Connect variable DC output to analog input of modulation section.
5. The 8- LEDs at the output of ADC indicate the PCM output of that DC voltage. If the LED
glows it is taken as ‘1’ or else it is taken as ‘0’.
6. Observe the waveform at sampling clock on channel-1 of CRO.
7. Observe the waveform at PCM output on channel-2 of CRO. This waveform pattern will
match the LED pattern. Note down the pattern and the amplitude and time period for a single
pulse.
8. Now connect AF output to analog input of modulating section by removing DC output.
9. Observe the waveform at DAC output on channel-2 of CRO and note down step size and step
duration. Also note down the amplitude and time period of the signal.
10. Observe the waveform at demodulation output on channel-2 of CRO and note down the
amplitude and time period of the signal.

OBSERVATIONS:

Table 2.1 Readings of Pulse Code Modulation& demodulation

S.No Signal Amplitude(Volts) Time period(ms)

1 DC voltage -
2 Sampling clock Ton:
 Toff :
3 PCM output
4 Modulating signal
5 DAC output
6 Demodulated signal

PCM sequence:

MODEL GRAPHS:

SAMPLING CLOCK:

PCM OUTPUT:

MODULATING SIGNAL:

DAC OUTPUT:

DEMODULATED SIGNAL:

PRECAUTIONS:

(1) Supply should not be given during connections.

(2) Avoid loose contacts.

RESULT:

Pulse Code Modulation and demodulation is studied by applying DC voltage and variable
frequency sine wave and corresponding graphs are plotted.
VIVA-VOCE:
1. What is meant by digital modulation?
2. What are the different types of digital modulation techniques?
3. What is meant by sampling?
4. What is meant by quantization?
5. What are the different blocks present in a PCM system?
6. What is the difference between source encoding and channel encoding?
 DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE
MODULATION AND
DEMODULATION

Exp.No:3

3. DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION AND

DEMODULATION
AIM: To study the differential pulse code modulation and demodulation by sending variable frequency
sine wave.

APPARATUS:

S.No Description Quantity

1 DPCM trainer kit 1

2 Dual Trace Oscilloscope 1

3 BNC probes 2

4 Connecting Wires As Required

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

DPCM Modulator:
DPCM Demodulator:

THEORY:
In this DPCM instead of transmitting a base band signal m(t) we send the difference signal of Kth
sample and (k-1) th sample value. The advantage here is fewer levels are required to quantize the
difference than the required to quantize m(t) and correspondingly, fewer bits will be needed to encode the
levels. If we know the post behaviour of a signal up to a certain time, it is possible to make some
interference about its future values this is called prediction. The filter designed to perform the prediction
is called a predictor. The difference between the interest and the predictor o/p is called the prediction
error
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the DPCM kit to the power mains.
2. The DC output voltage can be varied from -5V to +5V. Fix the DC voltage to any value,
say 2V.
3. The modulating signal at AF output is of fixed amplitude and variable frequency. The
frequency is fixed to a particular value by observing the waveform on channel-1 of CRO.
4. Connect variable DC output to analog input of modulation section.
5. Observe the waveform at sampling clock on channel-1 of CRO.
6. Observe the waveform at DPCM output on channel-2 of CRO. Note down the pattern and
the amplitude and time period for a single pulse.
7. Now connect AF output to analog input of modulating section by removing DC output.
 8. Observe the waveform at DAC output on channel-2 of CRO and note down step size and
step duration. Also note down the amplitude and time period of the signal.
9. Observe the waveform at demodulation output on channel-2 of CRO and note down the
amplitude and time period of the signal.

OBSERVATIONS:

Table 3.1 Readings of Differential Pulse Code Modulation& demodulation

S.No Signal Amplitude(Volts) Time period(ms)

1 DC voltage -
Ton:
2 Sampling clock
Toff:
3 DPCM output
4 Modulating signal
5 DAC output
6 Demodulation signal

DPCM sequence:

MODEL GRAPHS:

SAMPLING CLOCK:

DPCM OUTPUT:

MODULATING SIGNAL:

DAC OUTPUT:
DEMODULATED SIGNAL:

PRECAUTIONS:

(1) Supply should not be given during connections.

(2) Avoid loose contacts.

RESULT:

Differential Pulse Code Modulation and demodulation is studied by applying DC voltage and
variable frequency sine wave and corresponding graphs are plotted.

VIVA-VOCE:
1. What is meant by a code word?
2. What is the difference between PCM and DPCM?
3. List the advantages of DPCM?
4. What are the applications of DPCM?
5. What is meant by the concept of ‘prediction’?
DELTA MODULATION AND
DEMODULATION
Exp.No:
DELTA MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To obtain signals of delta modulation and demodulation.
APPARATUS:

S.No Description Quantity

1 Delta modulation and demodulation trainer kit 1

2 Dual Trace Oscilloscope 1

3 BNC probes 2

4 Connecting Wires As Required

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
DM Modulator:
DM Demodulator:

THEORY:

Delta modulation uses a single bit PCM code to achieve digital transmission of analog signals
with conventional PCM each code is binary representation of both the sign and magnitude of a particular
sample. With delta modulation, rather than transmit a coded representation of the sample, only a single bit
is transmitted, which indicates whether that sample is larger or smaller than the previous sample. The
algorithm for a delta modulation system is quite simple. If the current sample is smaller than the previous
sample, logic 0 is transmitted. If the current sample is larger than the previous sample, logic 1 is
transmitted. The input analog is sampled and converted to a PAM signal, which is compared to the output
of the DAC. The output of the DAC is a voltage equal to the regenerated magnitude of the previous
sample, which was stored in the up/down counter as a binary number, The up/down counter is
incremented or decremented depending on whether the previous sample is larger or smaller than the
current sample. The up/down counter is clocked at a rate equal to the sample rate. Therefore, the up/down
counter is updated after each comparison.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the Delta Modulation & Demodulation kit to the power mains.
2. Observe the waveform at bit clock on channel-1 of CRO.
3. The modulating signal at AF output is of fixed amplitude and variable frequency. The
frequency is fixed to a particular value by observing the waveform on channel-1 of CRO.
4. Connect bit clock generator to clock input of the modulator section. Also connect
modulating signal output to modulating signal input of the modulator section.
5. Observe the waveform at DM output on channel-2 of CRO.
6. Now connect DM output of modulator section to DM input of demodulator section. Also
connect bit clock generator to clock input of the demodulator section
7. Observe the waveform at DAC output on channel-2 of CRO and note down step size and
step duration. Also note down the amplitude and time period of the signal.
8. Now connect DAC output to input of the filter and observe the waveform at
demodulation output on channel-2 of CRO and note down the amplitude and time period
of the signal.

MODEL GRAPHS:

CLOCK INPUT:

MESSAGE SIGNAL:

DELTA MODULATION OUTPUT:

DAC OUTPUT:

DEMODULATED SIGNAL:

OBSERVATIONS:

Table 4.1 Readings of Delta modulation & demodulation

S.No Signal Amplitude(Volts) Time period(ms)

1 Modulating signal
2 bit clock
3 DM output
4 DAC output
5 Demodulation signal

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Supply should not be given during connections.

2. Avoid loose contacts.

RESULT:

Delta Modulation and demodulation is studied by applying variable frequency sine wave and
corresponding graphs are plotted.
VIVA-VOCE:
1. What are the two types of quantization errors?
2. What happens to the output signal if the variation of the message signal is (i)greater than
the step size (ii) less than the step size?
3. What is the advantage of delta modulation over PCM? What are the applications of
DPCM?
4. What is granular noise?
5. What is slope overload distortion?
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
Exp.No:5

5. FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

AIM: To generate the waveforms of frequency shift keying.

APPARATUS:

S.No Description Quantity

1 FSK modulation & demodulation kit 1

2 Function generator 1

3 Dual trace oscilloscope 1

4 BNC probes 2

5 Connecting wires As Required

BLOCK
DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
FSK signalling schemes find a wide range of applications in low-speed digital data transmission
system. FSK schemes are not as efficient as PSK in terms of power and bandwidth utilization. In binary
FSK signalling the waveforms are used to convey binary digits 0 and 1 respectively. The binary FSK
waveform is a continuous, phase constant envelope FM waveform. The FSK signal bandwidth in this case
is of order of 2MHz, which is same as the order of the bandwidth of PSK signal.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the FSK modulation and demodulation kit to the power mains.
2. Select any one data sequence out of the 4 sequences in the kit. Observe this waveform on
channel-1 of CRO. Note down the sequence and its amplitude and time period.
3. Observe carrier-1 at carrier output of the kit on channel-2 of CRO.
4. Now by using function generator, generate carrier-2 (sine) of frequency less than carrier-
1 and of same amplitude.
5. Connect the carrier-1 to carrier-1 and carrier-2 to carrier-2 of the modulation section.
Also connect data output to data input of the modulation section.
6. Observe FSK output on channel-2 of CRO. Note down the amplitude and time period.
7. Connect FSK output to FSK input of demodulation section and observe demodulated
output on channel-2 of CRO.
8. Repeat steps (2), (6) and (7) by selecting another data sequence.

MODEL GRAPHS:

CARRIER-1:

CARRIER-2:
DATA SEQUENCE:

FSK OUTPUT:

DEMODULATED OUTPUT:

OBSERVATIONS:

Table 5.1 Readings of FSK modulation & demodulation

Data sequence-1:
Data sequence-2:
S.No Signal Amplitude(Volts) Time period(ms)
Ton:
1 Data-1
Toff:
Ton:
2 Data-2
Toff:
3 Carrier-1
4 Carrier-2
5 FSK output-1
6 FSK output-2
Ton:
7 Demodulated signal-1
Toff:
Ton:
8 Demodulated signal-2
Toff:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Supply should not be given during connections.

2. Avoid loose contacts.
RESULT:

Frequency shift keying modulation and demodulation is performed for two data sequences and
the corresponding waveforms are noted.
VIVA-VOCE:
1. What is the difference between FM and FSK
2. List some applications of FSK.
3. Identify the differences between Pass band and Base band Communication.
4. What is a matched filter?
5. What are the properties of matched filter?
PHASE SHIFT KEYING
Exp.No:6
6. PHASE SHIFT KEYING

AIM: To generate the waveforms of phase shift keying.

APPARATUS:

S.No Description Quantity

1 PSK modulation & demodulation kit 1

2 Dual trace oscilloscope 1

3 BNC probes 2

4 Connecting wires As Required

BLOCK
DIAGRAM:
THEORY:

The phase of carrier is shifted between two values is called Phase Shift Keying. The amplitude of
carrier remains constant. Phase Shift Keying is also called Phase Reversal Keying. The performance of
PSK is more than ASK. PSK is a non linear modulation. PSK needs a complicated synchronous circuit at
the receiver. The bandwidth of PSK is 2fm.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the PSK modulation and demodulation kit to the power mains.
2. Select any one data sequence out of the 4 sequences in the kit. Observe this waveform on
channel-1 of CRO. Note down the sequence and its amplitude and time period.
3. Observe carrier wave at carrier output of the kit on channel-2 of CRO.
4. Connect the carrier output to carrier input of modulation section. Also connect data
output to data input of the modulation section.
5. Observe PSK output on channel-2 of CRO. Note down the amplitude and time period.
6. Connect PSK output to PSK input of demodulation section and observe demodulated
output on channel-2 of CRO.
7. Repeat steps (2), (6) and (7) by selecting another data sequence.

MODEL GRAPHS:

CARRIER SIGNAL:
DATA SEQUENCE:

PSK OUTPUT:

DEMODULATED SIGNAL:

OBSERVATIONS:
Table 6.1 Readings of PSK modulation & demodulation
Data sequence-1:
Data sequence-2:
S.No Signal Amplitude(Volts) Time period(ms)
Ton:
1 Data-1
Toff:
Ton:
2 Data-2
Toff:
3 Carrier-1
4 PSK output-1
5 PSK output-2
Ton:
6 Demodulated signal-1
Toff:
Ton:
7 Demodulated signal-2
Toff:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Supply should not be given during connections.

2. Avoid loose contacts.
RESULT:
 Phase shift keying modulation and demodulation is performed for two data sequences and the
corresponding waveforms are noted.
VIVA-VOCE:
1. What are the applications of PSK?
2. What are antipodal signals?
3. Give the equation for average probability of symbol error for coherent binary
PSK.
4. Explain how QPSK differs from PSK in terms of transmission bandwidth and bit
information it carries.
5. Draw the constellation diagram for PSK.
AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
Exp.No:
AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

AIM: To generate the waveforms of Amplitude Shift Keying.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Name of the component Specifications/Range Quantity

Resistors 1.2KΩ 3
Transistor BC 107 2
CRO 0-30MHz 1
Function Generator 0-1MHz 1
Regulated power supply 0-30V,1A 1
CRO probes -- 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 Fig: 1 Amplitude Shift Keying Circuit
THEORY:

The binary ASK system was one of the earliest form of digital modulation used in wireless
telegraphy. In an binary ASK system binary symbol 1 is represented by transmitting a sinusoidal carrier
wave of fixed amplitude Ac and fixed frequency fc for the bit duration Tb whereas binary symbol 0 is
represented by switching of the carrier for T b seconds. This signal can be generated simply by turning the
carrier of a sinusoidal oscillator ON and OFF for the prescribed periods indicated by the modulating pulse
train. For this reason the scheme is also known as on-off shift testing.
Let the sinusoidal carrier can be represented by E c(t) =Accos (2Πfct)then the binary ASK signal
can be represented by a wave S(t) given by S(t) = A ccos(2Πfct), symbol 1 ASK signal can be generated by
applying the incoming binary data and the sinusoidal carrier to the two inputs of a product modulator. The
resulting output is the ASK wave. The ASK signal which is basically product of the binary sequence and
carrier signal has a same as that of base band signal but shifted in the frequency domain by ± f c. The band
width of ASK signal is infinite but practically it is 3/ Tb.
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply.
3. Apply the sinusoidal carrier signal from the function generator to the collector terminal of the
transistor with 10v (p-p) amplitude and10KHz frequency.
4. Apply the Binary signal from the pulse generator to the Base terminal of the transistor with
5v (p-p) amplitude and 2 KHz frequency.
5. Observe the output of ON/OFF keying from ASK modulator circuit using CRO.
6. Now vary the Amplitude and frequency of the binary signal and observe the output changes
of ASK modulated
Wave & compare it
with the
modulating data signal
applied to the
modulator input.

Table 12.1 Table for Amplitude Shift Keying

Waveform Amplitude Time Period(msec)

Ton:
Binary Signal
Toff

Carrier Signal

Ton:
ASK output
Toff

MODEL GRAPHS:

CARRIER SIGNAL:
BINARY SIGNAL

ASK OUTPUT

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Supply should not be given during connections.

2. Avoid loose contacts.

RESULT:

The waveforms for carrier,

binary signal and ASK
are observed.
VIVA-VOCE:
1. Why we are not preferred ASK over PSK and FSK?
2. What is another name of ASK modulation scheme?
3. What is the Effect of carrier amplitude, frequency, Vcc on the output?
 BINARY AMPLITUDE SHIFT
KEYING (SIMULATION)

Exp.No:

BINARY AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING-SIMULATION

AIM:
To Generate the Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation signalsusing MATLAB 7.0.4
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Software MATLAB7.0.4
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

BASK Modulator BASK Demodulator

ALGORITHM:
Step1: The binary sequence is taken as input into a variable.
Step2: The carrier signal with required frequency is selected.
Step3: The required carrier wave is generated.
Step4: The input binary data is given to serial to parallel converter.
Step5: The parallel sequence is converted to analog signal using D/A converter.
Step6: The analog signal is combined with the generated carrier signal.
Step7: The required ASK signal is generated.
Step8: (Detection) The ASK wave is combined with the carrier wave.
Step9: The output is given to the comparator circuit.
Step10: The output is converted into digital by using A/D converter.
Step11: This gives us the binary sequence as the output of the demodulator.

PROGRAM:
%Matlab program for ASK wave
clc;
clf;
clear all;
close all;
b=input('enter binary data:');
fc=4000;
t=linspace(0,1/1000,50);
ec=cos(2*pi*fc*t);
ook=[ ];
bin=[ ];car=[ ];
fori=1:length(b);
ook=[ook,b(i)*ec];
bin=[bin,b(i)*ones(1,50)];
car=[car,ec];
end
%ASK detection
balout=[ ];%sync det output
demod=[ ];%demodulation output
fori=1:length(ook);
balout=[balout,car(i)*ook(i)];
end;
fori=1:50:length(ook);
if sum(balout(i):balout(i+49))>0.5
demod=[demod,ones(1,50)];
elsedemod=[demod,zeros(1,50)];
end;
end;
%ploting the graph
subplot(5,1,1);
plot(ec,'linewidth',2);
title('carrier');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(5,1,2);
plot(0:length(bin)-1,bin,'k','linewidth',2);
title('input data');
xlabel('time');
abel('amplitude');
subplot(5,1,3);
plot(ook,'r-','linewidth',2);
title('modulated data');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(5,1,4);
plot(balout,'r-','linewidth',2);
title('balanced modulator data');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(5,1,5);
plot(demod,'r-','linewidth',2);
title('demodulated output data');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
MODEL WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:

Hence, the Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation signals are generated using
MATLAB.
 BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING-
MODULATION AND
DEMODULATION
(SIMULATION)

BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING-MODULATION AND

DEMODULATION
(SIMULATION)
AIM:
To Generate the Binary Phase Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation signals using
MATLAB 7.0.4
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB7.0.4
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Generation of BPSK

Synchronous Demodulation of BPSK

ALGORITHM:
Step1: The binary sequence is taken as input into a variable.
Step2: This binary data is converted into the polar form either in RZ or NRZ form.
Step3: The carrier signal with required frequency is selected.
Step4: The required carrier wave is generated.
Step5: Both carrier and the binary data is given to the balanced modulator circuit.
Step6: The balanced modulator output gives us the BPSK waveform.
Step7: (Demodulator) The BPSK wave is given to the multiplier along with thecarrier signal.
Step8: The multiplier output is passed through the low pass filter.
Step9: This gives us the binary sequence as the output of the demodulator.
PROGRAM:
%Matlab program for BPSK wave
clc;
clf;
clear all;
close all;
b=input('enter binary data:');
fc=4000;
t=linspace(0,1/1000,50);
ec=cos(2*pi*fc*t);
pskout=[ ];
bin=[ ];car=[ ];
fori=1:length(b);
if b(i)==1
pskout=[pskout,b(i)*ec];
elsepskout=[pskout,(b(i)-1)*ec];
end;
bin=[bin,b(i)*ones(1,50)];
car=[car,ec];
end
%BPSK detection
balout=[ ];%sync det output
demod=[ ];%demodulation output
fori=1:length(pskout);
balout=[balout,car(i)*pskout(i)];
end;
fori=1:50:length(pskout);
if sum(balout(i):balout(i+49))>0
demod=[demod,ones(1,50)];
elsedemod=[demod,zeros(1,50)];
end;
end;
%ploting the graph
subplot(5,1,1);
plot(ec,'linewidth',3);
title('carrier');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(5,1,2);
plot(0:length(bin)-1,bin,'k','linewidth',3);
title('input data');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(5,1,3);
plot(pskout,'r-','linewidth',3);
title('BPSK output');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(5,1,4);
plot(balout,'r-','linewidth',3);
title('balanced modulater data');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(5,1,5);
plot(demod,'r-','linewidth',3);
title('Demodulated output');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');

MODEL WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:
Hence, the Phase Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation signals are generated using
MATLAB.
MATLAB
AMPLITUDE MODULATION &
DEMODULATION
(USING BUILT IN FUNCTIONS)
EXP NO:
AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION
(USING BUILT IN FUNCTIONS)

AIM:
To verify Amplitude modulation and demodulation by using built-in functions in
MATLAB.

APPARATUS:
(1) Personal computer.
(2) Software MATLAB 7.9 version.

PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the MATLAB icon/click on start button->goto programs->MATLAB-
>MATLAB R2009b.
2. Click on File Menu->New->Blank M-file
3. Enter the required program in the current editor.
4. Then save the current file by using .m extension
5. Execute the program by using run button. / go to debug menu-> click on save file and
run.
6. Output waveforms will be displayed on the screen by using figure window.

PROGRAM:
fs=8000;
fc=300;
fm =10;
t=(0:0.1*fs)/fs;
m=sin(2*pi*fm*t);
v=ammod(m,fc,fs);
mr=amdemod(v,fc,fs);
figure(1)
 subplot(2,1,1);plot(t,m);

MODEL WAVEFORMS:
MODULATION

MESSAGE SIGNAL
1
amplitude

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.040.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
time
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
1
amplitude

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
time

DEMODULATION
MESSAGE SIGNAL
amplitude

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
time
DEMODULATION SIGNAL
amplitude

-1

-2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
time

xlabel('time period');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('modulating signal');
 subplot(2,1,2);plot(t,v);
xlabel('time period');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('AM modulated signal');
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1);plot(t,m);
xlabel('time period');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('modulating signal');
subplot(2,1,2);plot(t,mr);
xlabel('time period');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('demodulated signal');

RESULT:
Thus the Amplitude modulation and demodulation is verified by using built-in functions
in MATLAB and observed the waveforms.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION &
DEMODULATION
(WITHOUT USING BUILT IN
FUNCTIONS)
EXP NO:

AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

(WITHOUT USING BUILT IN FUNCTIONS)

AIM:
To verify Amplitude modulation and demodulation without using built-in functions in
MATLAB.

APPARATUS:
(1) Personal computer.
(2) Software MATLAB 7.9 version.

PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the MATLAB icon/click on start button->goto programs->MATLAB-
>MATLAB R2009B.
2. Click on File Menu->New->Blank M-file
3. Enter the required program in the current editor.
4. Then save the current file by using .m extension
5. Execute the program by using run button. / go to debug menu-> click on save file and
run.
6. Output waveforms will be displayed on the screen by using figure window.

PROGRAM:
clear all;
close all;clc;
tmin=0;
tmax=10^(-3);
step=(tmax-tmin)/1000;
t=tmin:step:tmax;
vm1=1;vm2=2;
 vm3=3;vc=2;
fm=2*10^(3);
MODEL WAVEFORMS
CASE I-UNDER MODULATION
MESSAGE SIGNAL
amplitude

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time -3
x 10
UNDERMODULATED SIGNAL
amplitude

-2

-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time -3
x 10

CASE II-CRITICAL MODULATION

MESSAGE SIGNAL
amplitude

-1

-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time -3
x 10
CRITICAL MODULATION
amplitude

-2

-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time -3
x 10

CASE III-OVER MODULATION

 MESSAGE SIGNAL
4

amplitude
2

-2

-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time -3
x 10
OVER MODULATION
5
amplitude

-5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time -3
x 10

fc=2*10^(4);
m1=vm1*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
m2=vm2*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
m3=vm3*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
c=vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
v1=(1+m1/vc).*c;
v2=(1+m2/vc).*c;
v3=(1+m3/vc).*c;
figure(1);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,m1);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,v1);hold on;
plot(t,vc*(1+m1/vc),'r:');hold on;
plot(t,-vc*(1+m1/vc),'r:');hold off;
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1);plot(t,m2);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,v2);hold on;
plot(t,vc*(1+m2/vc),'r:');hold on;
plot(t,-vc*(1+m2/vc),'r:');hold off;
figure(3);
 subplot(2,1,1);plot(t,m3);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,v3);hold on;
plot(t,vc*(1+m3/vc),'r:');hold on;
plot(t,-vc*(1+m3/vc),'r:');hold off;

RESULT:
Thus the Amplitude modulation and demodulation is verified without using built-in
functions in MATLAB and observed the waveforms.

DSBSC MODULATION
&
DEMODULATION
EXP NO:
DSBSC MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM:
To Verify Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) Modulation & Demodulation
by using built-in functions in MATLAB

APPARATUS:
(1) Personal Computer.
(2) Software MATLAB 7.9 Version.

PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the MATLAB icon/click on start button->goto programs->MATLAB-
>MATLAB R2009b.
2. Click on File Menu->New->Blank M-file
3. Enter the required program in the current editor.
4. Then save the current file by using .m extension
5. Execute the program by using run button. / go to debug menu-> click on save file and
run.
6. Output waveforms will be displayed on the screen by using figure window.

PROGRAM:
clear all;close all;clc;
tmin=0;tmax=1;
step=(tmax-tmin)/1000;
t=tmin:step:tmax;
vm=2;vc=1;
fm=2;fc=0.3*10^2;
m=vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
c=vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
v=m.*c;
r=v.*c;
[b a]=butter(1,0.01);
mr=filter(b,a,r);
MODEL WAVEFORMS
MESSAGE SIGNAL
amplitude 2

-1

-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time
CARRIER SIGNAL
1
amplitude

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time

MODULATION
MESSGE SIGNAL
2
amplitude

-1

-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time
DSBSC MODULATION
2
amplitude

-1

-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time

DEMODULATION
MESSAGE SIGNAL
2
amplitude

-1

-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time
DSBSC DEMODULATION
2
amplitude

-1

-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time
 DSBSC MODULATION
2

amplitude
1

-1

-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time
DSBSC DEMODULATION
2
amplitude

-1

-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time

figure(1)
subplot(2,1,1);plot(t,m);
subplot(2,1,2);plot(t,c);
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1);plot(t,m);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,v);hold on;
plot(t,m,'r');hold on;
plot(t,-m,'r');hold off;
figure(3);
subplot(2,1,1);plot(t,m);
subplot(2,1,2);plot(t,mr);
figure(4);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,v);hold on;
plot(t,m,'r');hold on;
plot(t,-m,'r');hold off;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,mr);

RESULT:
 Thus the Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) demodulation is verified by
using built-in functions in MATLAB and observed the waveforms
 FREQUENCY MODULATION
AND DEMODULATION

EXP NO:
FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
To verify Frequency modulation and demodulation using built-in functions in MATLAB.

APPARATUS:
(1) Personal computer.
 (2) Software MATLAB 7.9 version.

PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the MATLAB icon/click on start button->go to programs->MATLAB-
>MATLAB R2009b.
2. Click on File Menu->New->Blank M-file
3. Enter the required program in the current editor.
4. Then save the current file by using .m extension
5. Execute the program by using run button./ go to debug menu-> click on save file and run.
6. Output waveforms will be displayed on the screen by using figure window.

PROGRAM:

clear all;
close all;
clc;
tmin=0;
tmax=4*10^(-3);
step=(tmax-tmin)/1000;
Fs = 1000; % Sampling rate of signal
Fc = 40; % Carrier frequency
t=tmin:step:tmax;
s1 = sin(2*pi*500*t); % Channel 1

MODEL WAVEFORMS
MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
 MESSAGE SIGNAL

amplitude
1

-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
time -3
x 10
FREQUENCY MODULATED SIGNAL
amplitude

-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
time -3
x 10
FREQUENCY DEMODULATED SIGNAL
amplitude

-2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
time -3
x 10

dev = 30; % Frequency deviation in modulated signal

y = fmmod(s1,Fc,Fs,dev); % Modulate both channels.
z = fmdemod(y,Fc,Fs,dev); % Demodulate both channels.
figure(1)
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,s1);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,y);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,z);

RESULT:
Thus the Frequency modulation and demodulation is verified by using built-in functions
in MATLAB and observed the waveforms.