COVER PAGE

NAME OF EXPERIMENT:
Flow Measurements
STUDENT(s) NAME:
Abdullah Alturki
Mohammed Ahmed
Abbas Al-Saleh
STUDENT(s) ID:
218011786
218008416
219009679
DAY, DATE&TIME:
3/20/2023 – 1:45 pm
 MINOR REPORT EVALUATION SHEET

Reporting, interpreting and analyzing Grade Max.

1 Abstract 5
2 Table of measurements and results 5
3 Sample of calculations 20
4 Figures, Sources of error and validation of results 20
5 Discussion, conclusion and recommendations 20
Total 70

Writing, Editing, and Presentation Max.

1 Cover Page, evaluation sheet and table of content 5
2 Numbering of Pages, tables, figures, and organizing the report 10
3 Typing 5
4 Citations &Referencing 5
5 Language 5
Total 30

Report Grade 100

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 Abstract
The objective of the experiment was to determine the flow rate of liquids or gasses using
a venturi, nozzle, and a rotameter. The target of the experiment was to notice which
methods would be more accurate to the actual flow. The actual flow was obtained via the
collected water in the tank (L) divided by the time (min) it takes to fill the tank. Based on
Bernoulli’s principle, the methods must be in order of accuracy as follows: venturi,
nozzle, and a rotameter and the experiment’s result confirm it.
Table of Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3
Table of measurements ....................................................................................................... 5
Table of results .................................................................................................................... 5
Sample of calculations ........................................................................................................ 7
Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 9
Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 11
References ......................................................................................................................... 12
 Table of measurements

Test Number
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rotameter (L/h) 150.000 200.000 250.000 300.000 350.000 400.000
1 (Venturi) 260.000 263.000 265.000 270.000 275.000 282.000
3 (Venturi) 235.000 222.000 210.000 190.000 175.000 154.000
2
Manometers (Rotameter) 85.000 81.000 80.000 75.000 73.000 68.000
Level (mm) 4 250.000 247.000 245.000 243.000 238.000 235.000
(Rotameter)
5 (Nozzle) 265.000 270.000 280.000 290.000 300.000 313.000
6 (Nozzle) 255.000 260.000 265.000 266.000 270.000 275.000
Water (L) 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000
Time (s) 86.000 68.000 57.500 45.470 42.210 37.240

Table of results
2. Calculations Q actual
Run number Collected water (L) T (min) Flow (Tank) L/min
1 5.000 1.433 3.488
2 5.000 1.133 4.412
3 5.000 0.958 5.217
4 5.000 0.758 6.598
5 5.000 0.704 7.107
6 5.000 0.621 8.056

A- NOZZLE

Flowrate (L/min)
Nozzle g (mm/s2) Ap (mm2) A1 (mm2) hA (mm) hP (mm) K nozzl e Q (L/min)
1 9810 153.93 338.6 265 255.000 0.92 4.226
2 9810 153.93 338.6 270 260.000 0.92 4.226
3 9810 153.93 338.6 280 265 0.92 5.175
4 9810 153.93 338.6 290 266 0.92 6.546
5 9810 153.93 338.6 300 270 0.92 7.319
6 9810 153.93 338.6 313 275 0.92 8.237

B- Venturi
Venturi AA (mm2) AB(mm2) g(mm/s2) hA(mm) hB (mm) Q (L/min)_Method 1 Q (L/min)_Method 2 CD
1 338.6 84.6 9810 260.000 235.000 3.671 3.488 0.95013
2 338.6 84.6 9810 263.000 222.000 4.702 4.412 0.93832
3 338.6 84.6 9810 265.000 210.000 5.446 5.217 0.95808
4 338.6 84.6 9810 270.000 190.000 6.568 6.598 1.00458
5 338.6 84.6 9810 275.000 175.000 7.343 7.107 0.96792
6 338.6 84.6 9810 282.000 154.000 8.308 8.056 0.9697
 Error
Nozzle Venturi Rotameter
1 21.133% 5.248% 28.333%
2 4.221% 6.573% 24.444%
3 0.808% 4.375% 20.139%
4 0.781% 0.456% 24.217%
5 2.977% 3.315% 17.925%
6 2.250% 3.124% 17.244%
Average Error 5.362% 3.849% 22.050%
 Sample of calculations
1- Q actual (RUN 1)

5
Flow (Tank) = = 3.488 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
1.433

2- NOZZLE (RUN 1)

K =Coefficient of discharge ≈ 0.92 for nozzle - Apnozzle=153.93 mm2 - A1 = 338.6 mm2

2𝑔(ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) 2 × 9810(265 − 255) 𝐿

Qact = 𝐊Ap 2 = 0.92 × 153.93√ × 10−9 × 60 × 1000 = 4.226 .
√ 𝐴𝑝 153.93 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1−( ) 1−( )
𝐴1 338.6

3- Venturi (RUN 1)

2𝑔(ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵 ) 2 × 9810(260 − 235) 𝐿

𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝐴𝐵 = 84.6√ × 10−9 × 60 = 3.671 .
√ 𝐴 2 84.6 2 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1 − ( 𝐴𝐵 ) 1 − (338.6)
𝐴

4- Discharge coefficient (Cd) of Venturi

Qactual 3.488
Cd = = = 0.950
Qtheoretical 3.671
𝐴1 𝐴2 338.6×84.6
𝑄= (√2𝑔ℎ) × 𝐶𝑑 = (√2 × 9810 × (260 − 235) ) × 0.95031 = 3.488 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
√𝐴1 2 −𝐴2 2 √338.62 −84.62

5- Check For Venturi

(260 − 235)
∆ℎ = = 0.025 𝑚
1000
0.025 ∗ 998.2 ∗ 9.81
∆𝑃 = = 2.448 𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑟
100

𝑄 = (0.025 ∗ 998.2 ∗ 9.81)/100 = 206.532 𝐿⁄ℎ𝑟

𝑄 = 206.532/60 = 3.4422 L/min.

 6- Percentage error
3.488−4.226
Percentage error for nozzle = | | = 21.133%
3.488
3.488−3.671
Percentage error for Venturi = | | = 5.248%
3.488
150
3.488−
60
Percentage error for Rotameter = | | = 28.33 %
3.488

Flowrate %Errors
30.000%

25.000%

20.000%
% Error

15.000% Venturi

10.000% Nozzle

5.000% Rotameter

0.000%
1 2 3 4 5 6
Trial
 Discussion

1. Compare between the three methods of flow rate measurement.

• Accuracy
The three methods were compered to decide which one is more accurate. The
most accurate method was Venturi followed by Nozzle and the lest accurate was
the reads of the Rotameter.
• head loss
▪ Venturi
The head lost or the difference between the manometers increased as
the flowrate of the tank increased, which is what the theory suggested.
▪ Nozzle
The head lost or the difference between the manometers had not change
much as the flowrate of the tank increased, which gave a low losses in
the pressure head.
▪ Rotameter
Observed from the collected data that the 2ed manometer’s value was
about 2 to 3 time the value of the first manometer’s value. Which gave
the lest accurate flowrate between the three methods.
• ease of use
Venturi was the hardest to used do to the need to adjust it, which would take time
and may cause lost in the profit of large companies. Rotameter was the easiest to
use do to its lack of the need to adjust it for the experiment. Nozzle lays between
the venture and Rotameter.
 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each instrument?
Advantages:
Used to measure the flow at high temperature, pressure and velocity.
Nozzle Cheaper, easy to install. High efficiency to reduce the pressure.
Disadvantages:
No divergent outlet and hence unusable for low pressure head.

Advantages:
Can be installed in any direction (horizontal, vertical, and inclined)
More accurate than flow nozzle
Venturi Disadvantages:
Higher cost than and requires more space than Nozzle. Not suitable
for high-viscosity fluids.

Advantages:
Low-cost, low-pressure loss, good accuracy for low and medium flow
rates.
rotameter
Disadvantages: cannot be used for high flow rates because of its poor
accuracy for high flow rates.
Not suitable for viscous fluids.
 3- Mention other methods to measure the flowrate.
- The float method.
- Time-of-flight (TOF) measurement.
- Electromagnetic measurement.

4- Demonstrate factors contributing to errors or inaccuracy in experimental data and

propose recommendations to improve the results.
❖ Human factor that was apparent in the time and manometer measurements.
❖ Assumption of Bernoulli’s Theorem.
5- Explain the high-pressure drop in the nozzle meter.
The high-pressure drop in the nozzle meter is due to the lack of a pressure recovery
element. The pressure losses in an orifice meter are much greater than in a venturi meter.
This is because the diverging section of the venturi meter recovers the pressure lost in the
convergent section.

Recommendations
- Use a flow meter that is appropriate for the application.

- Ensure that the flow meter is installed correctly.

- Calibrate the flow meter regularly.

 References

ROBERSON, J. A., ELGER, D. F., WILLIAMS, B. C., & CROWE, C. T. (2013). Engineering fluid
mechanics.

Staff, Editorial, et al. “Flow Nozzle Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages & Applications.” Inst Tools, 20
June 2019, https://instrumentationtools.com/flow-nozzle-principle/.

Harish. “Rotameter: Construction, Working, Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications.” Mechanical

Education, 12 June 2022, https://www.mechanicaleducation.com/rotameter-working-construction-
advantages-disadvantages/.

“Venturi Tube - Venturi Effect, Fluid Flow, Applications Advantages, Faqs.” BYJUS, BYJU'S, 14 June
2022, https://byjus.com/physics/venturi-tube/.

https://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/javascript/water-density.html. (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2023