GLOBAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Vol. 02 (2021) 1-11

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Original Research Article

CIRCULAR DOUBLE SKIN STAINLESS

STEEL TUBULAR COLUMN FILLED WITH
UHPFRC SUBJECTED TO IMPACT LOAD
KHALID ABDEL NASER ABDEL RAHIM

ABSTRACT AUTHOR AFFILIATION

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty

Concrete filled steel tube (CFST) column is an important type of structural member and its protective of Science and Technology, University of
design is essential to enhance its structural performance under various dynamic loads. Previously Coimbra, Rua Luis Reis dos Santos 290,
carried out studies on CFST columns tried to determine how to improve their structural response 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
under various loadings, such as axial compression, lateral impact, blast, seismic, etc. Apart from
investigations on transverse impact loading, the majority of the other studies on CFST under various CORRESPONDENCE
loads established solutions and protective measures. Therefore, this study aim is to improve the
Khalid Abdel Naser Abdel Rahim,
performance of CFST under transverse impact loads. The geometrical and mechanical properties,
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty
boundary conditions, impact loading and dynamic explicit analysis employed in that study. This paper of Science and Technology, University of
proposes a novel design in terms of cross-sectional configuration and smart materials to be applied Coimbra, Rua Luis Reis dos Santos 290,
on the CFST in order to improve its performance under lateral impact loading. The proposed 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
investigation is exclusively numerical and its results were verified with the experimental results from Email: khalid.ar@outlook.com
literature. The considered three main variables were including (1) concrete-filled double skin steel
tubular – CFDST with both first sandwich layer and internal carbon steel tube filled with normal PUBLICATION HISTORY
strength concrete – NSC, (2) CFDST with first sandwich layer filled with Ultra High-Performance Fiber-
Received: July 15, 2021
Reinforced Concrete – UHPFRC. a. The parameters including failure modes, maximum mid-span
Accepted: August 23, 2021
deflection, and residual displacements were presented.
ARTICLE ID: GJCE-143
Keywords: Composite columns, lateral impact, double skin, stainless steel, Ultra-High Performance
Fiber Reinforced Concrete.

1. INTRODUCTION load, geometrical properties, dimeter of circular CFST, dimensions of

This study is concentrated mainly on numerically analysing CFST
subjected to transverse impact loads. Several numerical models were
proposed to improve the impact resistivity of the study carried out by
Zhao et al. [1]. Furthermore, the proposed numerical models were
created and analysed using ABAQUS finite element software. Moreover,
this study will be a continuation of the studied carried out by Zhao et
al. [1] without any alteration in the geometry, dimensions, material
properties, boundary condition nor to the impact loading conditions.
Additionally, a total of two model proposals are presented and
numerically analysed. Besides, the first proposal model is CFDST with
internal carbon steel tube filled with NSC. While, the second proposal
model will be CFDST with first sandwich layer filled with UHPFRC.
CFST, impact mass weight, drop height etc. As such, each study
proposed recommendations in accordance to the analysed variables.
For example, a significant achievement in the field was identified by
Wang et al. [2] and Mi et al. [3] by testing steel tubes filled with UHPFRC
under impact loads. Moreover, Wang et al. [2] and Mi et al. [3] has
determined that by filling the steel tubes with UHPFRC increases the
bearing capacity, increases the lateral impact resistance, improves the
residual performance significantly, reduces local indentation and
deflections after impact. In addition, Alam et al. [4] has tested various
CFST columns externally reinforced with FRP materials with different
number of layers. Furthermore, Alam et al. [4] has found that wrapping
CFST members with GFRP has greater performance against impact
loads when compared with CFRP material.

A variety of approached has been carried out to test the structural
behaviour of CFST subjected to various loads, such as, impact, blast,
earthquake, seismic, axial, cyclic loadings etc. Accordingly, it has been
figured that further improvements should be applied on CFST members
to enhance their structural performance under the effect of impact
loading. Moreover, different parametric studies and various variables
were analysed by researches to determine the response of CFST’s
structural members under impact loading. For instance, hollowness
ratios, steel tube thickness, different types of concrete fillings,
boundary conditions, location/point of impact load, magnitude of axial
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The first section of the literature review provides an overview of the
current available work with reference to the intensive review
investigation which was carried out by Abdel Rahim [36]. Moreover, the
section states the concrete filled double skin steel tubular (CFDST)
structural elements subjected to lateral/transverse impact load.
Furthermore, the concrete Filled Stainless Steel Tubular (CFSST)
structural elements subjected to lateral/transverse impact load is
discussed. This is including testing High Strength Concrete-Filled Steel
Tubular (HSCFST) structural elements subjected to lateral/transverse 2.2. Concrete Filled Double Skin Steel Tubular (CFDST) structural
impact load. elements
2.1. Overview
Bambach [5] designed hollow and concrete filled steel and stainless-
steel tubular columns for transverse impact loads. Furthermore, Han et
al. [6] tested stub stainless steel-concrete-carbon steel double skin
tubular (DST) columns. Also, Kim et al. [7] did a comparative flexural
behavior of hybrid Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete
(UHPFRC) with different macro fibers. In addition, Qu et al. [8] analysed
circular concrete-filled steel tube specimen under lateral impact.
Nevertheless, Remennikov et al. [9] studied the response of foam- and
concrete-filled square steel tubes under low-velocity impact loading.
Moreover, Uy et al. [10] examined the behaviour of short and slender
concrete-filled stainless-steel tubular columns. In addition, Deng et al.
[11] investigated the flexural behavior of concrete-filled circular steel
tubes under high-strain rate impact loading. Also, Hassan et al. [12] did
experimental test methods to determine the uniaxial tensile and
compressive behaviour of Ultra High-Performance Fibre Reinforced
Concrete (UHPFRC). Besides, Xiao and Shen [13] examined the impact
behaviours of CFT and CFRP confined CFT stub columns. Moreover,
Yousuf et al. [14] explored the behaviour and resistance of hollow and
concrete-filled mild steel columns due to transverse impact loading.
Nevertheless, The Association Francaise de Genie Civil [15] stated
recommendations on using Ultra High-Performance Fibre-Reinforced
Concretes (UHPFRC). Moreover, Deng and Tuan [16] design a concrete-
filled circular steel tubes and analyzed its response under lateral
impact. Besides, Yousuf et al. [17] examined the transverse impact
resistance of hollow and concrete filled stainless steel columns. Also,
Alam et al. [18] did dynamic simulation of CFRP strengthened steel
column under impact loading. Also, Wang et al. [19] investigated the
experimental behavior of cement filled pipe in-pipe composite
structures under transverse impact. Furthermore, Yousuf et al. [20]
studied the impact behavior of pre-compressed hollow and concrete
filled mild and stainless-steel columns. Besides, Zhang [21] studied the
impact resistant behavior of recycled aggregate concrete-filled steel
tubular member. Bambach [22] validated a general design procedure
for the transverse impact capacity of steel columns. Besides, Guo et al.
[23] did a constitutive model of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced
concrete for low-velocity impact simulations. Furthermore, Han et al.
[24] did a design guide for concrete-filled double skin steel tubular
structures. In addition, Othman and Marzouk [25] studied the
applicability of damage plasticity constitutive model for Ultra-High-
Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) under impact loads.
Also, Zhang et al. [26] examined the plastic behavior of circular steel
tubes subjected to low velocity transverse impact. Moreover, Le Hoang
[27] did experimental study on structural performance of UHPC and
UHPFRC columns confined with steel tube. Furthermore, Li [28]
examined the behavior of grout-filled double-skin steel tubular T-joint
subjected to low-velocity impact. On the other hand, Wang et al. [29]
investigated the compressive behavior of hybrid double-skin tubular
columns with Ultra High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete
(UHPFRC). The main objectives of this paper are addressed below:
− To improve the global impact performance of CFDST columns.
− To decrease the maximum and residual deflections of CFDST
specimens which were conducted by Zhao et al. [1] subjected to −
transverse impact load.
− To increase the impact resistance of the CFDST specimens which
were conducted by Zhao et al. [1]. − As the impact energy load increases, the UHPFRC filled steel tubes
− To examine the use of UHPFRC fill steel tubes under impact in
accordance to material properties recommended by Wang et al.
[2]. − Double skin UHPFRC filled steel tubes does not reduce the lateral
Wang et al. [30] implemented an experimental study on FRP-Concrete-
Steel double skin tube members subjected to lateral impact loading.
Furthermore, the composite design of the structural member consisted
from an outer FRP tube and inner steel tube with concrete fill between
the circular tubes. Besides, the experimental investigation consisted of
24 specimens tested under lateral impact load to determine (1) lateral
deflections, (2) impact forces-time histories, strain and failure modes.
In addition, the tested specimens had variables such as, number of FRP
layers (0, 1, 2 and 3 layers) and impact load velocity. Finally, Wang et
al. [30] found that as the number of outer FRP layers increases, the
impact resistance of FRP-Concrete-Steel double skin tubular member’s
increases. Generally speaking, FRP-Concrete-Steel double skin tubular
members performs in a ductile form under lateral impact loads.
Additionally, Wang et al. [31] did an experimental investigation on 31
concrete filled double steel tubular (CFDST) members subjected to low
velocity impact load. Moreover, two types of columns were tested,
these are, straight columns and tapered columns. In addition, the
tested CFDST specimens had various other variables. For example,
simply supported/fully fixed boundary conditions, level of axial load and
magnitude of impact energy. It was determined, that CFDST members
behaves in a ductile manner under lateral impact, (2) the impact energy
absorption rate for CFDST specimens is higher than hollow double steel
tubes by 1.2 up to 1.9 times more, (3) as the magnitude of impact
energy increases, the global deformation increases and (4) Fixed-fixed
boundary condition support has lower local deformation under lateral
impact than rotational restraint boundary condition supported
specimens. Furthermore, Wang et al. [32] did numerical simulations on
the response of concrete filled double skin steel tubes (CFDST)
members subjected to low velocity lateral impact loading. Moreover,
Wang et al. [32] used existed experimental results to validate the
numerical models. Furthermore, the validation was followed by a
parametric analysis with 5 different variables. These are (1) height of
impact load, (2) ratio of hollow steel tube, (3) ratio of steel, (4) the ratio
of inner steel diameter-to-thickness and (5) material strength and its
properties. Moreover, the variation in results between the parametric
variables were used to determine the global residual lateral
deformation (Gres) under impact loading. Based on the results, Wang
et al. [32] has determined the below:
− The global lateral deformation and the resistant value plateau are
majorly affected by the steel ratio, concrete strength and steel
tubes yield stresses.
− The peak force impact value is majorly affected by the ratio of the
tube hollow section.
Wang et al. [2] did an experimental and numerical analysis on Ultra-
High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) filled steel
tubes subjected to lateral impact load. In addition, five samples were
tested under lateral impact (Three UHPFRC) and Two Normal Strength
Concrete (NSC) filled steel tubes. Furthermore, two variables were
analysed (1) singular skinned CFST and double skin CFST and (2)
impact energy load and (3) UHPFRC/NSC. Moreover, Wang et al. [2]
determined the below:
UHPFRC filled steel tube has greater lateral impact resistance,
greater peak, lower local indentation, and fewer deflection than
NSC filled steel tubes.
experiences more deflection. However, the plateau impact force
stays uninterrupted.
impact resistance.
2
Mi et al. [3] did an experimental investigation on ten CFST samples to
determine the residual axial bearing capacity (Rabc) under lateral
impact load. Besides, the ten CFST samples consisted of seven
Concrete-Filled Double-skin steel tubes (CFDST) and three normal
single skin CFST samples. Furthermore, the study included six major
parameters (1) type of concrete, (2) ratio of steel, (3) form of section,
(4) ratio of axial load, (5) impact energy and (6) subjected or not
subjected to impact loading. Finally, Mi et al. [3] has observed the
below:
− The residual performance of CFST under impact load increases as
the steel ratio/tube thickness increases.
− By using Ultra-High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
(UHPFRC) the bearing capacity of non-impacted samples
increases by 47.1% when compared with specimens filled with
Normal-Strength Concrete (NSC).
− Using Ultra-High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
(UHPFRC) fill in CFST columns improves the residual performance
significantly.
2.3. Concrete Filled Stainless Steel Tubular (CFSST) structural
elements subjected to lateral/transverse impact load
Bambach [5] conducted experimental and numerical analysis on
hollow and CFST columns tested under transverse impact loads. In the
study, two different tubular steel materials were used. The first one was
mild steel and the second was stainless steel. Besides, the material
properties for the tested mild steel and stainless steel has been shown
in Table 1. Moreover, the specimens were restrained rotationally and
axially at the top and bottom ends. Furthermore, the global
performance and the absorbed energy of the CFST columns were
analysed. In addition, various variables were studied to determine their
influence on impact behavior. For example, the variables were (1) steel
material properties, (2) infilled concrete and (3) boundary conditions.
Besides, the main objective of the research was to investigate the
transverse impact energy absorption capacity of CFST columns in
relation to the above-mentioned variables. Finally, Bambach [5] has
drawn the below conclusions:
− CFST columns decreases the capability of impact energy
absorption when compared with hollow steel tubes.
− Stainless steel tubes perform better and has higher impact load
bearing capacity than the classical normal steel. Besides, the
impact absorption rate of stainless steel is 1.8 times higher than
normal mild steel. This has been clarified due to the higher
characteristics and material properties, such as strain failure.
− Axially restrained specimens have showed the highest energy
absorption capacity by creating a tensional mechanism.
Yousuf et al. [17] has mentioned that the material characteristics of
stainless-steel tubes varies from those of mild steel tubes. The features
vary in corrosion resistance, ductility and strength. Thus, Yousuf et al.
[17] studied the response of hollow stainless-steel tubes and CFST
columns subjected to static and impact loads. Furthermore, the weight
of the drop hammer was 592Kg and a drop height of 650mm with a
potential energy of 3775J. At the end, Yousuf et al. [17] has found that
concrete filled stainless steel has higher ductility, more strength and
increases the impact resistance of CFST against local buckling. Yousuf
et al. [20] did an experimental study on 16 hollow and concrete filled
steel columns subjected to static and dynamic impact loads. Moreover,
the investigation included monitoring the variance in behavior between
mild steel and stainless-steel tubes. In addition, the CFST were
subjected to static and dynamic impact loads at the quarter point and
mid-span of the columns. Furthermore, the main aim of the conducted 3. NUMERICAL CFDST MODELS
research by Yousuf et al. [20] was to find the best dynamic impact load
performance of CFST using mild steel, stainless steel, hollow and This section of the paper discusses in details the methods and
concrete filled columns. Yousuf et al. [20] has found that using techniques used to numerically model and analysis. Moreover, the
stainless steel tubes increases the global impact resistance of CFST
columns and reduces buckling. In addition, CFST columns had lower
maximum deflection under impact load when compared to hollow
tubes. Feng et al. [33] tested 36 circular stainless-steel tubes under in-
plane bending. Moreover, the specimens had two variables, for
example, the first variable was between hollow and concrete filled
stainless steel tubes and the second variable was bare/unstrengthen
specimens and CFRP strengthened specimens. Furthermore, the study
focused on determining the flexural behaviour of the specimens under
in-plane bending. It was observed that (1) CFRP reinforced samples has
increased the strength ratio, (2) by applying more CFRP reinforcement
layers on the tested specimens, the ultimate strength increases and (3)
by filling the circular hollow section (CHS) stainless steel tubes with
concrete, the flexural stiffness and strength is improved. Zhao et al. [1]
performed experimental and numerical simulations on the impact load
behavior of circular concrete filled double skin tube members using
external stainless-steel tube and internal carbon steel tube. Moreover,
eighteen samples were prepared and evaluated under axial load and
impact load with three testing variables. For instance, height of impact
load, ratio of hollow steel tube and magnitude of axial load). Besides,
after testing the specimens, the results were gathered including failure
modes, mid-span deflection, impact load time histories and strain in
stainless steel. Finally, Zhao et al. [1] has found that (1) the plateau
impact force decreases as the ratio of hollow steel tube and level of
axial load increases, (2) as the level of axial load and impact load
increases, the residual deflection in mid-span of the specimens
increases, (3) by using external stainless-steel tubes, the impact
resistance of CFSDST structural member is higher compared with
external carbon steel tubes.
2.4. High Strength Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular (HSCFST) structural
elements subjected to lateral/transverse impact load
Wu et al. [34] did experimental and numerical analysis on the
performance of ultra-high cementitious composites filled steel tubes
under transverse low-velocity impact load. Moreover, the specimens
were tested under three variable drop-hammer releases heights, for
instance, 5, 8 and 11m drop heights. Furthermore, the deflection-time
and impact force results data were analysed. It was observed that
UHPCC-FST specimens behaves in a ductile form and has high impact
resistance against transverse low-velocity impact loading. In addition,
the steel tubes did not experience major local buckling and UHPCC
concrete core controlled efficiently the indentation surrounding the
area of impact and reduced the deflection in the steel tube. Also, Wu
et al. [34] has determined that the residual deflections and maximum
impact force increases as the drop-hammer release height increases.
Yang et al. [35] has experimentally tested eighteen square specimens
using normal-/high- strength steel tube columns infilled with high-
strength concrete. Moreover, the samples were subjected to transverse
impact load. Furthermore, the transverse impact load was generated
HSCFST by a drop hammer with indenter to obtain the deformation,
impact force and energy absorption of the tested specimens. Yang et
al. [35] has observed that the impact resistance has been greatly
improved when using high strength grade S690 steel. However, due to
the yield stress increment filling the CFST columns with high strength
concrete did not have any major contribution in improving the impact
resistance. Generally speaking, HSCFST columns behaves well under
impact loading by (1) increasing the impact resistance, (2) have high
impact force plateau value and (3) lower deformations. Finally, Abdel
Rahim [37] proposed briefly novel methods to improve the numerical
modelling of the behavior of steel-concrete composite columns of
different types of circular cross section subject to lateral impact.
3
paper explains all stages of modelling including material properties, the distribution was chosen as uniform with a mass density of 7.85×10-
boundary conditions, analysis type, interaction, impact load and mesh. 9ton/mm3. The type of elastic was chosen as “Isotropic” with a young’s

Firstly, the CFDST were modelled and validated with the experimental modulus value of 205000 MPa and Poisson’s ratio equals to 0.3. The
results achieved by Zhao et al. [1]. Furthermore, the numerical models plastic hardening property was selected as “Isotropic” with a yield
were extended and two modifications were proposed, modelled and stress of 384.3 MPa. Moreover, Table 2 shows the material properties
analysed to improve the residual displacement of the experimental for both stainless and carbon steels in accordance to the material
models conducted by Zhao et al. [1]. Table 1 illustrates the geometrical properties which were used by Zhao et al. [1].
and impact load properties of the numerically analysed models.
Table 2. Material properties for stainless and carbon steels by Zhao et
Table 1. List of geometrical properties of Concrete Filled Double Skin al. [1]
Tubular columns subjected to impact by Zhao et al. [1].

Thirdly, the Normal Strength Concrete (NSC) properties were defined

using concrete damage plasticity model (CDP). The CDP present a
model that both compression and tensile behaviour of concrete can be
defined. For the density a uniform distribution was used with a mass
density value of 2.4×10-9ton/mm3. Moreover, the elastic type was
chosen as “Isotropic” with a young’s modulus as 31000 MPa and
Poisson’s ratio equals to 0.18. In addition, the properties of “concrete
damaged plasticity” had a “dilation angle” of 33, “eccentricity” of 0.1,
“fb0/fc0” of 1.12, “K” equals 0.667 and with a viscosity parameter of
0.01 based on ABAQUS manual suggestions. Furthermore, Table 3
shows the material properties for Normal Strength Concrete (NSC) and
Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) with
reference to the properties stated by Zhao et al. [1] and Wang et al. [2]
respectively.
Where specimens from 1 to 9 shows the experimental specimens,
which were tested by Zhao et al. [1], specimens 10 to 18 demonstrates Table 3. Material properties for NSC and UHPFRC concrete fills.
modification 1 - concrete-filled double skin steel tubular – CFDST with
both first sandwich layer and internal carbon steel tube filled with
normal strength concrete – NSC and specimens 19 to 27 presents
modification 2 - CFDST with first sandwich layer filled with Ultra High-
Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete – UHPFRC.
Fourthly, the Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Five parts were modelled to assemble the full impact load mechanism (UHPFRC) properties were also identified in terms of density, elastic
on the structural member. These are a) Outer stainless-steel tube, b) and “concrete damaged plasticity” material behaviours. For the density
Concrete sandwich layer, c) Inner carbon steel tube, d) Supports and e) a uniform distribution was used with a mass density value of 2.4E-09.
Drop hammer. Moreover, the geometrical dimensional properties have Moreover, the elastic type was chosen as “Isotropic” with a Young’s
been defined and shown in Table 1, in accordance to the geometrical modulus as 31000 MPa and Poisson’s ratio equals to 0.18. Moreover,
properties which were defined by Zhao et al. [1]. Since the geometrical the properties of compressive and tensile behaviours have been
dimensional properties of the supports were not defined by Zhao et al. calculated and presented in Figures 1 and 2 respectively. Fifthly, the
[1], it has been estimated and modelled as 400mm by 400mm. In concrete for the support’s material properties were identified in terms
addition, the dimension of the gap inside of the supports were designed of density and elastic behaviours. For the density-9a uniform3 distribution
to fit the structural element between the supports with a dimeter of was used with a mass density value of 2.4×10 ton/mm . Moreover,
114mm. Furthermore, all the model parts were defined as “3D the elastic type was chosen as “Isotropic” with a young’s modulus as
deformable” apart from the drop hammer part which was defined as 31000 MPa and Poisson’s ratio equals to 0.18.
“3D discrete rigid”.
3.2. Boundary conditions
3.1. Property
With reference to the study conducted by Zhao et al. [1], the boundary
Five materials were created. These are a) Stainless steel, b) Carbon conditions were set to be fully fixed on the whole model. To address
steel, c) Normal Strength Concrete (NSC), d) Ultra-High Performance this on the numerical model, three boundary conditions were created
Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) and e) Concrete for supports. and assigned to different parts of the model. The first boundary
condition had a “Displacement/Rotation” type and fully fixed all
Firstly, the stainless-steel properties were identified in terms of density, degrees of freedom and assigned on supports edges region. The
elastic and plastic material behaviours. Moreover, the density second boundary condition also had a “Displacement/Rotation” type
distribution was chosen as uniform with a mass density of 7.85×10 - and fully fixed in all degrees of freedom and assigned on the bottom
9ton/mm3. The type of elastic was chosen as “Isotropic” with a young’s soffits of the supports. Finally, the third boundary condition also had a
modulus as 191000 MPa and Poisson’s ratio equals to 0.3. The plastic “Displacement/Rotation” type and fully fixed in all degrees of freedom
hardening property was selected as “Isotropic” with a yield stress of and assigned on the bottom soffits of the CFDST structural member.
702.5. Secondly, the carbon steel properties were identified in terms
of density, elastic and plastic material behaviours. The density
4
3.3. Step analysis and the second part confers the mesh properties and element
type.
A dynamic explicit type step has been identified and applied using an
estimated time period of 5 seconds and a maximum time increment of 3.6.1. Mesh convergence analysis
0.05 seconds. Moreover, the “Incrementation” type was set as
automatic with a “global stable increment estimator” and a “time A mesh convergence analysis has been performed to find the most
scaling factor” equals to 1. Furthermore, the “mass scaling” tool was suitable mesh size. This is including four different mesh sizes of 10, 15,
chosen as “use scaled mass” and “throughout step” definitions from 20 and 30mm. Figure 3 shows the numerical model with mesh size of
the previous step. In addition, the “linear bulk viscosity parameter” 10 mm.
equals to 0.06 and the “quadratic bulk viscosity parameter” equals to
1.2. Also, a field output request was assigned to Step-1 “Dynamic,
Explicit” with domain acting on “whole model” and a frequency type
chosen as “Evenly spaced time intervals” at an interval magnitude of
20. Moreover, the “Timing” tool was set at “Output at approximate
times”. Finally, the output variables were assigned on “Preselected
defaults”. This is including (1) stress components and invariants, (2)
volume-averaged stress components and invariants (Eulerian only), (3)
plastic strain components, (4) volume-averaged plastic strain
components (Eulerian only), (5) equivalent plastic strain, (6) volume-
averaged equivalent plastic strain (Eulerian only), (7) logarithmic strain
components, (8) translations and rotations, (9) translational and
rotational velocities, (10) translational and rotational accelerations,
(11) reaction forces and moments, (12) contact stresses and (13)
void/material volume fraction in elements (Eulerian only).

3.4. Interaction

The general contact has been selected for defining interaction between
steel and concrete materials. Furthermore, the “contact property
options behaviour” between surfaces is including tangential and
normal behaviours. Firstly, for the “Tangential behaviour”, the “Friction
formulation” tool was set on “Penalty” with a friction directionality
“Isotropic” type. Moreover, the friction coefficient was identified equals
to 0.35. Also, “No limit” option was chosen for shear stress limit. In
addition, the “Elastic slip” was identified as “Friction of characteristic
surface dimension” with a magnitude of 0.005. Besides, the elastic slip
stiffness (Explicit only) was selected to be infinite (no slip). Secondly,
the “Normal behaviour” had a property of “Hard Contact” for pressure- Figure 1. Compressive behaviour for Normal Strength and Ultra-High
overclosure and the “constraint enforcement method” was set on Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete.
default to allow separation after contact. With reference to the
constraints used by Zhao et al. [1], three constraints were identified
and applied on the model. The first constraint had a “Rigid body” type
which demonstrates the drop hammer. While, the second and third
constraints had a “Kinematic coupling” type and constrained degrees
of freedom U1, U2, U3, UR1, UR2, UR3. Moreover, the second and the
third constraints demonstrates the CFDST structural element surfaces
were the axial load was applied on the concrete axial and steel axial
surfaces respectively.

3.5. Load

With reference to Zhao et al. [1], two types of loading have been
identified. The first one was the impact load with a “Gravity” type
assigned with the step (Dynamic Explicit) and the region of application
was on the mid-span of the column, with a uniform distribution and a
component of -9810. The mass of the drop hammer for all the
simulation was 203.7Kg and the height of the drop varies from 3, 5
and 7 meters. Moreover, the drop hammer had a fixed dimension for
all the simulation 30mm×80mm. Furthermore, the second type of load
was the axial load which was modelled and identified as a spring load
in accordance to the type of axial load used by Zhao et al. [1].
Furthermore, Table 1 shows the magnitude of axial load for all the
numerical simulations.

3.6. Mesh
Figure 2. Tensile behaviour for Normal Strength and Ultra-High
Meshing and element properties has been divided and discussed in Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete.
two section, where the first part discusses the mesh convergence
5

Supports
Concrete filled double skin tubular column
Figure 3. Mesh properties of the analysed numerical model at an
approximate global size of 10. 4.2. Residual and maximum displacements
Figure 4 demonstrates a comparison among the percentage of error for
each of the approximate global mesh sizes. The results for each mesh
size has been compared and the percentage of error for each value was
calculated. Accordingly, it has been found that there is a direct
relationship between the size of the mesh and the percentage of error.
Furthermore, the lowest percentage of error in the achieved results was
monitored used approximate global size of 10 mm. It is worth to be
mentioned that S4R mesh was used for steel components. This
element has 4 nodes, and each node has six degrees of freedom
including three transitional and three rotational. Moreover, C3D8R
element type was used for concrete components. This element has
eight nodes and each node has three transitional degrees of freedom.
Figure 4. Convergence test - comparison between node spacing and
percentage of error.
At the end, the discrete rigid element family type was used in order to
do the meshing of drop hammer. This because the drop hammer was
considered as a part that does NOT deformed. Moreover, a linear type
“Geometric order” was selected. The “Quad” properties had a meshing
type “R3D4: A 4-node 3-D bilinear rigid quadrilateral”. On the other
hand, the “Tri” properties had a meshing type used “R3D3: A 3-node 3- 4.4. Results comparison and discussion
D rigid triangular facet”.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The achieved numerical results were validated with the experimental
results by Zhao et al. [1] in terms of maximum and residual
displacements. Furthermore, the results of the proposed modifications
were compared along with general failure modes for each part of the
CFDST column after being exposed to impact loading.
4.1. Model validation
Without any alteration to the experimental models which has been
performed by Zhao et al. [1], the specimens were numerically modelled
and the achieved results were validated with the experimental results
by Zhao et al. [1]. Moreover, Figure 7 below shows the validation results
between the nine experimental specimens which were tested by Zhao
et al. [1] and the numerical models by the authors of this paper. As can
be seen, the first experimental model with tag number L-3-0-a had a
3% variance with the numerical model. While the other extended
numerical models had a variance between 1 and 36% when compared
with the experimental results by Zhao et al. [1].
Two modifications on the previous configurations are proposed and
investigated: a) concrete-filled double skin steel tubular – CFDST with
both first sandwich layer and internal carbon steel tube filled with
normal strength concrete – NSC, b) CFDST with first sandwich layer
filled with Ultra High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete –
UHPFRC. The results are shown and compared with experimental
results in terms of maximum mid-span deflection, and residual
displacements (Figure 8).
Accordingly, it has been observed that first proposed modification was
improved the structural performance of the tested elements during and
after lateral impact loading. In addition, both the maximum and
residual displacements were reduced by 7% to 113%. Moreover, that
second proposed modification (CFDST with first sandwich layer filled
with Ultra High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete – UHPFRC) was
improved the structural performance of the tested elements during and
after lateral impact loading by 0.5% to 83.66%. It has been also noted
that all the analysed models have performed in a symmetrical
mechanism after impact and both the proposed modifications has
enhanced the structural impact performance of Concrete-Filled Double
Skin Steel Tubular - CFDT columns.
4.3. Failure modes
The failure modes have been divided into four parts as presented in
Figure 9. Each part of the structural element had different modes of
failure. For instance, the external stainless steel was obviously the
mostly damaged part in the structure since it is the frontier part with
the impact load. Moreover, the minor buckling was monitored in the
mid-span part were the impact load was applied. In addition, two minor
indentations were observed on the outer soffits of the steel near the
supports. Conversely, the concrete sandwich layer had two types of
failure modes. These are concrete crushing in the mid-span of the
column and cracks near the supports. Furthermore, it was found that
by replacing the NSC sandwich fill with UHPFRC, the concrete crushing
reduces by more than half. In addition, to observing very minor concrete
cracks when using UHPFRC. Finally, the inner carbon steel layer was
the least effected part of the structure. However, this scenario changes
when increasing the magnitude of axial load on the upper part of the
column.
The achieve results shows a great improvement in both maximum and
residual displacements when using the proposed modifications on the
specimens by Zhao et al. [1]. It was observed that the drop impact
height had the major variable on the impact behaviour of all the tested
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C3D8R → UHPFRC Filled concrete

S4R → Internal carbon steel tube
S4R → External stainless steel tube

Figure 5. Mesh properties of Modification 2 - Circular double skin stainless steel tubular column filled with UHPFRC subjected to impact load.

C3D8R → Filled NSC concrete – Sandwich layer

S4R → Internal steel tube (Carbon)
S4R → External steel tube (Stainless)
C3D8R → Filled NSC concrete
– Core layer

Figure 6. Mesh properties of Modification 1 - Concrete-Filled Double skin Steel Tubular – CFDST.
 Experimental results by Zhao et al. (2019) Numerical validation stage

Rd = 43.35mm, Δ max = 44.37mm, Rd Exp./Num. = 0.97

Rd = 42.1mm, Δ0 = N/A

Rd = 71.67mm, Δ max = 74.92mm, Rd (Exp./Num.) = 1.4, Δ max (Exp./Num.) = 1.36

Rd = 100.9mm, Δ0 = 102mm

Rd = 92.31mm, Δ max = 94.35mm, Rd (Exp./Num.) = 1.22

Rd = 112.9mm, Δ0 = N/A

Rd = 53.15mm, Δ max = 53.58mm, Rd (Exp./Num.) = 1.07, Δ max (Exp./Num.) = 1.25

Rd = 57.2mm, Δ0 = 67mm

Rd = 77.2mm, Δ0 = 83.9mm Rd = 94.65mm, Δ max = 98.53mm, Rd (Exp./Num.) = 0.82, Δ max (Exp./Num.) = 0.85

Rd = 86.6mm, Δ0 = 101.1mm Rd = 107.7mm, Δ max = 108.6mm, Rd (Exp./Num.) = 0.8, Δ max (Exp./Num.) = 0.93

Rd = 49.6mm, Δ0 = N/A

Rd = 80.23mm, Δ max = 80.51mm, Rd (Exp./Num.) = 0.85, Δ max (Exp./Num.) = 1.01

Rd = 68.4mm, Δ0 = 81.3mm

Rd = 153.5mm, Δ0 = 161.4mm Rd = 120.1mm, Δ max = 120.3mm, Rd (Exp./Num.) = 1.28, Δ max (Exp./Num.) = 1.34

Figure 7. Validation of the numerical results with the experimental results [1].
Numerical modification 1 – Inner carbon Numerical modification 2 – Filling first
steel tube filled with NSC sandwich layer with UHPFRC

L-3-0-a-M1 L-3-0-a-M2

Rd= 39.23mm, Δ max= 39.23mm, Rd = 10.5% ↓ , Δmax = 13.1% ↓ Rd = 52.18mm, Δ max = 52.65mm, Rd = 17% ↑ , Δmax = 15.7% ↑
L-5-0.5-a-M1
L-5-0.5-a-M2

Rd = 66.99mm, Δ max = 69.03mm, Rd = 7% ↓ , Δmax = 8.5% ↓

Rd = 63.04mm, Δ max = 65.55mm, Rd = 13.7% ↓ , Δmax = 14.3% ↓
L-7-0.3-a-M1
L-7-0.3-a-M2

Rd = 101.9mm, Δ max = 103.6mm, Rd = 9.5% ↑ , Δmax = 9% ↑

Rd = 92.38mm, Δ max = 93.85mm, Rd = 0% ↓ , Δmax = 0.5% ↓
M-3-0.5-a-M1
M-3-0.5-a-M2
Rd= 40.17mm, Δ max= 40.93mm, Rd = 32.3% ↓ , Δmax = 30.9% ↓ Rd= 36.19mm, Δ max= 39.74mm, Rd = 46.9% ↓ , Δmax = 34.8% ↓
M-5-0.3-a-M1 M-5-0.3-a-M2

Rd = 64.09mm, Δ max= 67.37mm, Rd = 47.7% ↓ , Δmax = 46.3% ↓

Rd= 56.88 mm, Δ max= 71.97mm, Rd = 66.4% ↓ , Δmax = 36.9%
M-7-0-a-M1 ↓
M-7-0-a-M2

Rd= 90.89mm, Δ max= 91.45mm, Rd = 18.5% ↓ , Δmax =18.8 8.5% ↓ Rd= 58.64mm, Δ max= 58.64mm, Rd = 83.66 % ↓ , Δmax =% 85.2 ↓
H-3-0.3-a-M1 H-3-0.3-a-M2
Rd = 31.41mm, Δ max = 32.49mm, Rd = 113% ↓ , Δmax = 107% ↓ Rd= 48.58mm, Δ max= 48.58mm, Rd = 37.57 % ↓ , Δmax = 38.29 % ↓
H-5-0-a-M1
H-5-0-a-M2

Rd= 66.83mm, Δ max = 67.11mm, Rd = 20% ↓ , Δmax = 19.97% ↓

Rd= 77.32mm, Δ max= 77.32mm, Rd = 3.76 % ↓ , Δmax = 4.13 % ↓
H-7-0.5-a-M1
H-7-0.5-a-M2

Rd= 88.51mm, Δ max = 89.18mm, Rd = 35.7% ↓ , Δmax = 34.9% ↓ Rd= 98.69mm, Δ max= 98.69mm, Rd = 21.69 % ↓ , Δmax = 21.9 % ↓

Figure 8. Comparison between numerical results between proposed modifications 1 and 2.

8
 External stainless steel tube

Concrete sandwich layer

Crack pattern analysis in concrete sandwich layer

Internal carbon steel tube

Figure 9. General failure modes for each material of CFDST after impact.

50 50
60

40

Displacement (mm)
Displacement (mm)

40
Displacement (mm)

50

30 40
30
30
20 20
20
Residual Residual Residual
10 10
Maximum Maximum 10 Maximum

0 0 0
L-3-0-a L-3-0-a-M1 L-3-0-a-M2 M-3-0.5-a M-3-0.5-a-M1 M-3-0.5-a-M2 H-3-0.3-a H-3-0.3-a-M1 H-3-0.3-a-M2

80
70 90
70
60 80
Displacement (mm)

Displacement (mm)
Displacement (mm)

70
60
50
60 50
40 50 40
30 40
30
30
20 Residual Residual 20 Residual
20
10 Maximum Maximum 10 Maximum
10
0 0 0
L-5-0.5-a L-5-0.5-a-M1 L-5-0.5-a-M2 M-5-0.3-a M-5-0.3-a-M1 M-5-0.3-a-M2 H-5-0-a H-5-0-a-M1 H-5-0-a-M2

100 120
100
100
80
Displacement (mm)

Displacement (mm)

80
Displacement (mm)

80
60 60
60
40 40
40
Residual Residual Residual
20 20
Maximum Maximum 20 Maximum

0 0 0
L-7-0.3-a L-7-0.3-a-M1 L-7-0.3-a-M2 M-7-0-a M-7-0-a-M1 M-7-0-a-M2 H-7-0.5-a H-7-0.5-a-M1 H-7-0.5-a-M2

Figure 10. Specimens tag numbers versus displacements.

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 GLOBAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Vol. 02 (2021) 1-11
www.knowvel.com

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