ASSIGNMENT

TOPIC: BASIC PRINCIPLES THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

LECTURER: BRIGJEN TNI (PURN) MAKMUR SUPRIYANTO, B.SC., S.PD., M.PD

PHILOSOPHY OF DEFENSE SCIENCE

HARNUNG INDAH PERMATASARI

NIM 120230201006

DEFENSE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

FACULTY OF DEFENSE MANAGEMENT
INDONESIAN DEFENSE UNIVERSITY

JAKARTA
2023
Assignment number 2
There are 3 principles of traditional thinking put forward by Aristotle:
LAW OF IDENTITY
The law : ‘Whatever is, is.”
For any proposition : S = S
If a statement has been determined to be true, then the statement is true. Everything
is itself and can’t be something else. Ex : snow can’t be blood.
Although this may seem simple and obvious, it has a deeper meaning when viewed
from a different perspective. The law can apply in situations where someone wants
to apply an attribute to something that they do not have.
An example of the Law of Identity is that non-venomous snakes are non-venomous.
A person who is afraid of non-venomous snakes is wrong and irrational because
something that is non-venomous cannot be venomous

THE LAW OF NONCONTRADICTION

The Law : 'Nothing can both be and not be' or "two or more contradictory
statements cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time"
For any proposition : S does not = P
A cannot be both ~A [negation of A] in the same relation and time. This rule
emphasizes that there should be nothing that at the same time and in relation to
each other contradicts each other. It's impossible for someone in the same
relationship to agree and disagree simultaneously about something.
Example of Hot and Cold Weather: The statement "Today the weather is hot and
cold at the same time in the same place" is inconsistent and violates the law of
contradiction because a thing cannot have two contradictory conditions
simultaneously.

THE LAW OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE

The Law : 'Everything must either be or not be.'
For any proposition S = S or P = P
A truth is determined by seeing that there must be a true value or vice versa, there is
no other possibility. There are no circumstances in which a statement is partly true
and partly false. The Law of Certain Exceptions helps simplify decisions and
judgments in various aspects of life, ensuring that a statement or situation can be
considered true or false without ambiguity. This is clear, first of all, if we define what
is right and what is wrong.
Example : When faced with the choice Yes or No. For example, when you are asked
whether you want to go to the beach or not. The Law of Certain Exclusion applies
here because you have to choose one of two available options: to go or not to go.