Sanitary Equipment

Research
SAND FILTER

 Sand filtration is a frequently used very

robust method to remove suspended
solids from water. The filtration
medium consists of a multiple layer of
sand with a variety in size and specific
gravity. Pressure Sand filters are used
to purify the water from the impurities
that are present in the water through
filter bed. The filter beds absorbs the
impurities in the filter bed. A backwash
is given in a fixed interval to get ready
the water for next level of filtration.
APPLICATIONS FOR SAND FILTRATION:

1. Preparation of cooling water

2. Treatment of waste water
3. Production of drinking water
4. Filtration in swimming pools
5. Pre-filtration for membrane systems
6. Filtration of grey or surface
7. Water removal of iron
CARTRIDGE FILTER

 A cartridge filter is a piece of tubular

filtration equipment that can be used
across various industries for an array
of filtration requirements. A
cartridge is encased within a housing
or a casing and used to remove
unwanted particles, pollutants, and
chemicals from liquids. The cartridge
is exposed to water, liquid or solvent
that needs filtration, as it flows
inside the housing and passes through
the filter element. Cartridge filters
can also remove submicron
particulates.
WATER SOFTENER

 A water softener removes calcium and magnesium from water through a process
called ion exchange. When the hard water enters into the mineral tank, it flows
through a bed of spherical resin beads. These plastic beads, usually made from
polystyrene, are charged with a sodium ion. The resin beads are anions, meaning they
have a negative charge. The calcium and magnesium minerals have a positive charge,
making them cations. Since opposite charges attract, the negative charge of the
minerals is attracted to the positive charge of the resin beads. As the hard water
passes through the resin, the beads grab ahold of the mineral ions and remove them
from the water. When the bead seizes the mineral ion, the sodium ion is released. The
column of resin strips all the hardness out of the water as it passes through the
mineral tank, and softened water flows out into your home.
WATER SOFTENER COMPONENTS

 A water softener is made up of three

components: a control valve, a mineral
tank, and a brine tank. These three
work in conjunction to remove the
minerals from hard water, monitor the
flow of water, and periodically clean
the system through a regeneration
process.
UV sterilizer

 Ultraviolet sterilization is considered to be one of the most effective water treatment

methods for disinfection. UV sterilizers are basically a large lamp enveloped in a metal
frame that work quickly in targeting and stabilizing all biological impurities found in
water.
 A UV water purifier is not at all like a water filter. They are responsible for eliminating
dangerous pathogens, cysts, and other biological organisms by destroying their DNA.
Living species, on the other hand, cannot be killed by water filtration systems. The
filters essentially prohibit suspended solids from passing through, thereby removing
them from the water.
 Once the sterilization process is complete, up to 99% of germs will be killed in under
10 seconds of exposure to the UV light.
UV STERILIZATION ADVANTAGES

 Additional chemicals are

not needed, therefore
saving costs, including
containing no danger of
overdosing.
 Ease of installation, no
alteration of pH, taste, and
other elements of water
gives UV water treatment
its esteemed reputation.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

 A centrifugal pump is a mechanical

device designed to move a fluid by
means of the transfer of rotational
energy from one or more driven rotors,
called impellers. Fluid enters the
rapidly rotating impeller along its axis
and is cast out by centrifugal force
along its circumference through the
impeller's vane tips.
 It consists of three main components:
an impeller, a casing, and a shaft
What are 3 types of centrifugal pumps?

 Radial flow pumps

 Mixed flow pumps

 Axial flow pumps

Advantages of Centrifugal Pumps

 They are capable of pumping both hazardous and sensitive fluids.

 There are no leakage problems with centrifugal pumps.
 There is no power loss caused by friction, and they are remarkably simple in design
and operation.

Characteristics of Centrifugal Pump:

 At any given speed, when there is no flow the discharge pressure is at the maximum.
 The pressure decreases progressively with an increase in the discharge rate.
 Both pressure and flow increase with the increase in speed and vice versa.
PIPES & FITTINGS

Metallic Non metallic

 Steel  UPVC
 Cast iron  PE
 Copper  PPR
STEEL
 SIZES
They are available in sizes: Ø 48.3 mm x 3.25 mm , Ø 60.3 mm x 3.65 mm , Ø
21.3 mm x 2.0 mm , Ø 26.9 mm x 2.3 mm , Ø 33.7 mm x 2.6 mm , Ø 42.4 mm x
2.6 mm

 ADVANTAGES
Mild steel pipe has the characteristics of strong hardness, good toughness,
corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, and superior impact
resistance.
STEEL
CAST IRON

 SIZES
Centrifugally cast iron pipes are available in diameters from 800mm to 900 mm
inclusive and are covered with protective coatings. Pipes are supplied in 3.7 m to
5.5 meters lengths and a variety of joints is available including socket and spigot
and flanged joints.

 ADVANTAGES
Cast iron pipe fittings are extremely durable, nearly indestructible and does not
react with most chemicals, and will not burn or melt except under the most
extreme conditions. This decreases the hazard of poisonous gases in case of fire
or other accidents.
CAST IRON
COPPER PIPES

 SIZES
Common sizes are 15 mm and 22 mm. Other sizes include 18 mm, 28 mm, 35
mm, 42 mm, 54 mm, 66.7 mm, 76.1 mm, and 108 mm outside diameters. Tubing
in 8 mm and 10 mm outside diameters is called a "micro bore" and is easier to
install, although there is a slightly increased risk of blockage from scale or
debris.

 CHARACTERISTICS
Copper tubing is most often used for heating systems and as a refrigerant line in
HVAC systems (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) The term HVAC is used
to describe a complete home comfort system that can be used to heat and cool
your home, as well as provide improved indoor air quality.
COPPER PIPES
UPVC

 UPVC stands for Unplasticized PolyVinyl Chloride, which is a type of piping that is made
from PVC plastic. It is becoming an increasingly popular choice for water and
wastewater systems because of its many advantages over traditional materials like
metal and concrete.

 What are the different types of UPVC pipe fittings?

 Coupling
 Elbows
 Tees
 Caps
 Conclusion
UPVC
PE

 PE pipe is a pipe that's made of polyethylene via a process known as extrusion, so it's
easy to produce pipes of different sizes. These pipes are made of thermoplastic
material, which is produced by the polymerization of ethylene.

 What are the different types of PE pipe fittings?

PE pipes come in different types that range from very-low-density, low-density, cross-
linked, ultra-low-molecular-weight, high-molecular-weight, medium-density, ultrahigh
molecular weight, chlorinated, and linear low-density. HDPE meaning refers to a type of PE
pipes that are denser than the basic pipe types.
PE
PPR
 Also known as Polypropylene Random Copolymer, PPR pipe is a cylindrical and rigid
pipe made from PPR. The pipe is produced through a continuous process known as
extrusion. These pipes are usually white or green. Most PPR pipes have a diameter of
20mm to 110mm.
 What are the different types of PPR pipe fittings?
 Coupling
 Elbow
 Elbow Reducer
 Tee
 Cap
 Reducer
 Tee Reducer
 Male and Female Adapter W/ Brass Thread
PPR
VALVES

 A valve is a device or natural

object that regulates, directs or
controls the flow of a fluid (gases,
liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries)
by opening, closing, or partially
obstructing various passageways.
Valves are technically fittings, but
are usually discussed as a separate
category.
What are the 4 main types of valves?

Valve Type Valve Motion

 Gate Valve  Multi-turn – Linear

 Globe Valve  Multi-turn – Linear
 Multi-turn – Linear
 Needle Valve
 On/Off – Self-Actuated
 Solenoid Valve
What are the two types of valves used?

In the most simple of terms, valves control the flow of fluids.

Valve types can be broken into two basic categories:

Control valve Shut-off valves