Zappy Leoj A. Lopez Oct.

16, 2023
IR-156B Prof. Michael M. Perez
Math in the Modern World

Research Normal Distribution

Guide Questions:

1. Define normal curve

- The bell curve, the Gaussian distribution, or simply the curve

are other names for the normal curve, a symmetrical probability
distribution that is commonly used in statistics. It is defined as
having a bell-shaped look when plotted on a graph. The shape of
the curve is determined by the mean and the standard deviation.
Because it properly reflects a range of natural phenomena, the
normal curve is frequently utilized in many different fields,
including statistics, the natural sciences, social sciences, and
engineering. The curve's center is indicated by the mean, while
its range is determined by the standard deviation. Inferential
statistics, which uses it to model and assess real data, depends
on it. It is a cornerstone of probability theory. Complex
structures with continuous random variables are described using
the normal curve. It has been discovered that many natural
events follow a normal distribution. It can be claimed that some
human characteristics, including height, weight, IQ, and even
social abilities, are typically distributed.

2. What are the characteristics of a normal curve

The bell curve, sometimes referred to as the Gaussian

distribution, or normal curve, contains the following prominent
traits:

Symmetry:The normal curve is symmetrical in relation to its

mean. As a result, the curves to the left and right of the mean are
identical to one another.
Unimodal Distribution: There is only one peak on the normal
curve. There is only one mode, which corresponds to the
distribution's mean and median.

Mean, Median, Mode: The normal distribution's mean, median,

and mode are all equal and situated in the middle of the
distribution.

Standard Deviation: The normal curve's standard deviation

determines how widely it spreads. A wider curve is produced by
a bigger standard deviation than by a smaller standard deviation.

Total Area Under the Curve: One, or the total probability, is

the total area under the normal curve. This characteristic makes
sure that the distribution has been normalized correctly.

Asymptotic Properties: The normal curve's tails approach but

never touch the horizontal axis . This indicates that, while not
quite zero, the likelihood of extreme events occurring far from
the mean is relatively low.

3. Why is normal curve important?

- The Gaussian distribution, sometimes known as the normal

curve, is significant in many fields of study. For instance, a lot
of natural occurrences, like population, weight, or height
distributions, tend to follow a normal distribution. Researchers
may model and evaluate such phenomena efficiently by
comprehending and using the normal curve. Errors and
variances are also inevitable in any scientific studies and
observations. For analyzing the distribution of these mistakes
and determining the accuracy and dependability of
measurements and experiments, the normal curve offers a
framework. In addition, many aspects of human nature,
including IQ levels, results from aptitude tests, and
psychological qualities, follow a roughly normal distribution.
For the evaluation and analysis of human behavior and attributes
in various domains, an understanding of the normal curve's
properties is crucial.

4. Define and discuss empirical rule.

-A statistical principle called the empirical rule, sometimes

referred to as the 68-95-99.7 rule or three-sigma rule, gives a
rapid estimation of the spread of data in a normal distribution. It
is based on the characteristics of the normal curve and offers a
helpful framework for comprehending how data are distributed
around the mean. The empirical rule is especially useful for
quickly determining the percentage of data that falls within
specific ranges of standard deviations from the mean.

According to the empirical rule:

1. Approximately 68% of the data points will fall within one

standard deviation of the mean in either direction.
2. Approximately 95% of the data points will fall within two
standard deviations of the mean.
3. Approximately 99.7% of the data points will fall within three
standard deviations of the mean.

To put it another way, the empirical rule offers a quick and easy
method for calculating the proportion of data that lies within
one, two, and three standard deviations of the mean in a normal
distribution. This rule is useful for quickly determining if data
will likely fall inside specific ranges without the need for
laborious calculations or in-depth investigation.

The empirical rule is frequently utilized in several disciplines,

including quality assurance, process management, and data
analysis, where it is crucial to have a quick grasp of how data
are spread out and distributed. Although it only offers an
approximate estimate, it is a useful starting point for data
analysis before performing more in-depth statistical analyses.

5. Define Kurtosis.

-Kurtosis is a statistical measure that shows a probability

distribution's form, or more precisely, how peaked or flat it is in
comparison to the normal distribution. Understanding kurtosis is
crucial in statistical analysis as it offers insights into the form
and behavior of a distribution. It is used to measure how heavily
or lightly tailed a distribution is in comparison to a normal
distribution. It assists in determining if a dataset has extreme
values or is more closely clustered around the mean, which is
essential for generating conclusions and inferences based on the
data's characteristics.

6. Differentiate mesokurtic, leptokurtic, platykurtic.

- When the kurtosis of a distribution is close to zero, it is said to

be mesokurtic. This indicates that the distribution exhibits the
same normal distribution's peak and tail behavior. There are a
substantial amount of data points in the tails of a mesokurtic
distribution because the height and sharpness of the peak are
pretty close to those of a normal distribution. Leptokurtic
distributions, on the other hand, have positive kurtosis, which
means they have heavier tails and a sharper peak than normal
distributions. Compared to a normal distribution, there are more
data points in the tails of this distribution. This shows that there
are more extreme or outlier values in the dataset, which causes a
higher concentration of data around the mean and wider tails.
Last but not least, a platykurtic distribution is one that has
negative kurtosis, which means that it differs from the normal
distribution in that it has lighter tails and a flatter peak. Data
points in a platykurtic distribution are less extreme and more
evenly distributed than those in a normal distribution. As a
result, there is less data centered around the mean and the tails
are narrower.