Prenatal Development

(Embryo and Fetus)

E. Suryadi,
Anatomy, Embryology and Anthropology Department

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 Steps of prenatal development
• 1. fertilizationzigote
• 2. segmentationmorula
• 3 .Blastulationblastula
• 4. Gastrulation/gastrula Implantation
• 5. Embryogenetic /embryo Placentation
• 6. Organs system maturation /fetus

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 Beberapa proses pada
embryogenesis
• 1. mitosis
• 2. differensiasi: induksi -interaksi
• 3. morphogenesis
• 4. organogenesis

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Fertilization
• Pada waktu ovulasi sel ovum akan
dikelilingi oleh corona radiata dan zona
pelucida. Ovum yang sudah matur
ditunjukkan dengan adanya 1 polar body.
• Spermatozoa bisa dari berbagai arah
tetapi jika sudah ada yang masuk akan
terjadi reaksi zona sehingga mencegah
spermatozoa lain masuk.
• Masuknya spermatozoa ovum meiosis
akan dilanjutkan dan menghasilkan
pronuclei betina dan polosit kedua.
Spermatozoa akan menjadi pronuclei
jantan
• Kedua Pronuclei akan saling mendekat
dan kromosom homolog berpasang-
pasangan dan ini disebut syngamy. Dan
dinamakan Zygote
• Lalu proses pembelahan mitosis pertama
dimulai
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 Result of Fertilization
1. Restoration of diploid chromosome
number
2. Species variation
3. Sex determination
4. Initiation of cleavage

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 Stages of development
• Early development is blastulation (the first week)
• Formation of the bilaminar embryo and implantation
(the second week)
• Formation of the trilaminar embryo and
morphogenetic (the third week)
• The embryonic period and organogenetic (the fourth
to the eight week)
• The fetal period (the ninth week to birth)

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 The First Week
Fertilization
 Consist of the fusion of sperm and a ovum
 This process occur as follows
1. The sperm passes through the corona radiata
2. The sperm penetrates the zona pellucida
3. The sperm head attaches to the surface of the
ovum

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4. The ovum reacts to sperm contact two ways
a. Changes occur in the zona pelluzida and ovum’s
cell membrane which prevent polysperm
b. The oocyt continue second meiotic division
process and expels the second polar body and the
female pronucleus formation
5. Sperm loses its tail and its head enlarge to form the
male pronuclei
6. The male and female pronuclei approach each
other in the center of the ovum as a syngamy and
then became Zygote

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 Early division of zygote into multiple cells
Cleavage without increase in size, partitions
contents
Morula
solid ball of cells

Morula sel2nya masih

totipotent
sel bagian dalam sebagian
apoptosis (membentuk
rongga (Cyst)
sebagian masih hidup
disalah satu kutub
(embryoblast)
sel yang diluar menjadi
Zygote
lebih pipih (trophoblast)
Blastocyst
sehingga dinamakan blastula with blastocoele c
Prosesnya: blastulasi 9
 Implantation Steps (2th weeks)
• Three steps of implantation:
• 1. aposition is started when the Zona
pelluzida degrading (hatching),
• 2. Adhesion, the pinopodes is important role
in this process
• 3. Invasion , the erosive Syncytiotrophoblast
invades the endometrial connective tissue and
the blastocyst slowly embeds itself in
endometrium.
Second
Week

Minggu ke2: konseptus akan mengalami implantasi, terbentuknya cavum

Amnion, chorion, mesoderma ekstraembryonicum, dan embryoblast
menjadi 2 lapis (epiblast dan hypoblast) atau discus embryonicus. 11
The second week: implantation and chorion formation
 Implantation:
begins at the end at the first week and ends during
the second week
Implantation process as follow
1. Zona pellucida disappears (4-5)
2. Blastocyst attaches to endometrial epithelium (6)
3. Trophoblast erodes epithelium and endometrial
stroma (7)
4. Trophoblast will be differed into cytotrophoblastic
and syncytiotrophoblastic layer (7 to 8)

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5. Lacunae appear in syncytrotrophoblast (8 to 9)
6. Blastocyst sinks beneath surface of endometrial
epithelium (9-10)
7. Lacunar networks form (10 – 11)
8. Trophoblast invades endometrium sinusoid, and
establish a uteroplacental circulation (11 to 12)
9. Endometrial epithelium completely re-forms
over the implanted blastocyst (12 to 13)
10. Marked decidual reaction occurs in the
endometrium (13-14)

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 The third week
 Major changes occur as the bilaminar embryonic
disc is converted into a trilaminar embryo
composed of three primary germ layer
 In the third week usually the first sign that a
woman may be pregnant
 Laboratory pregnant test depend on the presence
of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), a
hormone produced by trophoblast and excreted in
the mother’s urine

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 The third week cont……

• Primitive streak formation

• Notochord Formation
• Neural Tube Formation
• Somite Formation
• Coelom Formation
• Blood and Blood Vessel Formation
• Villi Formation

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Perkembangan minggu ke-3 (jaringan embryo trilaminar)

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Conceptus

Awal minggu
Ke 3

Akhir minggu
Ke 3

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The Fourth To Seventh Weeks

 The beginning of all major external and internal

structures during this period
 This critical period at development, if teratogen
exposure this period will cause major congenital
malformation
 The three primary germ layers will be
differentiated into various tissues and organs
 The end at this period the main organ system
have been established

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1 2 3

20
weeks

21
weeks

22
weeks

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24
Bentuk akhir tahap embryonal

Panjang CR

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 UMUR 3 SAMPAI 8 MINGGU

Selama periode embryo perubahan morphologi sangat besar

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Pada fase fetus perubahan terjadi terutama maturasi dari
system organ dan proporsi bagian/organ tubuh
 Reasonable estimates of the age of
embryo/fetus can be determine from:

1. The day of onset of the last normal

menstrual period
2. The estimated time of fertilization
3. Measurements of length (crown-rump
(CRL)
4. External characteristics

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 AGE FOOT LENGTH FETAL WEIGHT
(WEEKS) CR LENGTH (MM)* (MM)* (G)â€

9 50 7 8

10 61 9 14

12 87 14 45
Fetus development: 14 120 20 110

Maturation of the 16 140 27 200

tissues, organs and 18 160 33 3 20

increase of size so that 20 190 39 46 0

its optimize function

22 210 45 630

24 230 50 820

26 250 55 1000

28 270 59 1300

30 280 63 1700

32 300 68 2100

36 340 79 2900

38 360 93 3400 29
MAIN EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS (at weeks)
Eyelids closing or closed (9)
Early fingernail development. (10)
Sex distinguishable externally. (12)
Head erect (14)
External ears stand out from head (16)
Vernix caseosa covers skin (18)
Head and body hair (lanugo) visible (20)
Skin wrinkled, translucent, and pink to red (22).
Fingernails present. Lean body (24)
Eyelids partially open (26)
Eyes wide open. Good head of hair often present (28)
Toenails present (30).
Fingernails reach fingertips (32)
Body usually plump (36).
Prominent chest; breasts protrude. Testes in scrotum (38)
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 Skema perkembangan konseptus
dalam uterus

Minggu ke-5 Minggu ke 10

Minggu ke-20 Minggu ke-40

Periode Kritis Perkembangan Embryo

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Jaringan embryonal

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Differentiated process 34
Literature
• Moore K.L.,Persaud T.V.N. The Developing
Human edisi ke-7. Saunder. USA 2003. 16-42
• Carlson B.M.Patten’s Foundations of
Embryology edisi ke-6.McGraw-Hill.New
York.1996.121-143

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