Activity 4 Forensic

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CvSU Vision The Cavite State University shall provide

The premier university in excellent, equitable and relevant educational
historic Cavite recognized for opportunities in the arts, sciences and
excellence in the development of technology through quality instruction,
globally competitive and morally responsive research and development
upright individuals
Republic of the Philippines activities.
CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY It shall produce professional, skilled and
Don Severino delas Alas Campus morally upright individuals for global
competitiveness.
Indang, Cavite
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Department of Criminology
FOSC 2 PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
Activity 4
LIBRARY WORKS
DOGMATIC PRINCIPLE OF FINGERPRINT

IDENTIFICATION
&
RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
BSC 2-1
GROUP 3
MEMBERS:
LILANG, JULIUS R.
CAMPOSANO, SAHRA
AMOR, JOHN NESTY
VIDALLO, JULLANAH LYRRE
ESPINO, MARINEL FRANCISCO
CUSTODIO, DEXTER R.
CvSU Mission
upright individuals
competitiveness.
Indang, Cavite

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION. PAGE 2
MAIN BODY PAGE 3
 DOGMATIC PRINCIPLE OF FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION
 RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
REFERENCES
CvSU Mission
upright individuals
competitiveness.
Indang, Cavite

INTRODUCTION
Fingerprints are governed by three dogmatic principles which are recognized

judicially by courts all over the world. These principles are based on facts. A Fingerprint
is the impression made by the ridges on the inside of the first joint of the finger or thumb
on any surface through the medium of sweats, inks or any ingredients capable of
producing visibility. As a means of personal identification, its scope is embraced under
the science of dactylography and its four allied subjects namely.
Fingerprint Identification is the method of identification using the impressions made

by the minute ridge formations or patterns found on the fingertips. No two persons have
exactly the same arrangement of ridge patterns, and the patterns of any one individual
remain unchanged throughout life. Fingerprints offer an infalible means of personal
identification. Other personal characteristics may change, but fingerprints do not.
Fingerprints can be recorded on a standard fingerprint card or can be recorded digitally
and transmitted electronically to the FBI for comparison. By comparing fingerprints at
the scene of a crime with the fingerprint record of suspected persons, officials can
establish absolute proof of the presence of identity of a person.
Humans have characteristically ridged skin on their fingertips, palms, and soles.
This roughened skin makes it easier to grip things and, up close, it appears as patterns
of tiny ridges and furrows. The fingertips, palms, and soles can sometimes create a
transfer of these patterns when they come into contact with surfaces and objects. The
most important of these transfers are fingerprints, made when the tips of the fingers and
thumbs make impressions.
3
CvSU Mission
upright individuals
competitiveness.
Indang, Cavite

MAIN BODY
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS

First Principle: A Fingerprint Is an Individual Characteristic; No Two Fingers Have Yet
Been Found to Possess Identical Ridge Characteristics.
The acceptance of fingerprint evidence by the courts has always been predicated
on the assumption that no two individuals have identical fingerprints. Early fingerprint
experts consistently referred to Galton's calculation showing the possible existence of
64 billion different fingerprints to support this contention. Later, researchers questioned
the validity of Galton's figures and attempted to devise mathematical model to better
approximate this value. However, no matter what mathematical model one refers to, the
conclusions are always the same: The probability for the existence of two identical
fingerprint patterns in the world's population is extremely small.
Not only is this principle supported by theoretical calculations, but also just as
importantly, it is verified by the millions upon millions of individuals who have had their
prints classified over the past 90 years not two have ever been found to be identical.
The individuality of fingerprint is not determined by its general shape or pattern but by a
careful study of its ridge characteristics (also known as minutiae). It is the identity,
number, and relative location of characteristics. If two prints are to compare, they will
have to reveal characteristics that not only are identical but have the same relative
location to another in a print. In a judicial proceeding, a point-by-point comparison must
be demonstrated by the expert, using charts in order to prove the identity of an
individual.
Second Principle: Principle: A Fingerprint Will Remain Unchanged During an

Individuals Lifetime
Fingerprints are reproduction of friction skin ridges found on the palm side of the
fingers and thumbs. Similar friction skin can also be found on the surface of the palms
and soles of the feet. Apparently, these skin surfaces have been designed by nature to
provide our bodies with a firmer grasp and a resistance to slippage. A visual inspection
of friction skin reveals a series of lines corresponding to hills (ridges) and valleys
(grooves). It is the shape and form of the skin ridges that one sees as the black lines of
an inked fingerprint impression. Actually, skin is composed of layers of cells. Those
nearest the surface make up the outer portion of the skin known as the epidermis, and
CvSU Mission
upright individuals
competitiveness.
Indang, Cavite

the inner skin is known as the dermis. As looks at a cross section of the skin, a
boundary of cells separating the epidermis and dermis is noted. It is the shape of this
boundary, made up of f dermal papillae, that determines the form and pattern of the
ridges on the surface of the skin. Once the dermal papillae develop in the human fetus
the ridge patternswill remain unchanged throughout the lide excep enlarge during
growth.
CvSU Mission
upright individuals
competitiveness.
Indang, Cavite

4
Perhaps the most publicized attempt at obliteratie was that of the notorious gangster
John Dillinger tried to destroy his own fingerprints by appling a corrosive acid to them.
Prints taken at the morgue the he was shot to death, compared with fingerpri recorded
at the time of a previous arrest, proved th these efforts had been fruitless.
Third Principle: Fingerprint Have General Ridge Pattern that Permit Them to Be
Systematically Classified
All fingerprints are divided into three classes on the basis of their general pattern loops,
whorls, and arches. Sixty to 65 percent of the population has loops, 30 to 35 percent
has whorls, and about 5 percent has arches. These three classes forth the basis for all
ten-finger classification systems presently in use.
RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS / GALTON DETAILS
1. Bifurcation The point where a ridge divides or forks to become two equally strong
ridges to na either parallel or to diverge. The bifurcation may point either a clock-wise or
counter-clockwise
direction.
2. Island - A short ridge located within the temporary divergence of parallel ridges,
running parallel to the ridge on either side.
3. Enclosure The point where a ridge forks and then returns to a single parallel ridge
within a relatively short distance.
4. Dot A very short section of a ridge, usually round in contour, with probably only one
pore.
5. Short ridge A short ridge with considerable open area at either end.
6. Ending ridge. The abrupt ending of a ridge that has previously continued for a quite
distance.
7. Broken ridge A ridge that appears to be continuous but upon close inspection proves
to be broken up into segments. (not to be confused with a narrow ridge containing large
pore opening which tend to break up the ridge)
8. Crossover (Bridge) - A bridge is a short ridge that interconnects two other parallel
ridges.
9. Spur - A very short ridge, usually one to two pores, juts out from a free-flowing ridge.
CvSU Mission
upright individuals
competitiveness.
Indang, Cavite

10. Divergence - Although a divergence is not actually a characteristic, we will define it

at this time for clarification. "The point where two ridges, which have been running
together in parallel fashion, tend to separate and continue on another course.
CvSU Mission
upright individuals
competitiveness.
Indang, Cavite

5
REFERENCE
Vinluan, J. and Buenvista, M. (2012). Advance Techniques in Dactyloscopy with AFIS.
The Three Dogmatic Principle of Fingerprints. (2018, February 15). Retrieved from
https://knoji.com/article/the-three-dogmatic-principles-of-fingerprints/

Activity 4 Forensic

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CvSU Mission

CvSU Vision The Cavite State University shall provide

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

FOSC 2 PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

FOSC 2 PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

DOGMATIC PRINCIPLE OF FINGERPRINT

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

FOSC 2 PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

MAIN BODY PAGE 3

 DOGMATIC PRINCIPLE OF FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

FOSC 2 PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

Fingerprints are governed by three dogmatic principles which are recognized

Fingerprint Identification is the method of identification using the impressions made

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

FOSC 2 PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS

Second Principle: Principle: A Fingerprint Will Remain Unchanged During an

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

FOSC 2 PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

FOSC 2 PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS / GALTON DETAILS

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

FOSC 2 PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

10. Divergence - Although a divergence is not actually a characteristic, we will define it

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

FOSC 2 PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

Vinluan, J. and Buenvista, M. (2012). Advance Techniques in Dactyloscopy with AFIS.

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