MATURITNÉ TÉMY Z ANJ

1. Family
- what is a family: people with strong relationships between them, can live together,
have kids, but also not, civics: basic social unit
- types of families
- nuclear family: two parents and child/ren ("complete" family)
- extended family: nuclear + other members: aunts, uncles, cousins
- single-parent family: one parent and child/ren (unmarried mother: had child
out of wedlock)
- mother/father-dominating family: one parent is dominant (matriarchy,
patriarchy)
- blended family: family with stepparents and stepchildren (no blood relation);
foster family (children fostered because their real parents aren't in the picture),
adoptive family (child is adopted from the system)
- child-centered family: children are the center of the attention, spoiled children
- functions:
- emotional: satisfies our basic emotional needs
- reproductive: bearing and bringing up children, keeps the society running
- economic: the work division, material
- regenerative: free time, rest, recharge
- generational gap:
- different attitudes to life throughout generations, the source of disagreements
- usually shows up during discussions about societal progress, politics,
technology,...
- multigenerational living
- pros:
- free childcare if you have children
- you can take care of your parents if they need help
- better chore division
- better money distribution - saving on rent, childcare
- cons:
- lack of privacy
- more mouths to feed
- difference in opinions - generational gap
- unusual families: interracial families, families with same-sex parents,...
- problems of young families:
- the unavailability of affordable housing
- difficulty finding a job, especially if you have kids/are planning to have kids
- full schools and kindergardens: little childcare options
- the inflation
- how does society treat young adults and old people?
- young adults
- often not taken seriously
- old people
- the attitude of the society is that you should respect your elders, not
mouth off to them and listen to them, since they know more than you
because they lived through more than you
- kids have strong emotional attachments to their grandparents
 - freetime activities of old people
- gardening
- spa, pilgrimage
- crosswords, sudoku
- predok: ancestor, potomok: descendant

2. Media
Newspapers and magazines
- division of newspapers/periodics according to:
- frequency of publishing
- location:
- regional/local
- national
- content:
- tabloids: information is not always verified - speculation, tend to be
about the lives of celebrities, colourful pictures, scandals, informal
language, focused on older, less educated people, who want to escape
their life, in English: slang, contracted forms
- broadsheet: a lot bigger than tabloids, topics: politics, economics,
sport, culture, business, finance,..., language: formal (English),
sophisticated vocabulary, columns, less pictures, more text,
- criteria on what should be published:
- verified information
- something relevant
- something actual
- shouldn't:
- publish private things
- accuse people of things
- be intentionally biased
- publish false information
- English/American newspapers/tabloids:
- the Sun, the Mirror, Daily Mail
- the Guardian, Financial News, the Daily Telegraph, the Times,...
- the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the Atlantic, the Washington
Post…
- Sme, Pravda, Hospodárske Noviny
- Blesk, Nový Čas, Plus 1 deň
- magazines: Elle, Vogue, Cosmopolitan, Eva, Varecha,...
- positives and negatives:
- positives: people are informed
- negatives: situation changes quickly, bias, not eco friendly
Radio
- inventor: Juliano Marconi, further developed by Nikola Tesla
- you need a transmitter and a receiver
- played an important role during the war: propaganda, information
- state: RTVS
- positives: quick information, it's very accessible,
 - negatives: not visual, there can be problems with the frequencies, effective as a
propaganda tool
- there are state and private stations: Expres, Europa 2, FUN rádio, Jemné,...
Television
- invented/first screening: 1926, England, Scotsman John Logie Baird
- first television were expensive, in black and white
- state television channels (SK): :1, :2, :3, :24, sport
- private (SK): Joj, Markíza, Wau, Dajto, Doma, Joj plus,...
- positives of TV: education, entertainment, information
- negatives: too much screen time, biased, health problems, scams, age restrictions
Internet
- positives: news spread quick, people are informed about things happening all over the
world, quality journalism available anywhere you are
- negatives: misinformation, too much information - information avalanche, biased
information, paid web pages
Marketing
- techniques:
- jingle
- slogan
- colourful visuals
- clever adverts
Does successful advertising cause a failure of critical thinking?
Restriction of free press - what shouldn't be published?
- no rude language, personal attacks
- promoting hate speech, radical ideologies
- private information (of celebrities)
- blatantly false information

3. Slovakia
- history of Slovakia:
- Slavic tribes = 5th century
- Samo's empire
- Principality of Nitra
- Great Moravia - Cyril and Methodius = script
- Austria-Hungary - 1000 years
- 1840's - Slovak National Movement/Revival
- Štúr, Hurban, Kráľ; codification of the language by Štúr
- Hungarian as the only language = magyarisation
- 1863 = Matica Slovenská
- 1918-1938 = the first Czechoslovak Republic
- 1948-1989 = Communism, Velvet Revolution
- geography
- central Europe
- borders
 - inhabitants
- capital
- 8-self governing regions: BA, TT, BB, TN, ZA, PO, KE
- spa towns: Piešťany, Trenčianske, Rajecké, Turčianske Teplice, Bojnice
- castles: Spiš, Strečno, Bojnice, Trenčín, Čachtice, Beckov,
- wooden churches listed in UNESCO
- open air museums: museums that exhibit collections of buildings and artifacts
out-of-doors, frequently known as a museum of buildings or a folk museum =
Pribylina, Vychylovka, Martin, Zuberec, Svidník
- Tatras: High: Gerlach, Kriváň, Low: Ďumbier, separated by the Váh = longest
river
- national parks: TANAP, NAPANT, Slovenský Kras, Poloniny, Malá Fatra,
Muránska planina, Slovenský raj, Pieniny
- other rivers: the Dunajec, the Danube, the Morava, the Kysuca, the Laborec,
the Ondava
- Bratislava:
- Castle
- Devín = ruins with a small museum, importance: štúrovci
- Slavín
- St. Martin Cathedral
- Michael's Gate
- SND
- Grassalkovich Palace
- Bridge
- Petržalka = biggest housing estate in Slovakia
- compare the regions of Slovakia
- sociopolitical situation: democracy, PM, President, current politics, divided society
- important personalities in politics, sport and culture
- sport:
- Peter Sagan
- Ondrej Nepela
- Petra Vlhová
- Dominika Cibulková
- Matej Tóth
- sestry Fialkové
- politics:
- Milan Rastislav Štefánik
- Vladimír Mečiar
- Jozef Tiso
- Alexander Dubček
- Robert Fico
- Rudolf Schuster
- Ľudovít Štúr
- culture
- Milan Lasica, Július Satinský
- Jozef Kroner
- Eugen Suchoň
- Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav
- štúrovci
4. Great Britain
 5. The USA
6. English speaking countries
- the Commonwealth of Nations:
- definition: full name Commonwealth of Nations, a political association of 54
member states, almost all of which are former colonies or territories of the
British Empire, founded on December 11, 1931
- its purpose is international cooperation, to advance economics, social
development and human rights in the member countries
- choose one member country and talk about it
New Zealand
- known as Aotearoa in the Māori language
- an island country in Oceania
- a sovereign state in the south-western part of the Pacific Ocean
- made up of two large islands (the North Island and the South Island) and many
smaller islands located to the southeast of Australia
- New Zealand was one of the last places in the world that humans discovered, because
it is a long way away from most of the world
- During its time without humans, New Zealand was a great place for an unusual range
of plants and animals to develop - endemic to the area: kiwi
- the current capital city: Wellington, the largest: Auckland (1 mill.) - both on the North
Island
- the largest city on the South Island: Christchurch
- other cities in the North Island include Hamilton, Tauranga, Napier/Hastings, New
Plymouth, Whanganui, and Palmerston North
- South Island cities include Christchurch, Dunedin, Nelson, Invercargill and Timaru
- official languages: English, Māori and New Zealand sign language - past English
colony
- New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy
- the head of state: Queen Elizabeth II.
- the Prime Minister: Jacinda Ardern, leader of the Labour Party

- the kiwi, a flightless native bird that is considered the country's national bird
- endemic birds: kiwi, kakapo = flightless parrot
- Sir Edmund Hillary, the first man to climb to the top of Mount Everest, was from
New Zealand.
- New Zealand has become more popular since New Zealander Peter Jackson made the
Lord of the Rings movies there.
- Many farmers in New Zealand breed sheep. There are many more sheep than people
in New Zealand (20 sheeps for 1 human).
- Many New Zealanders are interested in sports. Their national sport is usually
considered to be rugby (in winter). They have impressive athletes in rowing, cycling,
shotput, discus, iron man, triathlon, yachting, climbing, surfing, cricket, netball,
softball, windsurfing, gliding, and more.
- people and groups:
- Russell Crowe (actor)
- Kiri Te Kanawa, Lorde (singer)
- the Flight of the Conchords, Lorde, Crowded House (bands/singers)
- Lee Tamahori, Taika Waititi, and Peter Jackson (movie directors)
 - Popular tourist activities in New Zealand include sightseeing, adventure tourism,
tramping (hiking) and camping
- numerous walking and hiking paths (often created and maintained by the DOC) = the
Milford Track - huge international recognition
- Queenstown - bungee jumping
- Waitomo Caves
- Mt Cook
- Bay of Islands

7. English language
English - America
crisps - chips
film - movie
sweets - candy
pavement - sidewalk
boot - trunk
car park - parking lot
chips - fries
dummy - pacifier
torch - flashlight
tin - can
holiday - vacation
biscuit - cookie
- most famous English dialect: Cockney, spoken by the lowest classes in the eastern
part of London (Eliza Doolittle, Pygmalion, G. B. Shaw)
- standard English: official norm of the language given by the state, with the grammar,
vocabulary,...
- ENL = English as a native language: UK, USA, Australia, NZ
- ESL = second language due to colonization: Zambia, India, Canada
- EFL = foreign language: Slovakia, Ukraine, France
- why do we learn English
- travel
- work
- school
- language of science, aviation, IT, film industry, music industry,...
- how to learn English
- watching English films and series
- apps
- finding a foreign friend
- travelling to a foreign country
 - common world language
- the richest vocabulary of all languages because of its qualities, 4000 new words are
coined every year/ by e.g. blending –chillay, floordrobe..., by acronyms – fyi, lol,
yolo.../
- easy: no accord, gender, declinations, conjugations
- but also difficult: 12 tenses, passive voice, reported speech, articles, phrasal verbs,
idioms, pronunciation /no rules/, word formation, basic English - its mastery...
3 qualities:
- simplicity – no inflections, cases, accord, gender, conjugations
- flexibility – the same word can operate as many different parts of speech (e.g. to kiss
– a kiss, to drink – a drink, a round/n./- round/prep., to fast, fast/adj./, fast/adv./
- openness – free admission of words from other languages e.g from Russian
/matryoshka/, Czech /robot/, siesta /Spanish/, jungle /Indian/…
The development of English
- Celtic /spoken/
- Old English /difficult, German-based/
- Middle English /1066 – French became the language of aristocracy and the court (1
fifth of the vocabulary is French-words connected to fashion = dress, button..., politics
= parliament, negotiate, president, legislative..., art = colour, blue, art, painting,
cooking = cuisine, table, fruits..., music = music, composition, guitar…;
- Early Modern English /15-16 c./- the first English dictionary was printed in 1604
- Late Modern English /19 c./ - quite similar to the contemporary one
- Contemporary /today/
- „Other Englishes“ - American, Canadian, Australian… (England had a lot of
colonies) - The Commonwealth of Nations (54 countries, formed mostly by former
English colonies-e.g. Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, Maldives, Grenada, the Uk, Australia,
Jamaica, Malta…) - political, economical and cultural links with the UK
British English vs. American English
- pronunciation: twenty/twenti/ director/dajrekt../ twenty/twendi/, director/direkt/
- spelling: colour, harbour, programme, theatre, colonise, specialise,
economise,.../color, harbor, program, theater, colonize, specialise, economize…
- vocabulary: shop, floor, garden, cinema, sweets, underground/store, story, yard,
movie theater, candies, subway
- grammar: Have you got? No, I haven't. /Do you have? No, I don't
Slovak vs. English
- phonetic (written as heard)/etymological (everything depends on the origin of words -
no pronunciation rules)
- 3 tenses/12 tenses
- no articles/indefinite, definite, zero or no article
- 3 genders/no gender
- accord in gender, number and case/no accord
- 7 cases (N, G, D,...)/no cases (only possessive case: Peter's)
- declension/no declension
- conjugations (robím, robíš,..)/no conjugations
- diacritic marks (acute, caron (mäkčeň), circumflex, umlaut)
- no phrasal verbs/a lot of phrasal verbs
- poorer vocabulary/the richest vocabulary in the world
- not fixed word order (we can change the order of words without losing the meaning:
Peter kritizoval Jana/Jana kritizoval Peter)/fixed word order (SWOMPT, word order
cannot be changed without changing the meaning: Peter criticized John. John
criticized Peter.) (OSASCOM- opinion, size, age, shape, colour, origin, material -
adjective order)

8. Kysuce
- region in north-western Slovakia, situated around the Kysuca river
- geography:
- borders the Orava region in the east, Poland in the north and the Czech
Republic in the west
- consists of two districts: Čadca and Kysucké Nové Mesto
- surrounded by the numerous mountain ranges, for example Javorníky with the
highest hill Veľký Javorník (1071m) in the west, the Moravian-Silesian
Beskids with the highest hill Veľký Polom (1 067m) in the north, in the East
there are Kysucké Beskydy with the highest mountain (also the highest in the
region) - Veľká Rača (1236 m) - the symbol of the region, im the South there
is Kysucká vrchovina with the highest hill - Ľadonhora (999 m)
- history:
- first settled by Slavs - Wallachs, who started to cut down and burn trees to get
grazing space for sheep, hence the names of the towns and villages
- oldest settlement: KNM
- Čadca: 1572
- one of the poorest regions in the past
- tinkering - means of earning money, typical for Kysuce
-
- famous locals:
- Ján Palárik
- Jozef Kroner
- Rudolf Jašík
- Miroslav Cipár
- Gene Cernan
- Ondrej Zimka
- what to see
- Skiparadise Veľká Rača
- open air museum in Vychylovka =switchback railway
- stone spheres in Megonky and Klokocov - now gone
- oil spring in Korňa - quite small
- astronomical clock in Stará Bystrica
- pilgrimage site - Živčáková - St. Mary appeared
- hiking

9. Communication and its forms

- what is communication?
- the act of exchanging information, ideas or thoughts through various means
- different types of communication:
- verbal: using words - speaking, writing
- non-verbal: mimics, gestures, body language
- signs (traffic , sounds (sirens, alarm clock), symbols (washing instructions,
safety symbols (flammable, radioactive, corrosive)), colours (red - danger),
flags, fire - smoke signals (today: flares), signals (traffic lights), Morse code,
Braille letters, sign language, emojis
- history of communication:
- in the beginning (first people): sounds, paintings, gestures, body posture, facial
expressions
- Ancient times: first alphabets and scripts created, languages
- Middle Ages: town crier, foot messenger, horse messenger
- inventions: book printing (15th century), telegraph, telephone, typewriter,
radio, television, phones, internet (social media: FB, IG, Whatsapp)
- division:
- verbal/nonverbal: body language, mimics, gestures, sign languages, Morse
code, smoke signals, colours, flags, sounds, photography, painting,
instrumental music, scars, body painting
- paraverbal: voice colour, timbre, pitch, volume, rhythm, articulation
- visual: signs/audio (spoken)
- formal/informal/semiformal - depends who you're talking to
- written/oral
- face-to-face/long-distance (when do we avoid face-to-face communication)
- effective communication
- communication that achieved its purpose
- doesn't have to be assertive
- you say what you want to say, the other side listens and vice versa
- the information is not misinterpreted
- obstacles: different languages, stress, shyness, straying from the topic, the
environment (loud surroundings), lack of understanding of the topic on one
side
- factors affecting communication
- social standing: you talk differently with friends and with a teacher/parent
- time/lack of time: if you're in rush, you talk to the point
- whether you like/dislike the person
- content of conversation/level of knowledge among the parties
- gender: men speak more, are straightforward, women talk less, dance around
the topic
- body language: crossed arms - dismissive, uncomfortable, angling your feet
away from speaker, drumming your fingers
- future of communication
- telepathy
- communication with animals
- it will be rarer to see people writing by hand
- positives and negatives of different types of communication
- communication barriers
- personal character: shyness, stress, impatience
- articulation handicaps/disorders: stuttering, lisping
 - illiteracy
- bad articulation and voice modulation
- language barrier
- taboo topics
- someone just doesn't want to communicate
- lying/omitting information
- trauma
- why is body language important
- influences the message we're conveying
- lets you know the feelings of the person: tics
- can convey the message without talking at all
- can be used for deceiving people
- problematic communication situations
- fights
- oral answers in front of the board
- phone calls with people I don't know
- questions when I'm not prepared for discussion
- in front of people that don't like me

10. Man and Society /types of societies, factors influencing them/wars../ immigration, the
EU, Globalisation, Economy/
- what is society:
- an organized group of persons associated together for religious, benevolent,
cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes.
- a body of individuals living as members of a community; community.
- the body of human beings generally, associated or viewed as members of a
community: the evolution of human society.
- a highly structured system of human organization for large-scale community
living that normally furnishes protection, continuity, security, and a national
identity for its members: American society.
- such a system characterized by its dominant economic class or form: middle-
class society; industrial society.
- my definition:
- a group of people that are connected by a common religion, culture,
nationality,...
- types:
- prehistoric/hunting-gathering society/nomadic society: very common in the
beginning of the human race, dependent on its immediate surroundings for
resources: hunting animals, gathering fruits, berries, plants, resources in
general; now on the verge of extinction with only few surviving
- pastoral society: based on the tending to herds and flocks of animals, such as
cows, sheep, they are used for both food and transport, common in desert
regions where manufacturing is impossible, typically nomadic
- horticultural: based on cultivating crops and vegetables, appeared in different
parts of the world at the same time as pastoral societies
- agricultural society: the same as horticultural but it also deals with animal
farming
- feudal society: based on the ownership of the land - vassals, division into
classes: royalty, clergy, knights and craftsmen, serfs
 - industrial society:
- unusual ones: the Amish, isolatedbegin with Industrial Revolution, pros: mass
production - cheaper and faster thanks to machinery, beginning of
entrepreneurship, cons: overcrowded cities, unemployment - redundant
because of machines, poverty, widening gap between the rich and the poor,
child work in the past
- consumer society: peak capitalism, modern society
- What factors can influence the development of a society?
- geography, climate: near rivers, fertile soil
- wars
- politics, people
- religion: influences the politics and law making: Islam, Christianity, Hinduism
- world events
- colonization
- utopia/dystopia
- dystopia: opposite of utopia
- films: Gattaca, The Truman Show, Minority Report, The Hunger Games -
Capitol
- books: Those that walk away from Omelas, 1984,
- Animal Farm
- based on real events in 1917 Russia
- animal characters are based on real people:
- Napoleon: Stalin
- Snowball: Trotsky
- Old Major: Lenin/Marx
- Squealer: Molotov - propagandist
- Boxer: loyal to the regime
- sheep: brainwashed
- dogs:
- motto: All animals are equal (at the end: But some animals are more equal)
- summary: The book tells the story of a group of farm animals who rebel
against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can
be equal, free, and happy. Ultimately, the rebellion is betrayed, and the farm
ends up in a state as bad as it was before, under the dictatorship of a pig named
Napoleon.
- Animal Farm demonstrates the idea that power always corrupts.
- migration: the act of leaving one place to move to another
- immigration: leaving your home country
- emmigration: entering a different country
- UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
- globalisation
- the process of economic integration
- people, goods and products move across the borders
- positives:
- culture mixing
- economic integration
- bigger range of products
- cheaper products
- international cooperation
- improved international transport
 - better gene pool
- negatives:
- epidemics
- racism, xenophobia
- local shops and products struggles - high costs
- local companies:
- Kalex - Zlaté Moravce
- ex: Čadca - Tatra, Slovena
- US Steel - Košice
- Tatravagónka - Poprad
European Union
- a political and economic union
- 27 members (- the UK)
- founders: Germany, France, Italy, Benelux (visionaries: Schuman, Adenauer, Gasperi,
- goal: to maintain peace and avoid another war in Europe = cooperation of once
divided countries
- history:
- beginning = 1950 = Schuman Declaration
- ECSC = 1951 - Paris Treaty
- EEC = 1957 - Rome treaty
- Euratom = 1958
- EC = 1967 = merging of the three communities
- officially founded in 1993 by Maastricht Treaty
- 1995 - Schengen agreement - free movement of goods, people and capital, no
visa
- 1997 = Amsterdam Treaty - corrections and additions to Maastricht Treaty
- to enter EU: the country must be democratic, law-abiding and with free market
economy; must abide by the international treaties
- waiting for accession are: Albania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Turkey
- symbols:
- flag: 12 golden stars on a blue background – harmony and unity
- anthem: Ode to Joy by Beethoven
- 11 official languages
- EU institutions:
- European Parliament
- Brussels, Strasbourg (HQ) (both for plenary sessions), Luxembourg
(offices)
- directly voted representatives for 5 years
- vetoes law proposals, makes suggestions
- Roberta Metsola, Malta
- European Council
- composed of the highest representatives of each member state, EC and
ECo presidents
- strategies, goals of EU, vetoes the law proposals of ECo, budgetary
control
- Charles Michel, Belgium
- European Commission
- Brussels
- the executive EU branch
 - there is one Commisioner from each member country
- watches over EU budget, proposes laws, represents EU
- 5 year term
- Ursula von der Leyen, Germany
- Council of Ministers/Council pof the European Union
- composed of ministers of different areas which meet as is needed
- rotating chair - 6 months, this year: France and Czechia
- makes decisions about international treaties, prepares EU budget,
coordination of national politics
- European Court of Justice
- Luxembourg
- highest legal authority
- 27 judges + 11 general advocates
- European Central Bank
- Frankfurt
- controls the amount of money in circulation, deals with Euro
- Slovakia entered the EU on the 1st of May 2004, after formally beginning the
accession process in 1995, but we haven't yet fullfilled the criteria (laws, minority
rights)
- we have decided about entering the EU in the one referendum which has passed
- opinion on cultural diversity and national traditions in the EU
- comment on Brexit:
- 2016 = referendum
- 2020 = official exit
- strong disinformation campaign
- hurt British economy, didn't affect EU that much
- future of the EU

11. Human body, Health and Diseases

- the structure of the human body - / skull, skeleton – bones, muscles, tissues, flesh,
veins and arteries.../ - a head (+its parts - an ear...), a neck, a chest, upper limbs (+
their parts - an arm, elbow, wrist,...), a belly, lower limbs (+ their parts - a thigh, shin,
ankle...)
- organs – internal and external + their function, e.g. a heart pumps blood…
- health – a healthy way of life – doing exercises/sport/activities
- eating healthily – 3 healthy principles /water principle, fruit eating principle,
food combination principle, 7 components of a healthy diet /water,
carbohydrates, vitamins, fibre, proteins, minerals, fats, sugar/ eating white
meat, fish and seafood, drinking sufficient amount of liquids – water, mineral
water, freshly squeezed juice, herbal tea…
- an unhealthy way of life – eating fatty, fast, oily, unhealthy, food /pork,
sausages, sweets, bacon, drinking sweet, fizzy drinks, fast food
- lack of movement, abusing pills, drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, coffee
- illnesses/Diseases – common - a runny nose, a cold, a toothache, tonsillitis…
- serious/mortal – AIDS, a heart attack, a brain stroke, cancer…
- viral/bacterial-a flu, AIDS.../tonsillitis…
 - At the doctor's – What symptoms do you have? What's the matter with you? - a
roleplay between a doctor and a patient
- alternative/Chinese medicine?-yes, no?
- prevention against diseases – vaccination, a healthy way of life, regular check-ups....
- plastic surgery?- yes, no?

12. Food
- cuisines
- traditions and customs in different countries
- healthy and balanced diet
- ethical food (vegetarianism, veganism)
- comfort food
- a good restaurant

Food & healthy diet

- we need it to survive - sustenance, basic human need - production of energy used by
the body to function
- parts of food: fats, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, water - nutrients, all are
necessary, but everything in moderation
- food pyramid:
- whole grain products
- fruits and vegetables
- legumes
- meat:
- poultry/white meat: chicken, duck, goose, turkey
- red meat: pork, beef, lamb, mutton, venison
- milk and milk products: cheese, butter, yoghurt, quark - not necessary
for adults - lactose intolerance
- fish & seafood - mussels, oysters, lobster, crab, shrimp
- our diet should be well-balanced/healthily balanced

Cuisine
- style of cooking, what we eat
- favourite cuisine (describe):
- Italian: pasta, pizza, lasagne, salads, olive oil, cheeses, wine,...
- East Asian cuisines: noodles, sushi, kimbap, bulgogi, gyoza, potstickers,
kimchi, fishcakes, spicy food
- Slovak: halušky, pirohy, goulash, meat with anything, potato pancakes,
bryndza, smoked cheese
- French: crêpes, cheeses, mussels, pâtisserie, baguettes,...
- American: fast food - burgers, fries, soda; popcorn,...

Ethical food
- some people prefer to not eat certain foods or food groups due to variety of reasons
- one of them is ethics
- pescetarianism = no meat except fish and seafood
- vegetarianism = no meat
- veganism = no meat or animal products like milk, eggs, even honey
- reasons:
 - animal cruelty and exploitation
- carbon footprint reduction - help stop global warming
- customs
- religion
- allergies

Traditions and customs

- countries differ not only in cuisine but habits as well
- meal times: late lunch and late dinner in Mediterranean countries, earlier dinner in
Scandinavia
- types of food: England - packed, cold lunch and warm dinner, Slovakia - warm lunch,
lighter dinner
- eating utensils: silverware - West, chopsticks - East Asia, hands - Indian diaspora,
Arabic countries, Africa
- table manners: the oldest eats first (Asia), praying before a meal, slurping and burping
(impolite in the West, in China/Asia sign of enjoying the meal)

Comfort food
- everyone has a comfort food which they love and like to eat when upset, distressed or
homesick
- for me: my Mom's pasta
- for others: junk food - McDonald's, crisps, popcorn, ice cream (breakup)
- food as an emotional crutch - not a healthy behaviour, can cause binge eating disorder

Good restaurant
- polite, friendly and helpful staff
- short wait
- clean, big enough tables
- good lighting
- not too busy, but not empty
- tasty food, cheap, but quality food
- clean silverware
- variety of food

Eating disorders
- unhealthy behaviour in relation to food and eating
- can be both restrictive and binging
- can lead to serious health problems or even death

Anorexia
- restrictive eating disorder
- mental illness
- characterized by distortion of body image (person feels fat, when they're not), extreme
weight loss, BMI under 18, intrusive thoughts centered around food, extreme control
and restriction of food intake (eating smaller and smaller portions, leaving out whole
food groups, eventually eating nothing), weird behaviour around food (obsessing over
calories, cooking a lot but not eating at all, throwing out food, drinking lots of water
before a meal, chewing gum to chase away hunger, chewing the food but then spitting
it out), extreme exercising (hours, everyday)
- recovery: psychiatric help, bettering relationship with food
 - said to be present the most among young girls - LIE

Bulimia
- another mental illness and eating disorder
- typical bulimic behaviour: eating a lot, often days worth of calories in food and then
forcing themselves to throw up the food as to not gain weight
- leads to swinging body weight (up and down), destruction of teeth enamel, sore throat
(from the stomach acid), weight loss, mental problems
- often combined with anorexia
- typical of celebrities and models

Binge eating disorder

- characterized by consuming extreme amounts of food, often days worth of calories
- leads to obesity and health problems associated with it
- often starts out as eating away emotions - trauma, stress, using food as coping
mechanism

Orthorexia
- obsession with eating healthy
- affected individual cuts out whole food groups, claiming they're not healthy, until
they eventually eat almost nothing out of fear
- similar to anorexia, but differs in reasons
- often found in fitness circles

Alcorexia/Drunkorexia
- combination of binge drinking and anorexia
- eating disorder where person will try to save calories by not eating to be able to drink
large amounts of alcohol
- leads to alcoholism, liver destruction, kidney failure
- associated with college aged party kids and celebrities

13. Multicultural societies /holidays, festivals, religions, the EU, types of societies,
customs.../
- division of holidays:
- public/state = holidays when we don't usually go to work
- (15 in SK):
- 1. 1. - Slovak state holiday -The Day of the Establishment of SR
- 6. 1. - Three wise men/Orthodox Christmas/Epiphany (also a religious
holiday)
- Good Friday
- Easter Monday (also religious) = date depends on the first spring full
moon
- 1. 8. - Labour Day
- 8. 8. - WW2 Victory in Europe Day
- 5. 7. Cyril and Methodius Day
- 29. 8. - Anniversary of Slovak National Uprising
- 1. 9. - Day of the Slovak Constitution (signed in 1992)
- 15. 9. - Feast of Our Lady of Sorrows
- 1. 11. - All Saints Day
 - 17. 11. - Day of the struggle for democracy and freedom/International
Students' Day
- (24. 12. - Christmas Eve)
- 25. 12. - Christmas Day
- 26. 12. - St. Stephen's Day = Boxing Day (collecting money for
charitable purposes)
- English
- 1. 1. - New Year
- Good Friday
- Easter Monday
- Early May bank holiday - first Monday in May
- Spring/Late May bank holiday - Last Monday in May
- Late Summer Bank Holiday/August Holiday - Last Monday in August
- 25. 12.
- 26. 12.
- Scotland:
- English + 2. 1.
- Northern Ireland
- English
- 17. 3. - St. Patrick's Day
- 12. 7. - The Twelfth = Battle of the Boyne
- in the UK, important events connected to royal family also get you a day off
(e.g. Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II. (6. 2.) = holidays from 3-5 June
- USA
- 17. 1. - MLK Jr. Day
- 30. 5. - Memorial Day
- 19. 6. Juneteenth (this year moved to 20. 6.)
- 4. 7. - Independence Day
- 5. 9. - Labor Day
- Thanksgiving = fourth Thursday in November - Pilgrim Fathers (1620)
sailed on Mayflower, sailed from and to Plymouth
- 11. 11. - Veterans Day
- 26. 12. - Christmas Day

- other holidays/festivals:
- Ramadan
- Holi
- Hanukkah
- Lunar New Year (Chinese)

- cultural festivals:
- Oktoberfest
- music festivals - Pohoda, Grape, Coachella
- La nuit blanche
- Rio carnival
- Venice carnival
- Cannes
- Glastonbury
World religions

Islam
- monotheistic, abrahamic religion
- god: Allah ("god" in Arabic)
- five pillars:
- profession of faith (one God)
- prayer (5 times a day)
- almsgiving
- fasting
- pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime
- created in 7th century
- holy places: Mecca, Medina (pilgrimage), Hagia Sofia (mosque), Wailing Wall
- holy book: Quran
- symbols: moon and star
- practices: women covering themselves, drinking alcohol and eating pork is prohibited

Buddhism
- nontheistic
- 2500 years old
- important figure: Buddha
- 3 Universal Truths , 4 Noble Truths, Noble Eight-fold Path - to reach nirvana
- believe in reincarnation (represented by dharma wheel)
- karma: law of cause and effect
- holy book: Tripitaka
- symbols: dharma wheel, budding tree, lotus flower
- pilgrimage: Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, Kushinagar

Hinduism
- polytheistic/henotheistic religion
- oldest
- concentrated in India and South Asia
- Om = universe, ultimate reality
- symbols: om, swastika, Sri Yantra, lotus
- gods: Brahma, Krishna, Vishnu, Lakshmi
- holy text: the Vedas (Rigveda, Samaveda, Atharvaveda, Yajurveda)
- beliefs: dharma, karma, samsara, moksha, sacred cow
- temples: Angkor Wat, Cambodia; Meenakshi Temple, India
- holy places: Varanasi, Mathura, Ayodhya, Ganges
- festivals: Diwali - light, Holi - colours, Onam - sport

Judaism
- oldest monotheistic religion (4000 years)
- followers: Jews
- religious leaders: rabbis
- symbols: Star of David, kippah, menorah
- holy book: Torah, Ten Commandments
- holy day: Sabbath/Shabbat - Saturday
- holy places: Western/Wailing Wall, Temple Mount
- place of worship: synagogue
 - practice: kosher food, bar/bat mitzvah, many names for God
- holidays: Yom Kippur, Hanukkah, Pesach
Christmas - traditions and habits

Slovakia
- celebrated on the 24th December
- gifts unpacked in the evening - brought by Little Jesus
- food: wafers with honey, garlic, soups (sauerkraut, fish, bean, pea, plum), fried fish
and potato mayo salad (carp), dessert: many types of cakes and pastries
- many traditions: extra plate for a stranger, money under the tablecloth (or carp scale),
cutting an apple, only one person can get up from the table to serve food, chain
around the legs of the table for unity, fasting the whole day to see a golden pig (also
religious), midnight mass, pouring lead

England, America
- celebrated on the 25th December
- gifts unpacked in the morning - brought by Santa Claus
- food:
- England: turkey, Christmas pudding, cranberry sauce, pigs in a blanket, gravy,
potatoes, brussels sprouts, mince pie, trifle (optional)
- USA: turkey, stuffing, mashed potatoes, gravy, cranberry sauce, veggies,
fruitcake, apple pie, Christmas pudding (dessert), Christmas ham
- traditions: mistletoe, milk and cookies for Santa, no fasting

14. Traveling and tourism /pros and cons, 7 Wonders of the Modern/Ancient World,
types of holiday.../
- types of transport
- air: airplane
- water: boat, ferry, ship - most interesting
- road: car, bus, bike, walking, motorbike
- railway - my favourite
- travelling in the past and in the future
- past: longer distances took days, months to cross, it took longer in general,
instead of cars we used animal power: horses, mules, camels, elephants,... -
carriages
- future: hyperspeed vehicles like planes or trains, space travel, maybe
teleportation
- prehistoric times - people moved constantly in search of food, but settled
down in one place when they started planting crops and domesticated animals.
- travel was made easier with the invention of the wheel - carriages pulled by
animals were made, which made carrying cargo and more people at the same
time easy, the invention of the steam engine, which led to the emergence of
steamboats and trains = travel was faster than before
- soon, first cars were constructed, hand in hand with the combustion engine
- simple gliders were replaced by motor planes
 - the two world wars led to many other inventions and improvements in the
transportation field, followed by the space race and landing on the Moon
- nowadays, there are many means of transport to choose from and it's faster
than ever before
- in the future, we might be able to get to other planets and explore space, but
there are no guarantees
- your most interesting travel experience and your travel bucket list
- most interesting:
- bucket list: New Zealand, tour through Europe, Taiwan, Iceland, Japan, New
York
- saving money while travelling
- doing it on your own instead of travel agency
- cheaper means of transport
- cheaper destinations (e.g. Bulgaria instead of Switzerland, keeping local - stay
in your country, ask locals! - visit smaller places instead of tourist traps and
packed places)
- shortening trip duration
- hostel or couchsurfing instead of hotel, if you have a friend or family in the
destination stay with them
- taking advantage of any price reductions (student fares, free entry to museums
or other places)
- buying local food at markets or food stalls
- the ancient 7 wonders of the world (Philo of Byzantium), your list of modern wonders
of the world
- Slovak tourism
- Although it has been getting better the last few years, the pandemic hit the
industry hard and highlighted many problems which haven't been resolved.
We have many places in Slovakia which are neglected and not promoted
properly. They could bring us a lot of money and attract people to come and
visit them.
- The most important part which could be improved is the promotion part. We
need to advertise better and get the word out to be able to improve the other
aspects.
- different types of holidays
- backpacking/package holiday
- p. 135 - red Insight book
- tourism and its pros and cons
- it is an important part of the economy of many countries
- some of the countries depend on tourism to stay afloat because they for
example do not have any natural resources
- in my opinion, tourism is important because travelling can teach you a lot
- many pros, but also many cons; for the pros, when travelling you can immerse
yourself in the culture of the place you are visiting, or, for example, learn
phrases in languages you do not speak, it also brings in money to countries
 who are not otherwise very wealthy, but have beautiful nature or man-made
wonders - Croatia has a lengthy coastline appealing to tourists from all over
Europe, many African states are famous for their safari parks and exotic
animals
- there are some cons: tourism can have a heavy impact on nature and the Earth
in general: some types of transport preferred by tourists cause pollution and
irreparable damage to, for example, coral reefs; overcrowding is also an
unpleasant issue, mainly for the locals, who are just trying to live, but the
tourists get in the way; countries whose economies heavily depend on tourism
were hit hard by the recent pandemic and it will take a long time for the tourist
industry to recover
15. Seasons of the year
- spring, summer, autumn, winter
- spring:
- spring brings warmer weather, the snow melts and the nature wakes up - the
grass is green, trees and flowers bloom, animals start reproducing again
- time of allergies
- we bring out less warm clothes
- typical temperature is 10-15 °C, in May sometimes 20 °C
- birds return back from warmer countries
- the days get longer and nights shorter
- summer:
- warmest season
- temperatures are high (25-35 °C), weather is hot, dry and sunny with
occasional thunderstorm or light rain
- we dress light: shorts, tank tops, flip-flops, sundresses
- we go swimming in pools, the sea or lakes, we travel on vacation, we eat ice
cream and fruit
- fruit is ripe, wheat is harvested
- summer holidays, festivals happen
- autumn:
- the sun sets earlier and rises later, days get shorter and nights longer
- in the garden: harvest time - apples, pears, plums
- grass: yellow, dry, leaves go from green to yellow, orange and brown and fall
from the trees
- birds migrate to warmer countries
- weather: gets colder - temperature drops, cloudy, morning fog, it rains more
often, it's wet, damp and chilly
- we dress warmer (sweaters, jackets, cardigans)
- indian summer (babie leto) - few warm days (usually in September)
- we pick mushrooms, make kites
- winter:
- the coldest season
- the days are short, nights long
- winter weather: snowfall, icy winds, frosts, temperature around -5 to -10 °C,
can drop to -20 or -30 °C
- we wear warm, layered clothing - coats, jackets, hats, boots, gloves, scarves
 - driving gets more dangerous as roads are often icy and slippery - dangerous to
walk too
- winter sports: skiing, ice skating, snowboarding, sledding, snowman building
- Christmas!!!
- trees are bare, many animals hibernate or aestivate - nature is asleep
- activities: stay home where it's warm, make hot tea, read and spend time with
loved ones

16. Ecology and the Environment

- Environmental problems
- pollution of air, soil, water
- global warming (greenhouse effect)
- thinning of the ozone layer
- deforestation
- endangered species
- waste
- overpopulation (leads to overconsumption, famine, war)
- Greenhouse effect
- greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap sunrays which should be reflected
back into space, warming the earth more than it should be, causing global
warming, ocean levels rising,....
- Why is it a problem now?
- the effects of humanity's actions have just hit us now full force
- we have been using those harmful resources long enough for the consequences
to show
- How to be eco friendly
- three Rs: Reduce, Recycle, Reuse
- using public transport
- bringing our own bags into the shop
- shopping local
- shopping second-hand
- showering instead of bathing
- collecting rainwater
- eating less meat
- unplugging unused devices
- LEDs - light-emitting diodes
- Charities
- What endangers or hurts animals?
- deforestation
- forest fires
- animal testing
- circuses
- conditions of farm animals
- the environment has been polluted/destroyed by humans
- pollution of: air, water, soil
- air: cars and other means of transport - exhaust pipe fumes, fossil fuels
burning - CO2, nitrates, methane - lead to global warming, greenhouse effect
and ozone layer thinning
- greenhouse effect and global warming:
- greenhouse gases: CO2, nitrates, CH4, CFC
 - they trap sun rays in the atmosphere, heating it up and not allowing the planet
to cool off properly, so it gets warmer and warmer
- as the oceans also heat up, the polar ice caps and glaciers everywhere are
melting, leading to the rise of the sea level
- this will lead to flooding of coastal regions and extinction of plants and
animals and migration of both animals and people
- this whole process is also called CLIMATE CHANGE
- ozone layer damage:
- cause: CFCs, freons - destroy O3 molecules
- consequences: inadequate protection against UV rays - skin cancer
- ozone layer: layer of O3 in the stratosphere that protects us from UV radiation
- other means of protection: hats, sunscreen, sunglasses, staying in the
shade/inside
- how to stop these things from happening:
- use public transport, carpool, walk, bike
- 3 Rs: reduce, reuse, recycle
- also produce/consume less
- upcycling
- soil pollution:
- cause: industrial activity, agricultural chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides),
improper waste management
- defined as the presence of toxic chemicals/pollutants/contaminants in soil in
high enough concentration to cause problems/pose a risk to the ecosystem or
health
- most common pollutants: agricultural chemicals, petroleum hydrocarbons,
solvents, lead and other heavy metals
- causes: oil spills, mining and other industrial activities, farming, acid rain,
waste disposal, contaminated water drainage, radiation
- effects: reduced crop yield, potential species extinction, congenital disorders,
heavy metals poisoning, radiation poisoning
- water pollution:
- the contamination of water bodies by substances which make the water
unusable
- can be caused by biological, chemical and physical pollutants
- biological: bacteria, viruses, parasites, algae
- chemical: petroleum, agricultural chemicals, metals, detergents,
plastics
- physical: thermal pollution, radioactive substances
- protection of water: cleaning oil spills, less ship activity, proper waste
management, stopping the use of agricultural chemicals, cleaning up metals,
eco-friendly detergents, less plastic use, reducing use of nuclear power
- saving water: water efficient taps, toilets; shower instead of a bath, rainwater
harvesting, no putting medicine and oils down the sink
- air pollution:
- causes: exhaust pipe fumes, industrial production, airplane transportation,
livestock
- alternative sources of energy:
- renewable sources/sustainable sources: solar, wind, hydro, tidal, geothermal,
biomass energy
 - solar: proven technology, works in all climates, long lifespan, affordable;
doesn't work at night, ugly, hard installation, hurts the environment (panels)
- hydro: renewable, clean, well-paired; environmental impact, upfront expenses,
lack of available reservoirs
- wind: renewable, clean, low cost, efficient at land use; noise and visual
pollution, some environmental impact, intermittent
- tidal: renewable, clean, zero emissions, predictable energy generation, high
power output; limited availability, expensive, environmental impact, energy
demand
- geothermal: reliable, small land footprint, large and small scale; location
dependent, hugh cost initially, surface instability
- biomass: renewable, waste reduction, reliable; high cost, space, environmental
impact
- nuclear: renewable, sustainable, leaves low-amount of byproduct; high risk of
human error, non-efficient fuel
- environmental organizations:
- seek to analyse, monitor and protect the environment against misuse and harm
from human forces
- focus: pollution, plastic pollution, waste, resource depletion, overpopulation,
climate change
- Greenpeace: non-violent, protection, green and peaceful future for all,
biodiversity
- GAHP (Global Alliance on Health and Pollution): network of agencies, multi-
sectoral approach to pollution crisis, reduce death and illness caused by
pollution
- Rainforest Alliance: certificates on product sustainability, protects
ecologically vulnerable areas
- FFF: student movement, strike, demand action from politicians to prevent
climate change and use of fossil fuels, started by Greta Thunberg

17. Natural disasters /floods, landslides..../

- sudden and terrible event in nature, resulting in serious damage and deaths
- can (hurricanes, storms) and cannot (volcano eruption, lightning strikes) be predicted
- can be caused by humans (man-made wildfires, floods due to reservoir rupture,
landslides due to forest razing - tree roots hold the ground and hills together, when we
cut them down, they disintegrate and when the soil is faced with precipitation and
wind, it can give out and slide)
- common: earthquakes (Ring of Fire), hailstorm (ice formed in clouds, can be as big as
golfballs), famine (no food or clean water, can be manmade (Ukrainian famine under
Stalin), blizzard, tornado, wildfire, heatwaves (more and more common these days),
tsunami (can be caused by earthquake or volcano eruption), drought, avalanche
(mountains)
- more frequent - global warming, climate change

18. Ideals and Idols /role models, heroes.../

- role models through ages:
- kids: dream jobs: princesses, dancers, astronauts, dustmen; also parents and
teachers; superheroes, book heroes, cartoon characters
 - teens: celebrities, musicians, writers, bands, actors,
- good/bad people:
- good person: kind, empathetic, generous, good-hearted, people-skilled, brave,
trustworthy, patient, honest, reliable, selfless, friendly, communicative, caring,
diligent
- bad person: arrogant, unreliable, posh, sadistic, cruel, ill-tempered and ill-
mannered, condescending, bully, snappy, mean, bossy, patronizing, cold-
hearted, lazy, obtuse
- real vs. literary heroes, folk heroes:
- literary/fictional: Ironman, Spiderman, Hulk, Harry Potter, Sherlock Holmes,
Robinson Crusoe (everyone is a hero of their own story)
- real: doctors, nurses, firefighters
- folk: Robin Hood, Jánošík, William Tell, William Wallace, Ivanhoe, King
Arthur, Merlin
- Slovak heroes/celebrities: M. R. Štefánik, Ľudovít Štúr, Jozef Kroner, Milan Lasica,
Peter Sagan, P. O. Hviezdoslav
- personal values:
- family, friends, relationships
- health, freedom, food
- school, work, hobbies, pets
- money, faith
- ideology

19. Housing
- History
- caves = protection
- fire
- by the rivers - shelters made of wood, mud, leaves, straw,... = Agricultural
revolution
- first villages, towns
- more solid houses: rocks, wood, bricks
- Egypt: pyramids, Roman Empire = historical buildings
- noble classes: castles, chateaus, palaces,...
- different parts of the world: igloos, teepees, huts,...
- Housing in England
- a cottage: a countryside house
- semi-detached house: common in the suburbs and English towns, two houses
joined by one wall and one roof
- terraced houses: many houses in one row with two common walls
- block of flats: many together make up a housing estate, usually lower-income
people live there in England
- House vs. flat
- Your future housing situation
- expensive housing
- renting or taking out a mortgage to pay for the property
- Housing and the environment
- house: garden, growing your own food and keeping animals like chickens
- flat: saves space for building, more ecological heating and electricity usually
- Where would you like to live in the future?
 - city, village, cosmopolitan city, abroad
- type of housing
- HW: Lifestyle change in the last decades, Globalisation, definition, impacts,...

20. Fashion
- description of pictures
- different types
- history:
- prehistory: animal skins, fur, no fabric, to keep warm
- ancient times: simple cut fabric - linen, cotton, jewellery,...
- middle ages: handmade clothes, detailed, royal fashion
- sewing machine invented
- school uniforms: for/against
- for:
- sense of belonging
- uniformity
- less money and time spent on outfits
- erases the differences between classes
- against:
- stifles creativity
- everyone knows where you go to school
- the disparity between rich and poor is still there
- clothes can be of a subpar quality and look shit
- different dresscodes:
- at work
- evening events
- haute couture
- high fashion
- usually hand made from start to finish
- custom, custom fitted
- designer, high quality
- extremely expensive
- Fashion Weeks:
- Milan
- Paris
- London
- New York
- Tokyo
- designers: Louis Vuitton, Ralph Lauren, Balenciaga, Dior, Gucci, Versace,...
- Slovak designers: Fero Mikloško, Lukáš Kimlička, Lýdia Eckhart, Jana Pištejová
- who inspires your style? where do you buy your clothes?

21. Science and Technology

- definitions and distinction between to discover, to explore and to invent - names and
nouns:
- to discover - to find something that has already existed but hasn't been known
- discoverer: Columbus
 - to explore - to find out details about something that was discovered, or new
uses of the new invention
- to invent - to create something that hasn't existed previously
- the inventions that changed people's lives for the better: talk about three
- wheel: made moving things and people easier
- electricity: no modern inventions would function without electricity,
- vaccination: made us conquer diseases and keeps people healthy and protected
against pathogens
- script: keeping records of things, communication
- Internet: communication on long distances
- fire: warmth, cooking
- antibiotics: treat diseases, save lives
- soap: keeps people and clothes clean, prevents diseases
- telephone: communication long-distance
- chemotherapy: fights cancer
- glasses: help people see
- anaesthetics
- the misuse of inventions
- Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prize - some laureates
- draw a connection between science and technology
- technology is applied scientific knowledge (applied science)
- science explores new knowledge through various means
- how can the evolution of technology impact our future lives
- longer lives
- disease-free
- faster communication

22. Literature and Reading Books

- choose one of the authors and one of their works and talk about them in more detail:
- Sisters Bronte
- Jane Austen
- Charles Dickens
- Thomas Hardy
- playwrights:
- Shakespeare
- Oscar Wilde
- G. B. Shaw
- is reading hip?
- how do you look up information
- literature: a kind of art
- divided into fiction (made up stories; fantasy, horror, romance, detective) and non-
fiction (newspapers, dictionaries, schoolbooks)
- divided:
- poetry = poems, ballads, songs, rhymes, limericks
- prose = fiction (made up stories; fantasy, horror, romance, detective) and non-
fiction (newspapers, dictionaries, schoolbooks); forms: short story - novella -
novel
- drama = comedy, drama, historical plays - theatres
 - English poets: Percy Shelley, Lord Byron, Robert Frost, Emily Dickinson
- short story writers: Ernest Hemingway - The Old Man and the Sea
- English prose writers: J.K. Rowling (contemporary), Charles Dickens (realism),
sisters Bronte, Jane Austen (romanticism/realism), Jack London (realism-20th
century), Mark Twain (20th century), Oscar Wilde (realism)
- greatest playwright: William Shakespeare (comedies, tragedies, historical plays +
sonnets) - 17th century (humanism + renaissance)
- other playwrights: Charles Marlow, G. B. Shaw, Oscar Wilde

Humanism and renaissance

- theme: humans and their problems, rebirth of classical ancient values - loyalty,
bravery,...
- "to be or not to be" - Hamlet
- tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Romeo and Juliet
- comedies: Merry ladies of Windsor, Taming of the Shrew, As you like it, Midsummer
night's dream
- all written by Shakespeare

Romanticism and Realism

- romanticism: writer depicts the world differently from reality
- feelings, emotions. 1st person narrator
- subjective, beautified, idealised
- hero: different, misunderstood by the society, rebel, outside of society, alone
and lonely, unrequited love
- inspiration/themes: the surreal, folklore, nationalism = revolutions
- romantic authors: Lord Byron, P. Shelley, W. Blake, W. Wordsworth
- books/poems: Prometheus Unbound
- realism: writer depicts the reality as it is
- objective, 3rd person narrator
- heroes: from all walks of life, within the society, typical representative of his
class
- authors: G. B. Shaw, T. Hardy, Ch. Dickens, O. Wilde, D. H. Lawrence, G.
Eliot
- books: Oliver Twist, The Portrait of Dorian Gray
- rise of novel
- realistic-romantic writers: Jane Austen, sisters Bronte - Charlotte, Emily, Anne;
represent the bridge between romanticism and realism
- Austen: Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice
- Bronte: Wuthering Heights (Emily), Jane Eyre (Charlotte)

G. B. Shaw, Oscar Wilde

(Irish writers)
- Wilde = prose, comedies
a. criticised money, aristocracy, name in a satirical way, his books have witty
dialogues and world plays/names: Earnest/Ernest; Lady Windermere's fan
b. most famous prose: The Picture of Dorian Gray
- G. B. Shaw = comedies, prose, essayist, linguist
c. wanted to simplify the pronunciation of English language - play Pygmalion
23. Jobs and Employment
- job categories/division
- manual/blue collar jobs/trades: mechanic, miner, plumber, farmer, fisherman
- desk/white collar jobs: office worker (9-5 job), doctor, scientists, professors,...
- artistic: writer, journalist, director, screenwriter, designer, architect, musician

- outdoor: farmer, fisherman, postman, taxi driver, gardener

- indoor: secretary, teacher, doctor, nurse, lab worker, office workers

- women-dominated: (kindergarden) teachers, nurses, cooks, shop assistants,

janitors,
- men-dominated: policemen, soldier, plumber, builder, miner, firefighter,...

- dead-end jobs: no vision of promotion

- high-flying jobs: promotions, well-paid, prestigious
- repetitive: assembly line, taxi driver, secretary
- creative: artist, shop assistants
- stressful/high-pressure: varies
- worthwhile: satisafactory: doctor,
- easy/difficult
- wellpaid/underpaid
- my future job: starting with maturita
- (a job I'd never do): a plumber
- should parents or friends influence you while choosing your future career path?
- what would you prefer: a well-paid job or a satisfying job?
- could you imagine doing the same job your whole life? pros/cons
- do you prefer freelancing/self-employment or working under someone?
- what are the qualities you need in certain positions?

24. Human Relations

25. Young people
26. Free time and hobbies
27. Sports and Games
- talk about the Olympics, their history, their message, motto, symbolism
- talk about your favourite sport: equipment, rules, famous names,...
- talk about your favourite sportsman

28. School system

- compare school systems in Slovakia with the ones in the UK, the US
- our school day, organization of the school year
- my ideal school - what changes would you make?
- extracurricular activities
- a good teacher and a good student
- school in the future
 - does school prepare students for the future life
- a positive learning environment
- explain what maturita is
School in Slovakia
- creches (0,5-2)/nursery
- kindergartens (3-6)
- primary schools (6-15)
- secondary schools
- universities
Differences
School system
primary education
secondary education
exams after secondary
universities
- bilingual: 2 subjects: Year 4 (oral in June), 2 subjects: Year 5
- bilingual: mathematics maturita - also a written test in March
Other differences
Slovakia England
6-15 (9 years), two degrees: 5-11 (6 years)
first = 1-4, second = 5-9
after: Monitor
15-19 (4 years) = for normal 11-16, after: GCSE = 0-
schools levels = General Certificate
longer than 4: (5-6) of Secondary Education
conservatories, bilingual (from all subjects)
schools, hotel academies for university: college: 16-18
vocational schools (3 years (3 more years)
with school living report) +
2 more for maturita
maturita (summer semester): A-levels: after college/sixth
two parts: written (March) - form
from native, foreign 2-3 specialized subjects,
language, math (chosen), similar to maturita
two parts: external - test
(GVLR), internal - writing
(essay);
oral (May-June): four
subjects, two obligatory:
native language, foreign
language; two optional:
sciences, humanities, other
3 years: Bachelor's 2-3 years: Bachelor's
5 years: Master's 2-3 years: Master's
free paid
 Other differences SK US/UK

school day start time around 8 am later (around 9 am)

lesson length around 45 minutes longer: 50 minutes to an

hour

school clothes casual clothes mostly uniforms (UK),

casual (US)

classes teachers come to class, students move around, go to

students stay in one (except specific teachers' class
for language classes and PE)

when we take lunch usually at the end of school between morning and
day afternoon classes

Characterize a successful student.

What qualities should they have?
- diligence
- open-mindedness
- optimisim
- assertiveness
- intrigued/curiosity
- communicativeness
- patience
What qualities shouldn't they have?
- pessimism
- cheater
- impatience
- laziness
- stubbornness
- ignorance, selfishness

A teacher students respect:

- kind
- understanding
- open-minded
- not too strict, not too benevolent
- creative, interesting
- love what they teach and be an expert
- tolerant
- patient, empathetic
- be good at dealing with young people = adaptable
- adapt the level of explanation to age of students

Does school prepare the students for their future life?

It doesn't quite prepare us for real life.
University does prepare you: for a future job.
Secondary grammar school - prepares for university better than vocational schools.
29. Shops and Services
- definition of services
- examples
- talk about your experience

30. Arts and Culture /film, painting.../

- history of film:
- first movie by Lumière brothers: Train approaching the platform (1895)
- silent movies: Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, Rudolph Valentino
- sounded films
- 50s: James Dean, Marilyn Monroe, Audrey Hepburn, Marlene Dietrich
- 60s: rise of pop stars in movies: the Beatles, Elvis, James Bond movies started
- 70s: horrors, martial arts movies
- directors: A. Hitchcock, Q. Tarantino, S. Kubrick, M. Scorsese, S. Spielberg,
J. Cameron
- horrors: It, Psycho, Jaws, Nosferatu, The Shining
- romance: Love, Rosie, Me before you, Titanic
- comedies: Home Alone, Dumb & Dumber, Mr. Bean
- thriller: The Call, Seven,...
- historical: Schindler's list, Braveheart
- westerns: The Magnificent Seven, Maverick
- war films: Saving Private Ryan, Dunkirk
- musicals (Andrew Lloyd Weber): Phantom of the Opera, Cats, La la land,
West Side Story, Hair
- Slovak Oscars:
- Shop on the Main Street (Obchod na korze, 1965) - Kadár, Klos - Kroner
- (Closely Watched Trains (Ostře Sledované Vlaky, 1967) - Menzel)
- (Kolya (1993) - Sverak)
- nominated:
- Vesničko má středisková) 1986)
- Elementary School (1991) - Sverak
- Forman - Oscars:
- One flew over the cuckoo's nest
- Amadeus
- Slovak directors:
- Peter Bebjak
- Juraj Nvota
- Juraj Jakubisko
- film festivals:
- Karlove Vary = main director: Jiří Bartoška, main prize: Crystal Globe
- Cannes Film Festival = May, France, main prize: Golden Palm
- Venice FF = August, Italy,, Golden Lion
- Berlin = February, Germany, Golden Bear
- Art Film = Trenčianske Teplice/Košice
- Sundance = independent films
- Etnofilm Čadca = biannual (November), documentaries
- theatre festivals:
 - Shakespearovské slávnosti
- Edinburgh Theatre Festival
- Palárikova Raková
- music festivals:
- modern: Sziget, Coachella, Glastonbury, Grape, Pohoda, Colours of Ostrava,
Burning Man
- classical: Bratislavské Hudobné Slávnosti, Pražské Jaro
- folklore: Východná (presents traditional Slovak music, clothes and dance), Jánošíkove
Dni, Drotária

- forms of art:
- music, fashion, painting, architecture, design, graffiti, writing, sculpting,
photography,
- division:
- fine:
- painting
- drawing
- sculptures
- photography
- sculpture
- literature
- performing:
- music
- dance
- stand-up comedy
- acting = theatre
- applied:
- ceramics
- graphic design
- fashion design/fashion
- gardening
- jewelling
- landscaping
- embroidery
-
- musical: combination of theatre, singing and dancing
- Grease, Mamma-Mia, Sound of Music, Miss Saigon, Les Misérables,
Hamilton, Wicked, Cats
- sir Andrew Lloyd Weber
- paintings:
- portraits
- still-life
- landscape
- collage
- abstract
- nude
- What should be considered art?
Slovak painters/Kysuce painters:
 - Ľudovít Fulla
- Galanda
- Benka
- Pavol Muška: mosaic in House of Culture
- Miroslav Cipár
- Ondrej Zimka: Kysucká knižnica
Galleries
- Guggenheim in New York, Bilbao, Berlin
- Museum of Modern Art, New York
- Musée d'Orsay in Paris
- Tate Gallery in London
- National Gallery, National Portrait Gallery - Trafalgar Square, London
- Louvre - Paris
- Musée d'art moderne - Paris

Slovak galleries
- Ľudovít Fulla Gallery, Ružomberok
- Slovak National Gallery in Bratislava
- Kysucká galéria, Čadca
- Medzilaborce - Andy Warhol Gallery
- Bratislava - Gallery of Danubiana

Slovak museums
- Kysucké múzeum, Čadca, Krásno nad Kysucou
- open air museum in Vychylovka, Pribylina, Havránok
- Natural History Museum, Bratislava

Museums
- National Museum, London
- Madame Tussauds Museum, London
- National Museum, Prague
- Smithsonian Museum, DC

Natural wonders of the world - picture topic

The Greek historian Herodotus (484 – c. 425 BC) and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene (c.
305–240 BC), at the Museum of Alexandria, made early lists of seven wonders. These lists
have not survived, however, except as references in other writings.
The classic Seven Wonders were:
Great Pyramid of Giza, in El Giza, Egypt, the earliest of the wonders to be completed, as well
as the only one that still exists in the present day.
Colossus of Rhodes, in the harbor of the city of Rhodes, on the Greek island of the same
name.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon, in Babylon, near present-day Hillah, Babil province, Iraq; or
Nineveh, Mosul, Nineveh Governorate, Iraq.
Lighthouse of Alexandria, in Alexandria, Egypt.
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, in Halicarnassus, a city of the Achaemenid Empire in present-
day Turkey.
Statue of Zeus at Olympia, in Olympia, Greece.
Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, in the city of Ephesus, near present-day Selçuk, Turkey.

Taj Mahal