FM McKinney SECURE

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Michael L. McKinney
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Robert M. Schoch
Boston University
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Logan Yonavjak
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Grant A. Mincy
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Title: Environmental science: systems and solutions / Michael L. McKinney,
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Logan Yonavjak, Grant Mincy.
Description: Sixth edition. | Burlington, Massachusetts : Jones & Barlett Learning, [2018]
Identifiers: LCCN 2017030084 | ISBN 9781284091724
Subjects: LCSH: Environmental sciences. | Pollution. | Environmentalism.
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01/11/17 5:43 pm


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vii

© Getty Images/Collection Mix: Subjects RF
Brief Contents
Preface xvi
Acknowledgments xxiv
© JonesAbout the Authors
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SECTION 1 The Environment and People 1

Chapter LLC
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, 1 Environmental Science:
© JonesAn Overview.
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Chapter 2 Human Population Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
SECTION 2 The Environment and

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SECTION 3 Resource Use and Management
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viii

Brief Contents ix
Chapter
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SECTION 4 Dealing
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Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi 1.8 The Role of the Individual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv Values on the Here and Now:
Why We Avoid True Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
About the Authors .
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvi A Solution:©Values
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NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR
and Recognizing the TrueSALE ValueOR of DISTRIBUTION
Ecosystem Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
SECTION 1 The Environment 1.9 Toward a Sustainable World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
and People 1 Visualizing a Sustainable World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ©Jones & Bartlett
Supporting Learning, LLC
Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Chapter
NOT FOR SALE 1 Environmental
OR DISTRIBUTIONScience: NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chapter 2 Human Population Growth . . . . . . . 30
1.1 Environmental Science Defined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1 World Population Changes Over Time . . . . . . . . . 31
The Scientific Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Population Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett
Growth of Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Learning, LLC
Avoiding “Information Overload”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Starting Slow: The “Lag Phase”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 DISTRIBUTION
NOT FOR SALE OR
Building a Sustainable World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 The Environment as a System: An Overview. . . . . 8 The Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution: Beginning
What Is a System?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Exponential Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Three Key Traits of the Carrying Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
© Jones &System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental Bartlett Learning, LLC 8 Growth Rate© Jones
and Doubling & Bartlett
Time Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE
Major Obstacles: Delayed and UnpredictableOR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
of the World’s Human Population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Impacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2 Distribution of the Earth’s Human
Society in the Environmental System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.3 What Is Environmental Impact?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3 Age Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
© Jones & Exponential Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bartlett Learning, LLC 13 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Life Expectancies and Infant Mortality Rates. . . . . . . . . 42
Exponential Growth
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of the Human Population . . . . . . 14 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Total Fertility Rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Exponential Growth of Consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Aging of the World Population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Exponential Growth of Environmental
Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.4 The Consequences of Overpopulation. . . . . . . . . 46
1.4 A Brief History of Environmental Impact . . . . . . . 15 2.5 The Population of the United States
1.5 The Environment asNOT a Commons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 and Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.6 Saving the Commons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.6 Solving the World’s Population Problem . . . . . . . 48
Reducing Consumption: Defusing Industrialization, Economic Development,
the Bomb of the North. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 and the Demographic Transition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.7 Promoting
© Jones Sustainability
& Bartlett byLearning,
Paying LLC Contraceptives, Abortion,
the True Costs of Nature’s Benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 and Reproductive Rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Reducing Population: Defusing Female Education and Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
the Bomb of the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Economic Incentives, Disincentives, and
Reducing Population Growth Government Regulation of Childbearing. . . . . . . . . . 52
by Paying True Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Population Control Around the World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
x

Contents xi
© Jones & Bartlett 2 The Environment

SECTIONLearning, LLC
Biodiversity Today: A Rare Wealth in Time. . . . . . . . . . 109
4.3 Biomes and Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
and History of Life
Terrestrial Biomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
on Planet Earth 57 Aquatic Biomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.4 Anthropogenic Biome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Chapter 3 The Ever-Changing Earth: Learning, LLC
© Jones & Bartlett © Jones
Chapter 5 The Dynamic Earth & Bartlett Learning, LLC
The Biosphere
NOT FORand SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
and Natural Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Biogeochemical Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.1 Workings of Planet Earth Today. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.1 Water, Air, and Energy: Three Major
Earth and Its Neighboring Planets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Aspects of the Physical Environment. . . . . . . . . . . 60
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, Present-Day Structure of the Earth. . . . . . . . . . . LLC
. . . . . . 125
3.2 Rocks, Tectonics, and the Record ofLLC
Life. . . . . . . . 61 © Jones & Bartlett Learning,
Plate Tectonics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
NOT FORRocks
Igneous SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
The Composition of Matter on the Earth. . . . . . . . . . . 128
Sedimentary Rocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Rocks on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Metamorphic Rocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 The Surface of the Earth: Climate and Weather . . . . 130
The Rock Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Rotation, Orbits, and Seasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
© Jones & Bartlett Learning,
The Tectonic LLC
Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ©65Jones
5.2 Natural Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT
3.3 A Brief History of Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Earthquakes and Volcanoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
The Precambrian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Land Instability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
The Paleozoic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Weather Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
The Mesozoic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
The Cenozoic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 LLC Coastal Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, 153 LLC
The Anthropocene?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 72 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
3.4 Biosphere Interactions: Populations
Make Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 SECTION 3 Resource Use
Community Interactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 and Management 157
Population
© Jones & Decline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Human Impact on Population
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Growth and Decline. . . 76 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
3.5 Biosphere Interactions: Communities
Chapter 6 People and Natural Resources. . . . 158
and Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.1 Kinds of Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Community Diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 6.2 People Managing Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Community Change Through Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, 6.3 What Is Resource Management?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Human DisturbanceLLC
of Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .©82Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALEEcosystems
OR DISTRIBUTION 6.4 Sustaining Resource Use: Preservation,
and Community Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . NOT . 84 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Conservation, and Restoration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Ecosystem Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
A Brief History of Preservation, Conservation,
Matter Cycling Through Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
and Restoration in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . 160
3.6 Biogeochemical Cycles: An Introduction. . . . . . . 92
©Cycles:
Jones & Bartlett Learning, 6.5 Who Cares? The Many Values of Natural
Biogeochemical Major Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Energy Flows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
6.6 Patterns of Resource Depletion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Chapter 4 The Distribution of Life How Matter Resources Are Depleted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
How Energy Resources Are Depleted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Bubble Pattern of Depletion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
© Jones
4.1 Evolution&ofBartlett Learning, LLC
the Biosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
6.7 Problems with Past Resource Management. . . 164
NOT FOR Through
Evolution SALE Natural
OR DISTRIBUTION
Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Net Yield of Nonrenewable Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Diversification of the Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Maximum Sustainable Yield
4.2 What Is Biodiversity?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 of Renewable Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Measuring Biodiversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.8 Conservation: Reducing the Need
© Jones & Bartlett
GlobalLearning, LLCMany Species?. . . . . . . . . . . ©
Biodiversity: How 107Jones &for
Bartlett Learning, LLC
Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

xii Contents
6.9 Resource Economics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 The Economics of Photovoltaics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Resource Overuse: Ignoring Environmental Advantages
Environmental Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
NOT FORand SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Disadvantages of Solar Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
6.10 Jobs and Life in a Sustainable World. . . . . . . . . 171 8.4 Wind Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
8.5 Geothermal Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Chapter 7 Fundamentals of Energy, The Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy. . . . . . . . . 232
Fossil Fuels, and Nuclear 8.6 Ocean Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 8.7 Energy Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.1 An Overview of the Current Global Electrical Energy Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Energy Situation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 8.8 Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
© Jones
7.2 Power & Bartlett
Plants: Supplying theLearning,
People with LLC Reducing Consumption
© Jones &ofBartlett
Fossil FuelsLearning,
. . . . . . . . . . . . 235
LLC
Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Energy Efficiency at a National Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Hard versus Soft Energy Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Improving Energy Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7.3 Fossil Fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Chapter 9 Water Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
© Jones & Coal
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 9.1 Water
© Jones & and the Hydrologic
Bartlett Learning, CycleLLC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Water: A Most Unusual Substance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Natural Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Can Fossil Fuel Supplies Increase The Hydrologic Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
on a Human Time Scale?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 9.2 Water Demand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Why We Must Stop Burning Fossil Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . 195 9.3 Water Supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
7.4 Nuclear Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, 197 Regional Water Shortages: Inequalities
LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Principles of Nuclear Power in the Hydrologic Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
NOT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 199 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Uranium Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 A Global Water Shortage?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
7.5 Advantages and Disadvantages Types of Water Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
of Nuclear Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 9.4 Increasing Our Water Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
The©Safety Record Increased Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Jones & of Nuclear Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drawbacks of Nuclear Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Desalination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Wastewater Reclamation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Chernobyl and Three Mile Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Safer Nuclear Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Dams and Reservoirs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Disposal of Nuclear Wastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Canals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Decommissioning Nuclear Reactors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Conserving and Managing Land
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesfor& Bartlett
Water Learning, LLC
Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Chapter
NOT FOR SALE 8 Renewable and Alternative
OR DISTRIBUTION NOT
9.5 FOR
Social SALE OR
Solutions DISTRIBUTION
to Water Scarcity. . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Economics of Sustainable Water Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Legal Control of Water Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
8.1 Hydropower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
© Jones & Bartlett Learning,Chapter
Environmental Disadvantages to Hydropower. . . . . 215
LLC 10 Mineral Resources. . . . . . . &
© Jones . . .Bartlett
. . . 274 Learning, LLC
8.2 Biomass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 218 NOT FOR SALE275
10.1 Types of Mineral Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OR DISTRIBUTION
Raw Sources of Biomass Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
10.2 Relative Demands and Values of Mineral
Environmental Advantages
Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
and Disadvantages of Biomass Energy. . . . . . . . . . 220
10.3 Mineral Deposits, Ores, and Reserves. . . . . . . . 279
8.3 Solar Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones
10.4 Environmental & Bartlett
Degradation DueLearning, LLC
Direct Use of Solar Energy
to Mineral Exploitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
and Passive Solar Designs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Active Solar Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 10.5 Trends in Mineral Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
The Economics of Active Solar Collectors. . . . . . . . . . 225 10.6 The Economics of Mineral Consumption:
Electricity from the Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 What Accounts for the Prices
© Jones & Photovoltaics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
of Minerals?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Contents xiii
10.7 Dealing with Mineral Scarcity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Preserve Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Expanding the Resource Base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Sustainable Management
NOT FOR SALE Recycling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
of Preserves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
285
Reducing Consumption: Conservation 12.4 Marine Preserves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
and Durability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 12.5 Managing Lands to Reduce
Urban Impacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Chapter 11 Conserving
© JonesBiological& Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Causes of Sprawl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Resources. . . . . .SALE
NOT FOR . . . . . .OR
. . . .DISTRIBUTION
. . . . 290 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Consequences of Sprawl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
11.1 Measuring What’s at Risk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Curbing Sprawl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Estimating the Unknown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
11.2 Biodiversity Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Chapter 13 Food and Soil Resources . . . . . . . 347
Current Biodiversity Loss: 13.1 Food as a Biological Resource. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
NOT FOR
AnotherSALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Mass Extinction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Hunger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
11.3 What Causes Biodiversity Loss?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Feeding the World Today. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Habitat Destruction and Habitat Food for the Future. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Fragmentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Agricultural Food Production
Introduced LLC
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Minimum Viable Populations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Modern Agriculture’s “Solutions”: Fertilizers,
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Which Species to Save?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Fisheries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
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How to Save Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Global Assessment of Soil Degradation. . . . . . . . . . 371
Laws Protecting Endangered Species. . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Stopping Soil Degradation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
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Toxicology, and Risk . . . . . . . . . . . 378
The National Park System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 14.1 What Is Pollution?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
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Environmental Impact Statements . . . . . . . . . . 329 Myths of Pollution Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
12.3 Managing Private Lands for Biodiversity Deciding How Much Control:
Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Being Realistic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Selecting Preserves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330Jones & Implementing Pollution Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
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xiv Contents
14.3 Toxicology: The Science of Poisons. . . . . . . . . . 388 16.2 Legal and Social Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Effects of Toxic Substances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 Legal Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Economic Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Toxic Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
14.4 Pesticides: Pollutants Made to Kill. . . . . . . . . . . 395 16.3 Indoor Air Pollution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
The History of Pesticide Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Sources and Types of Indoor Pollutants. . . . . . . . . . 455
Problems with Chemical Pesticides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
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14.5 Legal Aspects of Toxic Substance Health Damage from Noise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
and Pesticide Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Control of Noise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Toxic Torts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 16.5 Electromagnetic Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
The Precautionary Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
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15.2 Water Purification in Nature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
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Composition and Properties of Human Damage to the Ozone Layer. . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Water Pollutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Effects of Increased Ultraviolet Radiation
Sources of Water Pollutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Reaching Earth’s Surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Fate of Pollutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
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Source Reduction: Efficiency, Recycling, Consequences of Global Warming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
and Substitution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 General Strategies for Dealing with
Treating Wastewater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Global Climate Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Remediation: Cleaning Polluted Waters. . . . . . . . . . 425
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Legal Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Effects on Animals and Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Cleaner Rivers and Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 Curbing Light Pollution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Cleaner Drinking Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Social Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 Chapter&18 Municipal
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Clean Water Outside the United States. . . . . . . . . . . 432
18.1 Defining Solid Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Global Water Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
18.2 Alternative Paradigms for Waste
Chapter 16 Air Pollution:
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and Regional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Traditional Means of Waste Management. . . . . . . . 502
Garbage as a Source of Revenue
16.1 Local and Regional Air Pollution. . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 for Low-Income Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Particulates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 Dealing with Rubbish and Other Waste
Sulfur Oxides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 in the Near Future. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
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Carbon Monoxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Industrial Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Lead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 18.3 Hazardous Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
International Trends for Pollution Levels. . . . . . . . . . 450 Superfund. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
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Contents xv
Toxics Release Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 The First Century of American

Environmentalism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Technologies for Dealing with
Hazardous Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Environmentalism Since World War II . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
20.2 Are Western Societal Values to Be
Blamed for Current Environmental
SECTION 5 Social Solutions to Problems? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Environmental Concerns*
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NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Sustainable Development/
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Chapter 19 Environmental Economics. . . . . . 532 Addressing Environmental Concerns
19.1 Economics Versus Environmental Science?. . . . 533 by Refocusing Western Political–Economic
Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
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International Environmental Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
What Is Sustainable Growth?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Environmental Law and Regulation
Measuring Sustainable Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
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Mobilization Bias: Why Do Small Groups
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19.4 Solution: Internalizing Environmental Chapters 19 and 20 are available online with access
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The Low Cost of Sustainability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1
19.5 Poverty&and
© Jones the Global
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19.6 Developing a Sustainable Economy. . . . . . . . . 551
Chapter 20 Historical and Cultural Aspects

of Environmental Concerns. . . . . 556
20.1 A Historical Perspective on North American
Environmentalism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
*eBook only.

Preface
The future which we hold in trust for our own children will be All too often environmental discussions become
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of the issues—be they climate change, the depletion of and what has failed.
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xvi

Preface xvii
current environmental situation, including captive principles of pollution control, toxicology, and risk, while
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society into the environment. Chapter 14 introduces the these or other chapters may be omitted entirely.

xviii Preface
Assuming a standard 15 full weeks for a semester and the like), the chapters of this text might be assigned
(usually about aLearning,
week is lostLLC
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For a comprehensive environmental science and environmental studies course:

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Preface xix
For a general
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If this book is used for a two-semester course, some of the chapters should be used over a period longer than 1 week.
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xx Preface
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▸▸& Bartlett Learning, LLC We have written the text to be interesting and
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Preface xxi
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xxii Preface
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Preface xxiii
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Michael L. McKinney
Robert M. Schoch
Logan
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Acknowledgments
As authors, we are ultimately responsible for the content of this book, but dozens of people have provided help,
encouragement, and advice. In particular, we are grateful for the advice of many teachers and practitioners of envi-
ronmental science. Due to its depth and breadth, environmental science contains far more information than only
four people can master,
© Jones and we drew
& Bartlett heavily on
Learning, LLCthe expertise of people who have specialized
© Jones in its Learning,
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We therefore wish to express our deep
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION appreciation to the reviewers of various editions of this book.
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Acknowledgments xxv
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wife, Catherine Ulissey, for her encouragement as he LY
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worked on this revision. LY thanks her mother, Liane

About the Authors

Michael L. McKinney Dr. McKinney lives in Knoxville, Tennessee,
is Director of the Envi- where he greatly enjoys hiking and promoting sus-
ronmental Studies Pro- tainable living.
gram at
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the University © Jones & Bartlett Robert M. Schoch,LLC
Learning, a
of T

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONennessee, Knoxville. full-time faculty
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION member
He is also a Professor in of the College of Gen-
the Geological Science eral Studies at Boston
Department and the
University, received his

Ecology & Evolution- Ph.D. in geology and geo-
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, ary LLCBiology Department. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, physicsLLCfrom Yale Univer-
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Since 1985, he has taught NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
sity in 1983. Since 1984, he
a variety of courses, focusing on environmental science has specialized in teaching
and biodiversity issues at the undergraduate level. undergraduate science,
Dr. McKinney has two master’s degrees, one from including environmental
the University of Colorado at Boulder and one from the
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC science,
© Jones biology, physical Learning, LLC
& Bartlett
University of Florida. He received his Ph.D. from
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Yale science, geology, geography, and courses
NOT FOR SALE in science
OR DISTRIBUTION
University in 1985. Since that time, he has published and public policy—with a strong environmental com-
several books and dozens of technical articles. Most of ponent in all courses he teaches. He is a recipient of
his recent research has focused on conservation biology. his college’s Peyton Richter Award for interdisciplinary
Dr. McKinney has received several teaching awards and teaching, and serves as director of its Institute for the
© Jones
a prestigious & Bartlett
University award forLearning, LLC He
creative research. © Jones
Study of the Origins & Bartlett Learning, LLC
of Civilization.
is currently working on a book documenting the harm- NOT FOR SALE
Dr. Schoch is the author or OR DISTRIBUTION
coauthor of books
ful impact of urban sprawl on native species. both technical and popular, including Phylogeny
In addition to his scholarly work, Dr. McKinney Reconstruction in Paleontology; Stratigraphy: Prin-

is very active in promoting environmental solutions ciples and Methods; Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: The
Evolution of Hoofed Mammals; Voices of the Rocks;
© Joneswhere he lives, the Southern Appalachian bioregion.
& Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
He is on the Board of Directors of the Foothills Land Voyages of the Pyramid Builders; Forgotten Civili-
Conservancy, which is the major private land trust that
zation: The Role of Solar Outbursts in Our Past and
creates wilderness preserves around the Smoky Moun- Future; and Origins of the Sphinx. Keenly interested in
tain National Park. In 2001, Dr. McKinney received how environmental factors have helped shape ancient
the Environmental Achievement award from the city’s and modern civilizations, and passionate in his asser-
© Jones
main newspaper, the Knoxville & Bartlett
News-Sentinel, Learning,
given to LLC
tion that understanding past © Jones & Bartlett
environmental changes Learning, LLC
the individual who has done the most to promote
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONa bet- is important as we face future challenges,
NOT FOR SALE Dr. Schoch
OR DISTRIBUTION
ter environment. Dr. McKinney is also an active mem- has undertaken fieldwork in numerous countries,
ber of the Tennessee Citizens for Wilderness Planning, including England, Wales, Scotland, Norway, Malta,
the East Tennessee Sierra Club (Harvey Broome Chap- Egypt, Turkey, South Africa, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia,
ter), the Southern Alliance for Clean Energy, the Ten- Chile (Easter Island), Romania, Bulgaria, Bosnia,
nessee Clean Water Network, and Ijams Nature Center. India, Japan, and Indonesia.
He writes a bimonthly column called the “Suburban
Besides his academic and scholarly studies,
Ecologist” in the Hellbender, the environmental news- Dr. Schoch is an active environmental advocate
paper of East Tennessee. who stresses a pragmatic, hands-on approach. In
xxvi

About the Authors xxvii
this connection, he helped found a local community Grant A. Mincy is an

© Jones & Bartlett
land trustLearning,
devoted to LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
protecting land from harmful Instructor of Biology at
development,
for many years serving on its Board Pellissippi State Commu-
of Directors. Furthermore, he takes an active part nity College in Knoxville,
in “green” politics and for over a decade served as Tennessee, where he leads
an elected member of the city council of Attleboro, the Concepts of Biology
Massachusetts. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC curriculum
© Jones and teaches
NOT FOR SALE Logan ORYonavjak is
DISTRIBUTION NOTcourses
FOR in generalOR
SALE b
iology
DISTRIBUTION
an investment profes- and conservation s cience.
sional who has worked He has also taught physical geology, historical geology,
with a variety of orga- and environmental geology. In the classroom, Grant
nizations on a suite of includes information regarding issues of concern in
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, projects LLC
ranging from © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
his town of Knoxville and the Southern Appalachian
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ESG product develop- NOT
bioregion. HeFOR SALE
also likes OR DISTRIBUTION
to discuss local environmen-
ment, the development tal policy and new sustainable initiatives having great
of social and environ- success in the area as well.
mental impact metrics Grant earned his graduate degree from the Univer-
methodologies, and aLLC sity&ofBartlett
© Jones
variety of renewable energy Tennessee, Knoxville where
Learning, LLC he studied earth and
NOT FOR SALEand conservation
OR DISTRIBUTIONfinance deals. She is currently planetary
NOT FOR SALEscience with a concentration in conservation
OR DISTRIBUTION
the Manager of Research and Analysis at CREO biology and environmental science. During his time at
Syndicate, a network of family offices focused on the University of Tennessee, Grant was Dr. McKinney’s
driving more private capital to solve global envi- student and worked on many local and regional environ-
ronmental challenges. More recently she worked at mental research projects with his mentor. Grant is still
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCvery active in environmental © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
issues. He serves as the Eli-
Morgan Stanley’s Institute for Sustainable Invest-
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR
nor Ostrom Chair of Environmental Studies SALEand ORCom-DISTRIBUTION
ing, Align Impact, and the Yale Investments Office.
Logan received her B.A. with Distinction from the mons Governance at the Molinari Institute and is also
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Logan an Energy and Environment Advisory Council Member
is a Startingbloc Fellow, a Property and Environment for the Our America Initiative. He has numerous publi-
© Jones(PERC)
Research & Bartlett
Fellow,Learning, LLC
and a Kinship Fellow. She cations ©onJones
sites such
& as The Ecologist,
Bartlett Counter
Learning, LLCPunch,
NOT
has alsoFOR
beenSALE OR writer
a freelance DISTRIBUTION
for Ashoka Change- and Resiliency
NOT FOR and SALE
has published columns regarding
OR DISTRIBUTION
makers, Forbes, ImpactAlpha, and NextBillion, and is environmental issues in numerous newspapers around
the world, including the local Knoxville News Sentinel
also the author of several books. Logan received her
and the Knoxville Mercury. In addition, Grant regularly
master’s in Forestry and MBA (with a concentration
volunteers his time to Ijams Nature Center and encour-
in Asset Management)
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC from Yale in 2016. Logan cur-
© Jones & service
ages learning in all of his courses.
rently sits on
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONthe Board of Slow Money NYC, which
NOT FOR SALE
Grant’s OR
mostDISTRIBUTION
important role is that of a husband
connects investors with local food entrepreneurs in
and a father. In his free time he likes to pass the time
New York City. She is also an Advisor to the Yale Ini-
hiking away the day with his wife and 3-year-old son
tiative on Sustainable Investing (YISF). in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.


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SECTION 1 The Environment and People 1

SECTION 2 The Environment and

Chapter 8 Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

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SECTION 5 Social Solutions to Environmental Concerns* 531

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© Jones & Bartlett 2 The Environment

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© Jones & Bartlett 2 The Environment

7.3 Fossil Fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Chapter 9 Water Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Chapter 20 Historical and Cultural Aspects