- Present Simple Tense is used:

1. for repeted action or daily routines (I getu p at 7 o clock every day)

2. For habits (She always walks to school)
3. For activities that are always the same and permanent (Jonural true and facts) (The sun gives
us light)

- Present Simple tense is formed by infinitivve of the verb without „to“ all pearsons exepct of
the third pearson (he,she,it) will be add – s or -es. When the verbs ends at: x, o,s,ss,ch in the
third pearson of singular we add es
- Negative is formuled by adding verbs do or does (he,she,it) to a word not.
- Time expressions: never, often, sometimes, usually, always, regulary, rarely, everyday, once a
week, twice a year,three times, a mounth.

- Present Continuous (trajan, nesvršen) is used:

1. For activities which are happening now at this moment (We are learning English now)
2. For temporary activities (I am living with my parents until i find house)
3. For changing situations (My English is getting better)
4. For activities in near future (He is seeing a dentist on Saturday)
- Present Continuous is formuled by present simple „to be“ + verb + ing
- Time expressions: now, at this moment, curently, these days, in two hours, this afternoon,
tonight, tomorow

- State and action verbs

- Action verbs refer to actions or processess (walk, speak, jump, swim, run, go, drink). We can
use them in simple and contiunes forms.
- State verbs refer to states. We use these verbs only in simple form. State verbs are the verbs
which express thousht, emotions, feeling, verbs of sense, verbs expressing possion and other
verbs. We can divide state verbs in five groups:

1. Verbs expressiong activities of mind(think, mean, now, understand, forget, believe,

remember, agree, disagree
2. Verbs expressiong emotions (love, like, prefer, dislike, want, wish)
3. Verb of sense (hear, see, taste, smell, feel)
4. Verbs expresing possession (possessions, belong to, have)
5. Some other verbs (keep, cost,way,need)
- Some verbs can be used as action or state depending on their meaning.

- Present continuos for future is used to talk about definite plans in the near future. We
usually mention the time and place of activites with present continiuos for the future.
 - Time expressions: like soon, tomorrow, later, next week, next mounth, next year, on
Monday, in two hours, tonight, show that activities is in the future

- Primjer: He is travelling to Greece in two hours.

- TO BE going to for pure intentions, ambitions and unfinalised plans

- Form: am/is/are + going to verb
- I am going to study law someday
- We use to be going to for:
1. Future intentions (namjerne buducnosti) – They are going to get maried
2. For ambitions (za ambicije) – I am going to buy a car when i am twenty
3. Unfinalised plans – I think i am going to visit my cousins in usa next year.

- Direct and indirect questions

- We use indirect questions when we want to be formuled and polite
- Indirect questions begin with following expressions:
1. Can you tell me
2. Could you tell me
3. Do you know
4. Do you happen to know
5. Do you think
6. Could you say
- When using indirect questions we need to follow this rules:
1. The word order in indirect questions is the same as in positive sentences
The word order in indirect: subject + verb + object + adverb
2. The verb tense remains the same but we don t use auxilmry verbs do, does and did
3. With yes or no questions we use linking verbs if/whether and they mean same

Direct questions – Indirect questions

1. What are you doing? – Could you tell me what you are doing there?
2. What time does the train leave? – Could you tell me what time the train leaves?
3. Are you wathcing tw tonight? – Could you tell me if/whether you are watching tv?

- We use Past Simple tense to talk about things which started and finished in the past
including:
 Single events: i started school in 1993
 Regular events: i walked to school every day
 Past states: i didn t understand my teachers
  Telling stories: i heard a loud noise and i got up
- The past simple formi s same for all persons. For most verbs(regular verbs) we have to add -
ed or -d
- Time expressions: yesterday, yesterday morning, afternoon, evening, last night, last year, last
week, Saturday, when i was five, ten years ago, in 1975.
- For irregular verbs we need the iregular verb list.

Used to

- We use used to to talk about habits and states in the past which are now finished and don t
happen anymore
 I used to read children s comics (Now i read newspapers)
 I uses to hate spinach (now i like it)
- Used to – je imao običaj, nekad je (nešto ali sad ne radi)
- We can t use used to if something happend once in the past.
 She cooked diner only once

- Past Continiuos (trajan, neprekidan, nesvršen)

- Past Continiuos is formed by past tense of to be and present participle (ing) of the main verb.
- We use past continius for:
1. To expres an activites which lasted for some time a definite past period(p.r. i was
working all day yesterday.)
2. to express an activites which last for some time in past and was interoupted by some
other past action expres in the past simple tense. (He was wathcing a movie when the
door bel rang)
3. to express to actions which happend in the same time in the past ( He was sleeping
while i was reading a book)
4. to set a scene often at the start of a story and give background information ( Night was
falling and the moon was shining
5. we talk about what s happening at a particular moment in the past ( A ten o clock
yesterday i was jogging in the park)
6. to talk about temporary activites in the past ( She was staying with u slast mounth)
- Time expresions: We usually use while or as before the past continius

- Phrasal verbs are phrases that indicate actions. They are generally used in spoken English and
informal texts. Examples of such verbs include: turn down, come across and run into.
Comparison of adjectives

- Pridjevi u eng jeziku imaju 3 stepena komparacije: poztiv , komparativ, superlativ

- Komparativom kazujemo da neko svojstvo kod jednog postoji u večoj mjeri nego kod drugog.
(By comparison, we say that a property exists in one to a greater extent than in another.)
 He is older than my father

- Superlativom kazujemo da neko svojstvo kod nekog postoji u najvećoj mjeri (We say with a

superlative that a property exists in someone to the greatest extent)

 He is the oldest man here
- Dvoslozni pridjevi (two sylables adjectives) i viseslozni pridjevi (more sylables adjectives) prave
komparativ tako da se ispred komparativa pridjeva doda „more“ a superlativa „the most“

Spelling rules

1. Ako jednoslozni pridjev zavrsava na suglasnik ispred kojega stoji kratak samoglasnik udvostrucava se
zadnji suglasnik
- Big – bigger- the bigest
- Hot – hotter- the hottest
- Thing -thinner – the thinnest
- Fat – fatter- the fattest
- Sad – sadder – the saddest
2. Ako pridjev zavrsava na y to y se mjenja u slovo i
- Busy -busier-the busiest
- Dirty – dirtier -the dirtiest
- Easy – easier – the easiest
- Happy – happier – the happiest
- Funny – funnier - the funniest
3. Ako pridjev izavrsava na e dodaje se nastavak r ili st
- Large – larger- the largest
- Simple – simpler – the simplest
- Fine – finer – the finest
- Nice -nicer-the nicest
- Rude – ruder- the rudest
4. Irregular comparison of adjectives
- Good – better- the best
- Bad-worse – the worst
- Far -further – the furthest
- Little – less -the least
- Many – more – the most
- Late – latter – the latest ili last

Relative pronouns (odnosne zamjenice)

- Relative clouse tell us which pearson or a thing the speaker means. Relativ pronaun gives us extra
information about a person or a thing in a main sentence.
 - Relative pronauns can be devide in 4 groups:
1. Who and that (refer to people) – He is the man who/that bought my car
2. Which and that (refer to objects and things and animals) – That is a car which/that he bought
from my dad
3. Whose(ciji) (refers to possesions(vlasnistvo)) – This is Bens whose sister i sin your class
4. Where (refers to places) – It is a place where a lot of people live
 We can leave out who, which and that when are followed by noun or pronaun ( This is the man
(who) i told you about.

Countable nouns :

- Have singular and pluaral forms. They are use for a things which are sepeart and can be
counting one two three. We can use articles and numbers with countable nouns

Uncountable nouns

- Have always singular form. They are use to things which are group and can not be counted.
We can not use articles a o ran or numbers with them
- Uncountable nouns are devided in two groups:
1. Material nouns and fllowing: wood, solt, beer, milk, bread, butter,shougar,water, oil,
coffe, tea, rise.
2. Abstract nouns love, hatered, danger, illnes, beauty, cariage, interaince

Uncountable does not mean that we can not count that thing. It means that the word money has no
plural forms so we can t say that they are one, two,three, of that item.

The following are usually uncountable in english: hair, furniture, acomodation, information,
homework, laggade, advice, news, weather,work, trafic

Some uncountable nouns in english are plrural: trousers, jeans, scicssors

Quantifiers are words which express quantitiy

1. Some, we use some in positive steaments with countable and uncountable nouns
2. Any, we use any in negative steaments and questions. Any is used with countable and
uncountable nouns
3. Many is used with countable nouns
4. Much is used with uncountable nouns
5. A loto f we use a loto f with ot countbale and uncountable nouns. We don t often use much
and many in postivie statments
6. Little and few, they have got little money. They re very poor. They have got a little money
7. A little and a few
Little – malo
A little – nesto malo, malo vise
Few – malo
 A few – nekoliko
- A little and little are used with uncountable nouns. A few and few are used with countable
nouns.

Conditional Clausses

With all conditional sentences one thing must happen

Conditional clauses consisting of two parts:

The if clause which tells you the condition and the man clause which tell us result

We use „ when if clause is first

Nulti kondicional -if you heat ice it melts

- We use zero conditional to talk about facts or situations which are always true

First kondicional – You will break it if you are not careful

- We use first conditional when we are talking about situations that are possible or will
happen in the future

Zero conditional

- In if clause we have present simple tense in the main clause we have present simple simple
tens
- First conditional: 1. in if clauses we have present simple in main we have future simple tense
2. If – present simple, main imperativ
3. In if clause present simple, in main clause must, may

Second conditional – if you had more friends you could go out more often

We use second conditional to talk about situations whic are imposible now or in the future

Verb patterns (glagolski oblici)

When two verbs are used together the first word often decide of the form the second verb

There are three verb patterns

1. Verbs + ing form (admit, avoid, can t help, can t stand, denide, dislike, enjoy, escape, eskjuz,
hate, fensi, finish, give up, imedžen, keep, mention, mind, miss, like, love, practise, prefer,
sugest, start, stop, tolerajt)
2. Verbs + to+ infinitive (agree, apear, arange, ask, bag, chosse,decide,fail, hapend, hope,learn,
manage, need, offer, plan,preper, pretend, promise, refjuz,seem,turnd out, won t ,
wish,would like) excpetions
 1 sentence with begin, continue, hate, love, prefer,like,start, can use, either, verb + ing or
two + infinitive and the meaning is the same
2 sentence with remeber, stop, forget, regret, get on, try, like, can used, either, verb +ing
formo r to + infinitive and the meaning is different

Present Perfect simple

Have/has + past particul
Regular verbs - ed to the verb
Irregular verbs – use third collon
- The present perfect simple tense connects past completed actions to the present. It is used
to idnicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the actions is before/now
but not specified and we are often more interested in the results then the actions itself
- It is used:
1. For activites which starte din the past and are continuing now (i have lived here for ten
years) – we dont use present simple tense withw for and since, to talk about situations
which began in the past and contiuned to the present
2. For finish activites in past if we don t say excatly when they happpend. These actions
have present results. (i have cut my finger- its bleading now)
3. For news and recent activites (he has just started his first job)
We don t use present perfect simple tense with time expressions which prefer to a finish
period in the past

- Time expressions today, this morning, this mounth, already, yet, just, recently, lately, ever,
never,since, for, always,once,twice, loto f time, all my life, all day, all week

The Present Perfect Continuous tense

have, has been + present participle (verb+ing)
Positive: I, you, we, they have been learning
He, she, it has been driving
Negative: I, you, we, they have not been (haven’t been) learning
He, she, it has not been (hasn’t been) driving
Questions: Have I, you, we, they been learning?
Has she, he, it been driving?
Short answers: Yes, I have / No, I haven’t
Yes, he has / No, he hasn’t

The Present Perfect Continuous tense is used to stress the continuous nature of an
activity.

It is also used for:

1 actions which started in the past and continue to the present. Unless the verb is a
state verb, you should always use the continuous form to show that action is unfinished.
I have been living in London for ten years (the continuous nature of verb “live” is stressed
here). This sentence is translated as – Zivim u Londonu vec deset godina.

2 Recent continuous action with present result.

I have been practicing the song this morning so now I know the lyrics. (Vjezbao sam
ovu pjesmu jutros tako da sada znam rijeci)

3 To stress that a recent continuous action lasted a long time.

I look tired because I have been driving for ten hours. (Izgledam umorno zato sto sam
vozio deset sati).

THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I have read this book. (Procitao sam tu
knjigu).
He has written four new songs. (Napisao je
cetiri nove pjesme).
She has saved up almost 3000 pounds. (Ona
je ustedila skoro 3000 funti).
I have been reading this book. ((Citao sam tu
knjigu)
He has been writing songs all day. (Pisao je
pjesme citav dan).
She has been saving up her money. ( Ona
stedi svoj novac).

The Present Perfect Simple tense

Have / Has + Past Participle

Past Participle: Regular verbs – ending “ed” or “d” to the verbs
Irregular verbs – the third column of irregular verbs
Positive: I, we, you, they, have lived, seen (I’ve lived, seen).
He, she it has lived, seen (He’s lived, seen).
Negative: I, we, you, they have not (haven’t ) lived, seen.
He, she, it has not (hasn’t) lived, seen.
Questions: Have I, we, you, they lived, seen?
Has he, she, it lived, seen?
Short answers: Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.

The Present Perfect Simple tense is used:

1For activities which started in the past and continue to the present.

1 I have lived here for ten years. – Zivim ovdje vec deset godina.
2 He has known him since his childhood. – Poznaje ga od svog djetinjstva.

These sentences are translated with Bosnian present tense.

Present Simple tense is not used with for and since to talk about situations that began in the
past and continue to the present (I have lived here for 4 years. NOT I live here for 4 years).

2 For finished actions in the past if we don’t say exactly when they happened. These
actions have present results.

1 I have lost my key. – Izgubio sam svoj kljuc. (I can’t get into my house – posljedica u
sadasnjosti).

2 He has cut his finger. – Posjekao je svoj prst. (It is bleeding now – posljedica u
sadasnjosti).

These sentences are translated with Bosnian past tense.

3 For news and recent activities

1 He has been in Italy. (News)

2 He has just started his first job. (recent activity)

The Present Perfect Simple tense is not used with time expressions which refer to a finished
period in a past like last week, yesterday, a year ago etc.

I saw him yesterday. / I have seen him today.

Time expressions used with The Present Perfect Simple tense: today, this morning, this
month, already, yet, just, recently, lately, ever, never, for, since, always, once, twice, lots of
times, all day, all week, all my life.

Question word WHEN is mostly used with The Past Simple tense.

Question word HOW LONG is mostly used with The Present Perfect Simple tense

Passive

We use passive:

1 when the action or the object is more important then the persono or thing which does the
action: english is spoken all over the world

2 when we don t know the subject or the persono or thing that does/did the action: the
painting was stolen from the museum.we often use the word by to inidicat who does the
action: The best article was written by a french journalist.

3 to describe processes: the milk is taken to the factory then it is made into butter and
cheese.

We form the passive with the verb to be and the past patriciple of the verb

Pasiv je trpno stanje gdje subjekat ne vrsi radnju u recenici veci od radnja vrsi nad subjektom
od strane nekog i necega. Pasiv se pravi od odgovarajuceg vremena to be i proslog
participla. U pasivnim recenicama subjekat nije vrsilac radnje vec se radnja. Vrsi nad
subjektom

The Past Perfect

We use the past perfect to talk about the action in the past which happened before a
antother action in the past.

Past Perfect is formed by had + past participal

Regular verbs had + verb+ed

Irregular verbs had + third form of irregural verbs

Following expressions are used with the past perfect: when, before,after, as soon as, by the
time

Modal verbs have the same form for all persons and don t take any endings. We form
negative sentences by adding the negative word not directly to the modal verbs. Questions
are formed without auxiliary verbs. Modal verbs are always followed by an infinitive without
to. The only expections is oughtito. The verbs have i salso used to express same form of
modality but it does not follow the rules for modal verbs mentioned above

1 Must and have to (morati)

We use must when the obligation comes from the speaker – i must talk to jim today.

We use have to whenn the obligation comes from another person – we have to write an
essay every week

2 mustn t (ne smijeti)

We use it for:

Rules: you mustn t bring your mobile phone into an exam

Obligations: you mustn t forget to send your mother a birthday card

3 don t have to (ne moras) and this is the negative form of must or have to – you don t have
to do it

4 should (trebao bih)

We use should to give advice, make suggestions and to say what is right or wrong

Future predictions

We use be going to, will and might for future predictions

1 Be going to is used for predictions based on evidence that we can see, hear and feel. (Can
you hear that thunder? There is going to be a terrible storm).

2 Will is used for prediction based on opinions, beliefs and knowledge (There will be millions
of deaths).

3 Might is used for uncertain predictions – when we are not sure about something (It might
work).

We use adverbs of certainty, eg definitely, certainly, probably, possibly to say how sure we
are about something in future. They go

· Between will and the main verb in positive sentences:

They will definitely get married next year.

· Before won’t in negative sentences:

They probably won’t get married next year.