4A speculation and deduction ‘modal verbs: must, may, might, can’t, should, ought a Right (7) or wrong (X)? Correct the mistakes in the 1 They matt be very well off they've ora huge house highlighted phrases. Yormnet bersscenkin-hewerstmndogriga is booty Ti dd heave work wt 6.00, so RSE HERE 2 They can’t be playing very well-theytelosing 0-3. before 200. You cant /coulda't have spent very long on this essay you've Jim didn't eave work until 600,50 hein likly o be here delete 0 mond : vot Teron 3 Thavent seen the Sales Manager today He may | might ssaoeaerenveraseaiee Tharrtrreen the 1 My glasses aren't heir usual place, Someonmst ‘The keys of the store cupboard have disappeared. Do you think ‘someone may | might / could have taken them? 2A Doyouknow where Annis He may / might not have heard the message [left B She should bein the ibraty. That's where she said she 4 Floste ter today should / ought co arrive on Friday vwasgoing Iposted the letter a weekago. Itshould / ought to have arrived 2A Whore tharckelaigicant Tay Bai B [thinkiteanbe the neighbour's cat. 1 Aswell as using must for obligation, we also use must + infinitive 4 'm sure Chelsea will win tonight. They're unlikely to lose tosay that we are almost sure something is tue about the present three times inarow and must have + past participle to say that we are almost sure 5. Ithinkyou should delete char photo of Tina. She won't something was true or happened inthe past. detioheipliben 2. Weuse cat + infinitive to say that we are almost sure that 6 Jian owina Getate he always is something isn't true in the present and can't have / couldn't have Fr ceaieamavecion Bivnitae ahs sho + past participle to say that we are almost sure that something Peers, ss the Riera didn’thappen / wasn't reue in the past. ¥ * lon’ think Marta has gone to bed yet. [eMiRK SheiSE + We don't use mustn't | mustn't have with this meaning, 8 Idon’tthink Marta has gone to bed y 3. Weuse may | might | could + infinitive and may have | might have | 5 —. could have + past participle to say that we think’ possible that ‘Wsqite kay eae boss will retire in year or two somethings tein the present, or was true happened inthe past. Rewritethe sentences sng the bold word + We only use may not or might not to talkabouta negative Perhaps Luke has got lost. He has no sense of direction, possibilty. NOT couldn't ae 4 Weuse sould] ought to + infinitive wo describe asicuation weexpect Luke ight have gt os. He has no sense of direction to happen, We use should have | ought to have + past participle to apt te niaeepnu ee miameeteciebe ae 1 don't think he'll have time ro cal in and sees. Hehasa very tight schedule, probably Infinitive or continuous infinitive after modals? He He has very tight schedule: He must work realy herd. He never gets home before 200 pm rm ot sure shel ever ge over the breakup. may dedacton aout stat act * : CN ee There's @ light on in his office. He must stil be working, She the break-up. {deduction aboutan action n progress at the moment of speaking) 3 They will probably have heaed the news by now. ought They snow. setectioee ard piverbs for specaatier 4 Iida’ leave my creditcard in the restaurant. remember 1 He's bound / sure to be here in a minute. He left an hour ago. puteingitin my wallet. can’t She's sure bound to know, She's an expert on the subject 1 2 think she's likely unlikely ¢o agree to our proposal likely unlikely that the government will aise interest rates _. remember putting tin my wallet. 5 I'm sure your sister will ike the scarf it's just her style. yee bound 3. She'll definitely pass the exam. She's worked really hard Your sister Wsjusther style She definitely won pass the exam. She hasnt done any work ata 6 The company director probably won't resign, despite the He'll probably be here around 8.00. He usualy leaves work t 7.30 dinnecronavaliefigures, onlikaly He probably won't be here until about 8.15. He's stuck ina The company ditecor despite the srattiejam disastrous sales figures. 1 bound and sure are adjectives. We use be hound or be sure 10 ¢ 7m sure he was in love with her, otherwise he woulda’t infinitive wo say that we think somicthingiis certain to he te oF have martied her must fared He otherwise he wouldn't have 2 likely and unlikely are also adjectives (not adverbs), We can use : subject + belikely unlikely + to + infinieive, or iis likely [unlikely married het 4 that + clause 8 Areyou sure you locked the back door? definitely 3 defintely and prohably are advers. They go before a main verb and Dia lock the back door? aaa According to press reports, the couple will probably get the ausiliaryn(-lsenrences cling to press reports the couple will probably get + With be hey go after the verb in sentences and before the verb in divorced soon, likely Esentences,e-g: He's probably British. The painting definitely isn't According to press reports i's soon, semaine p38 sentences and before 54B adding emphasis (1): inversion 1 Notonly isthe plot great, (but) i's also very well written. [Not until you can behave like an adule will we ereat you like anadule Never have I heard such a ridiculous argument. No sooner had the football match started than it began to snow heavily Not only did you forget to shut the window, (but) you also forgot to lock the door! Not until you become a parent yourself do you understand wha iteally means, 3 The rain began to move. Only chen was Lable to relax Only when you leave home do you realize how expensive ‘everythings. Hardly had I sat down when / before the train began to move. Rarely have I met a more irritating person, In formal English, especially n writing, we sometimes change the ‘normal word order to make the sentence more emphatic or dramatic 1 This structure is common with negative adverbial expressions suchas Not only... Not uml, Never... and No sooner. (=a formal way of sayingassoonas) * When we use inversion after the above expressions, we change the order ofthe subject and (auxiliary) verb. NOT Notoniy the plotis reat. Compare: Thave never heard such a ridiculous argument. (= normal word order) Never have Fheand sich ridiculous argument. ‘make the sentence more emphatic) 2 Inthe present simple and past simple tense, rather than simply inverting the subject and ver, we use do des | did + subject ‘+ main verb, NOT Not only forgot you to shut the window: 3 Inversion is also used after the expressions Only then... ‘Only when... Hardly | Scarcely.... Rarely ‘Overuse of inversion Inversion should only be used occasionally for dramatic effect ‘Gverusing it wl roake your english sound unnatural Rewrit 6 GRAMMAR BANK she sentences to make them more emphatic Tha just started reading when all the lights went out. No sooner had stated reading than ll the lights wen! out [didn’t realize my mistake uneil years lat Nocuntil We had never seen such magni Never They not only disliked her, bt hey also ated ber family Not only ‘We only understood what he had really suffered when we read his autobiography Only when ‘We ad just started to eat when we heard someone knocking. atthe door, Hardly have rarely read such a badly written novel Rarely Unuil you've tried to write a novel yourself, you don’t realize how hard itis Notunil ‘The hotel room was depressing, and itwas cold as wel Notonly We only light the fire when tis unusually cold. Only when Shortly fier he had gone to sleep the phone rang Nosooner only eealized the full scale ofthe disaster when I watched the six oelock news. I watched the six oilock news. Only then He has never regretted the decision he took on that day. Never I spoke to the manager and the problem was taken seriously Only when ‘He had scarcely had time to destroy the evidence before the police arrived Searcely