Global Space Budgets

A Country-level Analysis
Global Space Budgets
A Country-level Analysis
 This report is researched, written, and produced by Space in Africa.

Space in Africa acknowledges the support of Dr Julie Klinger of the

Department of Geography and Spatial Sciences in the College of Earth,
Ocean, and Environment at the University of Delaware, on this project.

Published March 2021

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 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

Table of Contents
About Space in Africa iv

1 Introduction 1

2 Executive Summary 4

3 Africa 11

4 Asia 17

5 Europe 25

6 Latin America and the Caribbean 36

7 North America 41

8 Oceania 45

9 Economic Blocs 49

Appendix 1 (Budgetary Transparency Index) 54

Appendix 2 (List of Abbreviations) 56

References 61

iii
About Space in Africa
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This is a irst-of-its-kind global report of national space budgets based on a careful review of the best available
data. Corrections and suggestions for subsequent reports can be submitted to temidayo@spaceinafrica.com.

iv
1 Introduction
 Introduction
T he space industry is growing across the world.
Governments on every continent are investing
massively in developing space technologies in
their countries. To understand the level of growth we
are witnessing, this irst-of-its-kind report examines
the space budgets of 106 governments and analyses
how they have changed in recent years.
This analysis provides in-depth coverage of the
growth recorded in different countries, regions,
economic blocs, and continents. It sheds light on how
governments worldwide have responded to the
COVID-19 pandemic and how those responses have
impacted space budgets. This work includes data
extracted from primary sources. For ease of
reference, visual aids have been included to
demonstrate progressions and recessions where
appropriate.
This report focuses on government budgets for space
programs, rather than expenditures, for 2018, 2019
and 2020. The data used include budgets announced
by national space agencies, ministries, or the national
government. Where relevant, it also includes
additional funding aside from the announced annual
budget. Notably, some countries do not have speci ied
annual budgets for their space programs. These
countries often announce budgets covering longer
durations. A case in point is Algeria, which allocated a
budget of USD 1.3 billion for its space program to be
spent between 2006 and 2020. Other countries
allocate budgets to cover operations and announce a
new budget when the initial funding is spent. Such is
Luxembourg's case, which allocated USD 223 million
in its national budget in 2016 to provide early-stage
funding and grants to companies.
While many countries have an established space
agency in charge of space projects and operations,
some countries utilise research institutions instead.
Such is the case for Bangladesh, Morocco, and Spain.
On the other hand, other countries budget for the
development and launch of communications
satellites managed either by a new entity formed
through public-private partnerships or by
government-owned telecommunications companies,
even though they do not have a speci ic budget for
national space programs. This is Rwanda's case,
whose space agency is still in development but owns a
satellite launched in 2019.
For many countries, annual budgets cover the cost of
capital projects such as the launch of communications
satellites or outer space missions. Such countries
include China, France, Germany, India, and the USA,
among others. However, some countries' national
space budgets only cover the cost of running the space
agency and small-scale projects such as nanosatellite
development. When such countries want to embark
on capital intensive projects such as the development
of military or communications satellites, a new
budget is set aside. Such is the case of Egypt,
Luxembourg, and Nigeria, among others.
Twenty-two countries currently contribute to the
European Space Agency (ESA). In contrast, thirty
countries contribute to the European Organisation for
the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
(EUMETSAT). However, not all these countries have a
national space program. Budgets for ESA and
EUMETSAT are also reported, including budgets for
the African Space Agency, European Union Space
Program (such as Copernicus), and the Asia Paci ic
Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO) among
others.
We retrieved datasets from government budget
documents, of icial documents from respective
agencies, and available reputable publications. For
some countries, such as Egypt, Gabon, Zimbabwe, and
others, we retrieved the igures through interviews
with top of icials from the respective institutions. For
analysis on each country's budget, the emphasis was
placed on government-announced budgets through
the Ministry of Finance, the ministry in charge of the
Agency, or the space agency itself. To provide insight
into the transparency and accessibility of national
s p a c e b u d g e t s , we d eve l o p e d a B u d g e t a r y
Transparency Index (found in Appendix 1) which
assigns an A, B, or C rating to each country.
In most cases, budgets for satellite projects which are
not part of the annual national budget were not
reported. This report focused on national budgets
announced by countries. In instances where the
government budget was not reported, especially for
European countries that are part of ESA, their
contributions to ESA were used to calculate the
estimated budget for their space programs in 2018,
2019, and 2020.
02

For example, Switzerland's national space budget
was 156 million euros (USD 187.7 million) in 2018.
Of which 149.4 million euros (USD 179.76 million),
or 95.8%, was contributed to ESA. Since the
country's contribution to ESA was provided for each
subsequent year, its total national space budget for
2019 and 2020 could be estimated. In some cases,
budget information for one or two years is missing.
In cases where only one year is missing, the average
for the two years available has been used as a proxy
for the missing year.
Supplementary budgets with long term durations
are divided by the duration and added to the
respective annual budget, such as South Africa,
which allocated USD 266 million funding for its
space hub over the years 2020 - 2024, and another
USD 86.3 million for the next ten years. Although
there are likely to be variations on a year-to-year
basis, these igures are divided by the expenditure
duration to estimate how much funding will be
spent per year. Supplementary funding for satellites
is mostly not reported for countries with occasional
satellite budgets and standard annual budgets.
UAE's Hope spacecraft's irst photo of Mars from orbit
(Image credit: MBRSC/UAE Space Agency/CU-LASP/EMM-EXI)
03
Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis
While many national budgets are presented in local
currencies, they have been converted to USD for
uniformity. The exchange rate current to the budget
announcement date is used. Percentage
comparisons have been made using local currencies.
Although some budgets increased over a certain
period in the local currency, in some cases, currency
devaluation relative to the USD can hide this trend.
Some budgets are presented by iscal years, such as
India and South Africa. Their usual budget re lects
the 2018/2019, 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 format.
For a country like India, whose budgets are
announced very early in the year, this was presented
as the budget for the year under review. For instance,
its 2020/2021 budget was announced in January
2020. This budget is considered the 2020 budget. In
South Africa, which reports its iscal budget in the
second half of the year, the following year was
presented as the budget under review. South Africa's
2019/2020 budget was announced in July 2019.
This budget is considered the 2020 budget.
The budget breakdown represents 106 countries,
classi ied regionally based on the United Nations
geo-scheme system. Continental focus was on Africa
(22), Asia (27), Europe (37), Latin America and the
Caribbean (14), North America (2), and Oceania (4).
2
Executive Summary
Executive Summary

The last three years, 2018 to 2020, have seen global budgets on space programs luctuate across continents, regions, and economic blocks due to several reasons, the
most recent being countries cutting their budgets and expenses because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Global budgets for 2018

05
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

Global budgets for 2019

06
Executive Summary

Global budgets for 2020

07
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

Total budget for all regions in 2018, 2019 and 2020

Percentage contribution of regions to the global budget from 2018-2020

08
 Executive Summary
In Africa, the cumulative space agency budget
allocated by all countries was USD 283.12 million in
2018. It rose to USD 325.11 million in 2019 and
reached an all-time high of USD 503.12 million in
2020. From 2018 to 2019, the cumulative budget for
space agencies in African countries increased by
14.83% and then increased by a further 54.75% in
2020. The surge has been attributed to the rising
number of space agencies across the continent,
o c c a s i o n e d by a g ro w i n g i n t e re s t a m o n g
governments. From 2018 – 2020, the continent had
USD 1.11 billion in national space budgets,
representing an annual growth rate of 34.79%. In
most cases, the budget does not include the cost of
major satellite projects. For example, in 2019 alone,
the expenditure on satellite projects was USD 794
million.
In Asia, governments spent USD 13.11 billion on
space agency management in 2018, USD 15.86
billion in 2019, and USD 15.44 billion in 2020. Asia's
soaring pro ile is partly due to China's growing
investment in the space industry. Other countries
like India, Japan, and South Korea continue to make
massive investments in the industry. Asia's space
budget between 2018 and 2020 was USD 44.41
billion. From 2018 to 2019, Asia's budget increased
by 20.97% but declined by 2.65% in 2020. The
average annual growth rate for the period was
9.16%.
In 2018, Europe spent USD 17.1 billion. In 2019, the
number fell to USD 15.69 billion before rising to USD
17.1 billion in 2020. The 2019 budget declined by
8.26% from 2018 and increased by 9% in 2020.
Europe's average annual growth rate for the period
was 0.37%. The total space expenditure in Europe
between 2018 to 2020 was USD 49.89 billion.
North America has the highest budget across all
regions, primarily because of the USA, which is home
to the world's largest space industry. In 2018, North
America spent USD 41.3 billion, which declined to
USD 40.26 billion in 2019, and further fell to USD
38.54 billion in 2020. Cumulatively, the region spent
USD 120.103 billion on space agency management
between 2018 and 2020. In 2019, the budget
reduced by 2.51% and further reduced by 4.29% in
2020. The region's budget recorded an annual
growth of -3.4%.
Governments in Latin America and the Caribbean
spent a cumulative USD 492.65 million over the three
years. The region spent USD 164.75 million in 2018,
USD 170.3 million in 2019, and USD 157.6 million in
2020. In 2019, the budget increased by 3.37% and
then reduced by 7.46% in 2020. The region recorded
a negative annual growth rate of 2.04%.
Despite being a small continental region with an
emerging space economy, the governments in
Oceania spent USD 270.94 million on their space
sector between 2018 and 2020. The expenditure in
2018 was USD 226.14 million, USD 30.3 million in
2019, and USD 14.49 million in 2020. In 2019, the
budget declined by 86.6%, and further fell by
52.18%. The region recorded a negative growth rate
of 69.39% for the period. The phenomenon is
attributed to the fact that since 2018, space-faring
nations in Oceania have focused on spending on
policy development and to provide amenities for
private companies rather than to fund a civilian
space program. For instance, the New Zealand space
industry is dominated by private actors, with only
minimal funding being provided by the government.
In 2018, the total global space budget was USD 72.18
billion. It rose 0.64% to USD 72.34 billion in 2019.
The budget decreased by 0.81% to USD 71.75 billion
in 2020, primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Over the last three years, governments spent a
combined total of USD 216.27 billion on space
activities.
The Covid-19 pandemic has affected the world, and
the space industry is no exception. Space companies
such as Bigelow Aerospace , Raytheon Technologies,
Boeing , among others, laid-off workers, while
companies like OneWeb failed to secure further
funding, leading to bankruptcy. To the same effect,
companies like Rocket Lab and Virgin Orbit had to
postpone some launches. Many space agencies
operations were affected; for example, NASA had to
delay astronaut selection while ESA also had to put
some missions on hold.
Governments in Europe estimated the pandemic's
impact on the global space industry could be up to 1
billion euros (USD 1.21 billion), mainly due to delay
in several missions and operations.
09
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

The Q2 2020 Edition of the Space Investment Quarterly report by Space Capital shows investment in infrastructures was In some cases, for the 2020/2021 iscal year, for example, South Africa's 2020/2021 budget received an R18.2 million (USD
USD 234 million, a decline of 85% from Q1. There was also a USD 5.3 billion investment in space applications in Q2. 1.09 million) cut. The European Commission space budget, which was effective January 1, 2021, was also reduced. In
2018/2019, when the European Commission 2021 budget was initially proposed, it was 16 billion euros (USD 19.4 billion).
Total Q2 2020 investment fell by 23% from a similar period the previous year. Still, as the coronavirus pandemic intensi ied in May 2020, the Commission issued a revised budget proposal of 15.2 billion
euros which was eventually set at 13.2 billion euros (USD 16 billion) by July 2020. India's human space light program,
The drop was attributed to a decrease in both application and infrastructure investment by 10% and 81%, respectively. Ganganyaan, also received a 70% budget cut .
Overall, the space sector saw USD 12.1 billion in equity-based investments in Q1 and Q2 of 2020, in 112 rounds, with early-
stage investments totalling USD 303 million of that, in 67 rounds. Other countries saw an increase in their 2021 budgets. The budget approved for NASA for 2021 is USD 23.3 billion , an
increase of 3% from 2020, while Nigeria's 2021 approved budget provides a 54% increase over the 2020 budget .
The pandemic's impact was indirect on several national space budgets. For most countries, relevant bodies had passed 2020
budgets before the pandemic began to take its toll. While most countries were unable to pursue some of the projects and
missions planned for 2020, some countries adhered to the original budgets, while some received supplementary budgets.
Such is the case in South Africa, which received USD 266 million in additional funding in August 2020 to develop a space hub
and work on several nanosatellite projects. However, some countries had their 2021 budgets reduced during the 2020
pandemic.

Continental budgets for 2018

Continental budgets for 2019 Continental budgets for 2020

10
3 Africa
Africa
A s of December 2020, 20 African countries
established or began creating a space
programme. Out of these, 11 countries
launched a combined 39 satellites, bringing the
total number of satellites from the region to 42.
Three satellites were because of collaborations
between multiple countries. The estimated total of
national space budgets for African countries in
2019 was USD 325.11 million. This increased to
about USD 503.12 million in 2020. Africa's space
budgets are expected to increase because several
more countries are developing new space
programs. New space agencies are being formed,
and national space policies are being formulated,
leading to organised space program formation, and
increasing budgets. For example, Botswana,
Burkina Faso, and Cameroon's governments
announced their intentions to develop space
programs in their respective countries over the next
few years.
Breakdown of the 42 satellites launched by African countries
The operations of the African Space Agency
implemented by the African Union are also expected
to positively in luence how much African countries
are spending on their space programs. It is
noteworthy that there is an upward progression in
how the African space industry has been funding
projects. In some cases, partnerships with other
institutions outside the continent help train
technicians to develop space programs in their home
countries.
In Africa, the cumulative space agency
budget allocated by all countries was USD
283.12 million in 2018. It rose to USD
325.11 million in 2019 and reached an all-
time high of USD 503.12 million in 2020.
From 2018 to 2019, the cumulative
budget for space agencies in African
countries increased by 14.83% and then
increased by a further 54.75% in 2020.
12
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

Africa 2018 Africa 2019 Africa 2020

Budget distribution for 2018 Budget distribution for 2019 Budget distribution for 2020

13
 Africa

3.1 Algeria - Algerian Space Agency (ASAL) 3.4 Ethiopia - Ethiopian Space Science
In 2018, ASAL recorded an annual space budget of & Technology Institute (ESSTI)
USD 48 million. At the beginning of 2019, the
government allocated USD 1 billion in funding over
the next decade. This average annual spending of
USD 100 million constitutes a 108% increase on the
2018 budget. The coronavirus pandemic has not
directly impacted the country's space funding.
However, signi icant government spending in
Algeria was cut by 50% in 2020 due to a fall in oil
prices.
3.2 Angola - Management Of ice of the
Angolan National Space Programme
GGPEN)
GGPEN had a national space budget of USD 42 million
in 2018, following the AngoSat-1 satellite launch.
By 2020, the national space budget had decreased by
28.57%, down to USD 30 million. Angola entered
the pandemic already challenged with a ive-year
economic recession challenge. It had hitherto been ESSTI received a budgetary allocation of USD 3.79
reducing its governmental budget before 2020. Thus, million in 2018 . This allocation increased by 50% in
no extra announcements were made on further cuts 2019 to USD 5.69 million , the same year the Nation
to the space budget in 2020. Angola's budget is launched its irst satellite into orbit. In 2020, this
allocated to the daily operations of the agency and igure had stabilised at USD 5.69 million. Ethiopia's
capacity development. It does not include the budget Geospatial Information Institute also received USD
for its two ongoing satellite projects. Angola's 2021 4.79 million in 2020, bringing their total budget to
draft budget presentations so far have not shown USD 10.48 million. Ethiopia is building satellite
any indications for the Space Agency's budget. manufacturing, assembly, integration, and testing
(MAIT) facilities in Addis Ababa with a capital budget
3.3 Egypt – Egyptian Space Agency (EgSA) of 50 million euros (USD 60.6 million).

The Egyptian Space Agency administers Egypt's
national space programme, formerly the National
Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences. In
2018, the budget for Egypt's space agency was USD
40 million, and it remained the same in 2019 and
2020. Other projects, such as satellite development,
are usually sourced separately. Despite the impact of
COVID, Egypt is continuing with its ten-year plan for
its space programme.
This includes opening a Satellite City
Industrialization and Assembly Centerand plans to
manufacture a satellite with an undisclosed German
company. A paper by UNICEF and Egypt's Ministry of
Finance shows that Egypt is planning to increase its
2021 budget to be the largest ever, emphasising
medical resources and social development. It was
unclear when this report went to press what this
would mean for the Egyptian Space Industry. As the
African Space Agency host, Egypt has allocated USD
10 million for the Agency's operations.
The MAIT project is funded through a 25 million
euros (USD 30.3 million) investment from the
European Investment Bank, a grant of 15 million
euros (USD 18.2 million) from the French
government and 10 million euros (USD 12.1 million)
provided by the Ethiopian government. The
Ethiopian government and the China Academy of
Space Technology (CAST) planned to sign a revised
communications satellite acquisition deal in 2020
before the pandemic disrupted international travel.
Ethiopian of icials plan to travel to China in 2021 to
sign the deal valued at about USD 320 million and
funded through a concessional loan from China's
EXIM Bank. Ethiopia's 2020/21 budget has allocated
USD 6.9 million for ESSTI and USD 6.1 million to the
Geospatial Information Institute.

14
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

3.5 Gabon - Agence Gabonaise D'études

et D'observations Espatiale (AGEOS)
AGEOS administers the Gabonese national space
program. However, in 2018 and 2019, USD 1 million
funding was allocated for the Agency's management.
This funding increased by 40% to USD 1.4 million in
2020. Gabon has not announced any budgetary
cuts to its space agency's funding occasioned by the
pandemic.

3.6 Ghana - Ghana Space Science

& Technology Institute (GSSTI)

GSSTI has maintained a consistent annual budget of

USD 10.85 million from 2018 to 2020 . Ghana
launched one satellite into orbit in 2017, which was
inanced and developed by All Nations University, a
private university. The country is exploring the use
of space technologies for national development.
However, with no national space policy yet and its
close dependence on the Ghana Atomic Energy
Commission, the Ghana space program is still at an
infant stage despite the Ghana Space Science and
Technology Institute's formation in 2012.
3.7 Kenya - Kenyan Space Agency (KSA)
KSA works under the Kenyan Defence Ministry. As
such, it has a minimal direct allocation for its
projects. In 2018, the Agency was allocated a budget
of USD 1.87 million as a subset of the Ministry of
Defence budget of USD 1.10 billion. In 2019, it
increased by 49.7% to USD 2.8 million before
stabilising at USD 3 million for the year 2020
following a 6.7% increase from 2019. In October
2020, Kenya and Italy rati ied a new deal allowing
Italy to occupy and utilise the Luigi Broglio Malindi
Space Centre in Kenya. The agreement will give
Kenya Sh25 million (USD 229,000) annually .
3.8 Morocco - Royal Centre for Remote
Sensing (CRTS)
CRTS is the authority executing Morocco's national
space programme. Morocco's budget for the centre
has been USD 2.3 million since 2018. However,
additional funds are provided for capital projects
such as the development of a satellite. In 2020,
Morocco changed its national budget due to the
pandemic, but the space budget was not affected.
Morocco's CRTS is under the Ministry of Defence.
Hence some of its projects are classi ied.
3.9 Nigeria - National Space Research
and Development Agency (NASRDA)
In 2018, Nigeria spent USD 61.7 million on its
space program. Nigeria's budget for space in 2019
decreased by about 19% to 18.1 billion Naira
(about USD 50 million) . This was primarily due
to the Naira's devaluation, not because the
allocation to the Agency itself had been reduced.
Nigeria's budget for 2020 was USD 54.67 million, a
9.34% increase on the 2019 budget. Nigeria's
national budget was decreased during the year
due to the pandemic. The budgetary reduction did
not affect space agency allocations. Nigeria has not
worked on a major satellite project in several
years. This budget igure excludes the allocations
for the development of Earth observation or
communications satellites.
Despite the pandemic, Nigeria increased its space
budget for 2021. The total allocation to the
country's space program for 2021 is
29,643,627,989 Naira (USD 77.30 million), a 23%
increase from the 2020 budget of 21,483,232,879
Naira (USD 59.26 million). Nigeria's space budget
is shared between three entities. The National
Space Research and Development Agency,
i n c l u d i n g i t s re g i o n a l c e n t re s , re c e ive d
19,660,276,375 Naira (USD 51.27 million). The
Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited
received 7,091,560,848 Naira (USD 18.49 million),
and the Defence Space Administration received
2,891,790,766 Naira (USD 7.54 million).

15
 Africa
3.10 Rwanda - Rwandan Space
Agency (RSA)
The Rwandan Space Agency (RSA) was established
in 2020, and its budget had not been released at the
time of publication. In 2019 it launched its irst
satellite and then invested in UK's OneWeb
constellation ambition before the irm iled for
bankruptcy amidst the 2020 pandemic. In the
future, Rwanda is expected to embark on
partnerships that will help to build its space-faring
interests, mainly by leveraging the advancement in
Earth observation technologies and increased
accessibility and affordability of data derived from
space to improve the management of natural
resources, enhance disaster monitoring and
preparedness, environmental protection, and
management .
3.11 South Africa – South African
National Space Agency (SANSA)
In 2018, South Africa's space budget was at USD 60
million. In 2019, this igure decreased by 7.15% to
about USD 55.71 million. In 2020, the budget grew
by 201% by establishing the space infrastructure hub
and other investment projects to reach USD 168
million . South Africa's space budget covers the
National Space Agency and its astronomy programs,
including its contributions to the Square Kilometres
Array project. In mid-2020, South Africa announced a
USD 1 million cut from its funding for SANSA due to
the pandemic, leaving SANSA with USD 10.3
million . However, in August 2020, the South African
Government announced a USD 266 million funding
for a space hub through the Space Agency. SANSA is
looking to build half a dozen satellites in the next
three to four years and the ground infrastructure to
support these missions to create an ecosystem
through the space hub. This averages an additional
USD 66.5 million annually to the Agency for the
coming four years. Meanwhile, a South African Space
investment fund with USD 86.3 million funding was
announced earlier in March 2020 by the Space
Agency . The fund will run for ten years, at
estimated spending of USD 8.63 million per year.
3.12 Uganda - Ministry of Science,
Technology, and Innovation
Uganda is yet to establish a national space
programme or Agency formally. However, in
November 2019, the government has expressed the
intention to do so and allocated USD 0.054 million
to train space technicians.
3.13 Zimbabwe - Zimbabwe National
Geospatial and Space Agency (ZINGSA)
In 2018, ZINGSA was launched and advanced USD10
million by the Ministry of Finance to implement
geospatial capability programmes. The Agency's
interest is in mapping farms through satellite
imagery to facilitate the issuance of 99-year leases
and settlement permits. The Agency was also looking
at developing satellite capabilities and received a
follow-up USD 1.6 million in funding from the
government in late 2018 . In 2020, it allocated an
additional USD 0.69 million for agency
management.
3.14 Other African Countries
Other African nations are planning to participate in
the space industry. Countries like Botswana, Burkina
Faso, Ivory Coast, DR Congo, Libya, Mauritius,
Rwanda, Sudan, Senegal, and Tunisia do not have
speci ic budgets for their space program. They
allocate money that goes into remote sensing studies
and other projects. The budgetary allocation for
these countries was estimated at USD 20 million in
2019 and USD 70 million in 2020, a 250% increase
from the previous year.
3.15 African Space Agency
The African Space Agency is still in its fundamental
stages and is yet to exist physically. The Agency is
expected to run as a section of the African Union
funded by member state contributions. Egypt's
government also contributed USD 10 million as part
of the requirements for the Agency's hosting. This
will be used to build facilities and support
management for the irst ive years of operation.
Aside from this, there is a 30 million euros (USD 36.31
million) Global Monitoring of the Environment and
Security in Africa (GMES & Africa) partnership
project with the European Union being implemented
in 45 African countries through regional
consortiums.
Needs
Assessment
Courses Identi ication
Revision and
Improvements
and Curriculum
Development
Monitoring and Training Plan
Evaluation Execution
GMES & Africa Service Development Cycle
16
4
Asia
Asia
Asia's budget growth rate in comparison to Africa
The Asian continent has fast become the third-
highest spending continent after Europe, especially
over the last three years. This is driven by the
budgets of China, India, South Korea, and Japan.
These top spenders are also progressively
increasing the number of satellites they have in
orbit. China is leading with over 182 satellites
launched between 2018 and 2020. Between 2018
and 2020, China accounted for at least 66% of Asian
space agencies' total budgets.
Asian countries are increasing their support and
collaboration with countries in Africa, with China,
Japan, and India collaborating with many African
countries to build and launch satellites. Five of the
eight satellites launched by African countries in
2019 and the only satellite launched by Africa in
2020 all involved partnerships with Asian countries.
Between 2018 and 2020, Asia's space budget
increased an average of 9.16% annually, compared
to Africa's annual budget growth of 34.79%.
Nonetheless, Asian countries have progressively
increased the budgets of their national space
programs. Unfortunately, unlike other space
programs in North America, Europe, and Africa,
Asian countries do not have well-developed budget
transparency practices for their space programs.
While the UAE has a dedicated website for its
national budget, leading countries like China are not
transparent. See Appendix 1 for a complete
Transparency Index.
In Asia, governments spent USD
13.11 billion on space agency
management in 2018, USD 15.86
billion in 2019, and USD 15.44
billion in 2020. Asia's soaring
profile is partly due to China's
growing investment in the space
industry.
Other countries like India, Japan,
and South Korea continue to
make massive investments in
t h e i n d u s t r y. A s i a's s p a c e
budget between 2018 and 2020
was USD 44.41 billion. From 2018
to 2019, Asia's budget increased
by 20.97% but declined by 2.65%
in 2020. The average annual
growth rate for the period was
9.16%.
Therefore, this means that despite due diligence,
space agencies in Asia may be spending more than
reported.
Like the European Space Agency, Asian countries
have organised a continental space collaboration
through the Asia Paci ic Space Cooperation
Organization (APSCO), see 4.25. The inter-
governmental organisation was initiated to promote
and strengthen collaborative space programs among
its Member States, including Bangladesh, China,
Indonesia, Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan, Peru, Thailand,
and Turkey. Unlike ESA, APSCO does not coordinate
or oversee continent-scale space initiatives, instead
of leaving these to individual countries.
Headquartered in Beijing, APSCO is aligned with the
China-led Belt and Road Initiative's objectives and
excludes some neighbouring states such as Japan,
who are not BRI-member states.
While there are no structural changes in the spending
of Asiatic nations on space programs due to the
coronavirus pandemic, OECD reports that small
and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the space sector
globally are bearing the brunt of the pandemic,
especially SMEs that depend on R&D, which have now
been suspended due to market shutdowns. Notably,
however, Asia has many enthusiastic space-faring
nations that are building small projects across the
continent. For example, Qatar does not have a space
agency but actively fosters private space tech
companies to thrive.
18
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

Asia 2018 Asia 2019 Asia 2020

Budget distribution for 2018 Budget distribution for 2019

Budget distribution for 2020

19
 Asia
4.1 Bangladesh - Space Research and
Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO)
No information is available for a budget speci ically
for SPARRSO from 2017 - 2020. In 2018, Bangladesh
spent USD 248 million on the Bangabandhu
Satellite-1 communications satellite to announce its
entry into the space industry. The country had
hitherto been buying satellite data but is now selling
data from its new satellite. Bangladesh's 2021
budget does not mention the country's space
research organisation.
4.2 China - China National Space
Administration (CNSA)
In 2018, China spent about USD 8 billion on its
civilian and military space budget, which increased
by 37.5% to USD 11 billion in 2019. In 2020, China
announced a reduction in its defence budget. The
country did not specify how much of their reduced
costs would affect space and satellite-related
defence. Like most countries in Asia, China does not
publicly disclose its space budgets. Non-Mandarin
speakers do not access to publicly-available
i n fo r m a t i o n a b o u t C h i n a' s s p a c e p ro g ra m
development due to the language barrier .
However, the Agency is now working towards
building its space station while its independent
Mars mission, the Tianwen 1, entered the Martian
orbit on 10 February 2021. China has at least four
space start-ups pursuing reusable rocket technology.
China's increasing space capabilities, budgets, and
growing commercial space sector mean regions like
Africa and Europe will continue to look to China for
cooperation .
4.3 India - Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO)
India's space budget in 2018 was Rs 11,200 crore
(USD 1.6 billion), it increased by 13.1% up to Rs
12,473 crore (USD 1.76 billion) in 2019 and then by
8% Rs 13,479 crore (USD 1.89 billion) for 2020 .
The planned crewed mission, Gaganyaan, was slated
for 2022 but received only about 30% of its funding.
India continues to experiment with several projects,
placing the world's lightest satellite, Kalamasat V2 ,
into orbit in 2019.
4.4 Indonesia - Lembaga Penerbangan
dan Antariksa Nasional (LAPAN)
Indonesia's LAPAN, established in 1963, is working
towards activating Indonesia's space program. It
had a USD 55 million budget in 2019 , which
dropped 24.9% down to USD 41.3 million in 2020 .
According to the LAPAN director, the Agency has
plans to launch their home-built rocket into space
by 2025, which was why President Joko Widodo
extended an invitation to Elon Musk in 2020 to build
a launch site for SpaceX in the country. The SpaceX
founder responded to the invitation with a plan to
send his team to Indonesia in January 2021 to
explore this opportunity. No information about this
visit was con irmed at the time of this report's
publication. Indonesia's 2021 space budget for
LAPAN is USD 59 million, a 42.8% increase on the
2020 budget.
4.5 Israel – Israel Space Agency (ISA)
Israel spent USD 10.6 million on its space agency in
2018 and USD 14.8 million in 2019 , a 39.6%
increase. Although Israel launched a military
satellite in 2020, the exact amount spent on its
satellite and other space activities is still unknown.
Israel did not make any special funding or reductions
for space activities in this period. Israel's space
budget website did not report any new changes for
2020 or 2021 when this report went to press.
4.6 Iran - Iranian Space Agency (ISA)
ISA was founded in 2004. In 2017, it had a budget of
USD 4.6 million. By 2019, its budget had increased by
74%, up to USD 8 million. Iran was one of the
founding members of the UN Committee on the
Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOUS). Aside from
ISA, it also has the Iranian Space Research Centre .
4.7 Japan - Japan Aerospace Exploration
Agency (JAXA)
Japan's space budget was USD 1.46 billion in 2018. It
grew 37% to USD 2 billion in 2019 and then dropped
15.5%, down to USD 1.69 billion in 2020 . Usually,
after the irst budget is passed, Japan provides a
supplementary budget from which the space
agency bene its. However, in 2020, the three
supplemental budgets did not affect the country's
space budget.
20

Japan is continuously developing multilateral
relations with other countries through JAXA and its
academic institutions. This includes the Africa Space
Forum, United Nations/Japan Long-term Fellowship
Programme on Nano-Satellite Technologies for
nationals of developing countries or non-space-
faring nations, and the KiboCUBE program, which
aims to provide educational or research institutions
in developing countries that are members of the UN
with opportunities to deploy cube satellites from the
Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) on the ISS called
Kibo. Japan's iscal year starts in April, and the 2021
budget draft highlight the government's interest in
securing a 1.1% increase in medium-term national
defence expenditures based on the "Medium-Term
Defence Force Improvement Plan", leading to the
establishment of a system that enables cross-domain
operations, including strengthening capabilities in
new areas such as space, cyber, and electromagnetic
waves.
4.8 Kazakhstan - Kazakhstan National
Space Agency (KazCosmos)
Kazakhstan is home to the Baikonur cosmodrome,
the world's irst and the largest space launch facility.
The country is leasing Baikonur to Russia for USD
115 million annually until 2050 . In May 2018,
Russia transferred to Kazakhstan 44.8 square miles
of the Baikonur Cosmodrome's territory and two
platforms for a rocket known as Zenit-M . The
budget for KazCosmos is unknown; however, the
government is trying to capitalise on Russia's close
relationship to develop domestic space capabilities.
4.9 Malaysia – Malaysia Space
Agency (MYSA)
MYSA was established in February 2019 by merging
the Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency (MRSA) and
National Space Agency (ANGKASA) with a focus on
technology, infrastructure, and strategic space
application development. While there is no
information on the budget of MYSA, Yeo Bee Yin,
Minister of Environment, Science, Technology,
Energy and Climate Change (MESTECC), emphasised
the merger is estimated to save the nation more than
USD 4.9 million with an ambitious target of serving
70% of government units by the end of 2020 through
planning, developing and operationalisation of
relevant satellite applications for their use .
21
Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis
One of the projects the new Agency has embarked on
is the forest management system for the Ministry of
Natural Resources, using satellite data estimated to
save USD 51 million over ive years while hoping to
also capitalise on the USD 62.8 million facilities
capable of satellite Assembly, Integration and Test,
Vibrator Test System, Alignment Measurement and
Electromagnetic Component Test.
4.10 North Korea - National Aerospace
Development Administration (NADA)
NADA's budget is unknown; however, the South
Korea government estimated North Korea spent
about USD 1.3 billion on its rocket program in 2012
but posits that it is doubtful that the country kept
this momentum since then. NADA was founded in
April 2013 and has since developed several space
technologies such as a series of launch vehicles, a
few Earth observation and communications
satellites, and exploring deep space exploration
programs in the future .
4.11 Pakistan - Pakistan Space & Upper
Atmosphere Research Commission
(SUPARCO)
Pakistan's 2017/2018 budget reserved 3,500 Rs
million (USD 32.9 million) for development
expenditure for SUPARCO . In 2018/2019, it
increased by 85% up to 6,477 Rs million (USD 53.8
million) but fell by 6.85% in 2019/2020 to 6,033 Rs
million (USD 38 million) . 2020/2021 Pakistan
budget makes 4,975 Rs million (USD 31.2 million)
provisions for SUPARCO, a 17.5% decrease on the
previous year. The Pakistani Rupees has been hit by
devaluation, and this has affected the budget
translation for SUPARCO. In 2011, Pakistan
presented Space Vision 2047. It intended to launch
six geostationary (GEO) and ive low-Earth orbiting
(LEO) satellites. Pakistan has also built a good
relationship with China, shifting from the US' Global
Positioning System (GPS) to China's BeiDou in 2014
while also purchasing and launching the Pakistan
Remote Sensing System (PRSS-1) onboard China's
rocket in 2018 .
4.12 Philippines - Philippine Space
Agency (PSA)
The Philippines' space program used to be
decentralised across several institutions such as the
P h i l i p p i n e At m o s p h e r i c , G e o p hys i c a l a n d
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA),
Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation
(PADC) and Mabuhay Satellite Corporation (MSC).
Asia
In 2019, the country launched the Philippines Space
Agency. It started with USD 19 million funding, with
a further promise of a USD 38 million annual budget
for the next ive years . While there is no
announcement yet on the pandemic's effect on the
country's space budget, the Philippine government
published its FY2021 Budget Memorandum in May
2020, clearly de ining priority programs for the
budget. The space program was not mentioned as a
part of the COVID-19 response under the "new
normal" .
4.13 Saudi Arabia - Saudi Space
Commission (SSC)
Saudi Arabia founded its space agency in 2018,
although the country has been involved in the space
industry in the past. When the Agency was
announced, the government promised to spend USD
1 billion on the Agency. However, it did not
indicate the period or the recipient programs.
However, in October 2020, the Saudi Space
Commission announced plans to invest USD 2.1
billion in its space program by 2030. This averages
about USD 210 million annually. Saudi Arabia owns
37% of the Arab Satellite Organization (Arabsat),
and the Saudi Space Industry currently gains a
return of 1.81 Riyal (USD 0.48) on every Riyad (USD
0.27) invested .
4.14 Singapore - Singapore Space and
Technology Limited (SSTL)
Despite having several partnered satellites in space,
Singapore does not have a national space agency.
SSTL, a private, non-governmental organisation,
encourages technology development,
manufacturing adoption, and talent development to
support the country's space ecosystem's growth.
SSTL partners include Airbus, JAXA, and the
Aeronautics Association of Indonesia. Aside from
SSTL, the Nanyang Technological University (NTU
Singapore) has been at the forefront of the Singapore
satellite industry for about 20 years.
NTU has launched nine satellites; the latest one was
launched in 2019 in collaboration with the Kyushu
Institute of Technology (Kyutech) of Japan. The
country has no dedicated budget for the space
program.
4.15 South Korea - Korea Aerospace
Research Institute (KARI)
South Korea spent USD 593 million in 2018, which
dropped 17% to USD 492 million in 2019 and then
increased by 4.87% to USD 516 million in 2020 .
Although South Korea had up to four
supplementary budgets in 2020 due to the
coronavirus, it did not affect the space agency. KARI
planned to improve its space activities in 2020
through 5G, Arti icial Intelligence, and the launch of
Cheollian-2B, a geostationary meteorological
satellite. South Korea has invested USD 264 million in
three remote sensing satellites for the country .
4.16 Taiwan - National Space
Organization (NSPO)
In 2019, Taiwan's government launched its Third
National Space Program proposed by the Ministry of
Science and Technology with a budget of NT$25.9
billion (USD 843.48 million). The 10-year program
will run through 2028, with average annual spending
of USD 84.3 million. This is aimed at making the
nation independent in space technologies. During
this period, NSPO will launch nine satellites .
4.17 Thailand - Geo-Informatics and
Space Technology Development
Agency (GISTDA)
Founded in 2000 by merging the Remote Sensing
Division of the National Research Council of Thailand
with the Geographic Information System Division of
the Ministry of Science and Technology, GISTDA has
an annual operating budget of USD 20 million,
excluding infrastructure and other capital projects.
Thailand is mostly using satellite data to monitor
disasters, especially lood management .
4.18 Turkey - Turkish Space Agency (TUA)
Turkey Space Agency was established through a
presidential decree on December 12, 2018. It is
currently developing a ten-year program to build a
robust satellite and launcher industry. President
Erdogan wants Turkey to set up a robust space
industry to manufacture its satellites and
commercial equipment and components for the
sector. In 2019, Turkey space budget was USD 4.3
million. In 2020, it decreased by 23.3%, down to USD
3.3 million.
22

Turkey's stimulus spending during the pandemic did
not include funding for the space industry. Turkish
President Recep Tayyip Erdogan revealed in
February 2021 that the country aims to make a soft
landing on the moon in 2028, a mission that will cost
upwards of USD 1 billion and involves building a
rocket launch site in Somalia .
4.19 Turkmenistan - Turkmenistan
National Space Agency (TNSA)
In 2017, Turkmenistan announced that 1.3 billion
Manat (USD 371 million) would be invested in
growing the domestic space program between 2018
– 2024. This averages about USD 53 million annually.
The irst Turkmenistan satellite was launched in
2015 in line with the nation's plan to develop an EO
program for national development .
4.20 United Arab Emirates - United Arab
Emirates Space Agency
(UAE Space Agency)
The UAE Space Agency was launched in 2014 with
the Hope Mars Mission's announcement to send a
probe to the red planet. In 2015, the UAE Space
Agency Chairman said the value of the UAE's
investment in the space sector had exceeded Dh20
billion (USD 5.4 billion) .
In its 2018 budget , Dh204 million (USD 55 million)
was allocated to the UAE Space Agency projects; this
decreased by 16.17% to Dh171 million (USD 46.5
million) in 2019 . There was no speci ic information
on the 2020 budget . However, in September 2020,
Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai, Mohammed bin
Rashid Al Maktoum announced plans to add to the
AED22 billion (USD 6 billion) of investments so far
attracted. The plan includes lunar exploration and
specialised satellite development programs and
satellite launches, a space centre simulator and other
educational programs . The UAE Mars Hope Probe
launched in July 2020, entered Mar's orbit on 9
February 2021, becoming the ifth country to reach
the planet.
4.21 Uzbekistan - Uzbek State Space
Research Agency (UzbekCosmos)
In August 2019, the President of Uzbekistan signed a
decree that created the agency, which was tasked
with presenting a plan to develop Uzbekistan's space
industry in 2020-2023 by July 2020. There is no
information on whether this timeline was achieved
in 2020 or whether it was delayed due to the
pandemic's uncertainties .
23
Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis
In the past, Uzbekistan had explored corporation
with Russia and Kazakhstan in the areas of satellite
launch. No budget information was available.
4.22 Vietnam - Vietnam National Space
Centre (VNSC)
In 2012, Vietnam had its highest space budget at USD
93 million to produce its satellite by 2022. Between
2012-2015, the Vietnam Academy of Science and
Technology (VAST), which oversees VNSC, had a USD
5 million budget for 26 projects around space
technologies. Between 2016 and 2020, VAST had a
budget of USD 10 million for 22 projects . There is
no public information on the yearly budget for the
operations of VNSC. The country has ongoing
collaborations with other Asian countries like India
and Japan around satellite technology development
and capacity development . In 2011, Japan
announced plans to invest about USD 480 million in
Vietnam's space industry in the form of loans. This
was to be spent on two observation satellites, an
Earth-based space centre, and the training of
engineers by JAXA . The status of this loan cannot
be ascertained at the period of publication of this
report.
4.23 Other Asian Countries
More Asian countries are working on developing
national space programs. For example, Nepal does
not have a government space agency yet but spent 20
million Nepali rupees (USD 180,000) for the
development and launch of NepaliSat-1 in 2019 as
part of the Joint Global Multi-Nation Birds Satellite
project (Birds project) in collaboration with Japan's
Kyutech . Through Nepal Telecommunications
Authority, the country also signed an MoU with
Thales Alenia Space in 2019 to develop and manage a
communications satellite .
Other countries that are not currently developing a
national space program are capitalising on
communications satellites and other EO
programmes. For example, Sri Lanka does not have a
space program but is host to SupremeSAT. This
private company jointly owns the SupremeSAT-1
with China Great Wall Industry Corporation
(CGWIC) with an annual operating budget of USD 20
million . Qatar is also host to Es'hailSat, a
communications satellite company established in
2010 to manage and develop Qatar's presence in
space. The company's expenditure in 2018 was USD
186 million .
 Asia

Cooperation among Asian countries has also been
complicated due to geopolitical differences and
varying interests. Many of them seek collaborations
and partnerships with countries outside of the
region. There is also a rise in the number of
commercial space companies emerging from Asia
and seeking space businesses globally. For example,
ArmCosmos is a private company established to
drive Armenia's space program on behalf of the
government with an initial budget of USD 250
million from both government and private
investors. In October 2019, the government
approved a bill to create a National Space Policy .
The most current scale is not available. Therefore,
we use the scale determined for the 2015-2017
period, as follows:
“SCMS = 0.50 x {(GDP MS/GDP naMS)} + 0.50 {(GDP
pcMS/GDP npcaMS)}”
SCMS = Scale Contribution of Member States.
GDP = Gross Domestic Product.
naMS = number of all Member States.
pcMS = per capita Member States.

Aside from China, India, Japan, and UAE, most Asian npaMS = number per capita of all Member States.
countries also receive additional funding for capital Based on this, we estimate that the APSCO budget
projects such as the launch of a large EO satellite or a for 2015-2017 was USD 4.7 million, USD 4.9 million,
communications satellite. Some of them also have and USD 4.99 million, respectively. Although detailed
other space research institutes aside from the information is not available for 2018 – 2020, the
national space agency, which also receives a percentage of member contributions for 2018 and
separate budget. 2019 are summarized here. According to the APSCO
charter, contributions capped at 18%.
4.24 Arab Space Cooperation Group
The Arab Space Cooperation Group launched in
2019 by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Country 2018 2019
Vice-President and Prime Minister of the UAE and
Ruler of Dubai. This is a partnership between the China 18.00% 18%
UAE and ten other Arab countries, including Algeria, Iran 11.76% 11.51%
Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco,
Bangladesh 3.98% 4.19%
Oman, Sudan, and Saudi Arabia . In the coming
years, the group hopes to build an Arab satellite in Mongolia 8.56% 8.51%
UAE. The amount of investment by UAE and the Thailand 15.61% 15.73%
other members is unknown.
Turkey 1.09% 1.18%
4.25 Asia Paci ic Space Cooperation Indonesia 8.88% 9.22%
Organization (APSCO) Pakistan 3.37% 2.88%
APSCO is an inter-governmental organisation Peru 14.66% 14.21%
initiated to promote and strengthen collaborative
space programs among its Member States. There are Based on this fragmented information, it is
nine inancial contributors to APSCO: Bangladesh, impossible to estimate the annual APSCO member
China, Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan, Peru, Thailand, state contributions for 2018 – 2020. Therefore, it is
Turkey, and Indonesia. Speci ic budget information is not possible to assess whether the pandemic
not publicly available, so the budgets provided here impacted the APSCO budget.
are estimated based on the method described in
Article 18 of the APSCO Convention:

"Each Member State shall contribute to the

Organization's budget per the inancial arrangements
to be decided by the Council…The Council, through
consensus, shall decide the scale of the inancial
contribution of each Member State. It shall be reviewed
every three years."

24
5
Europe
 Europe
Europe's budget growth rate in comparison to Africa
Between 2018 and 2020, Europe's space budgets
grew by an annual average of 0.37%, compared to
Africa's 34.79% growth during the same period.
Europe has the highest number of countries on a
continent actively involved in space projects. Almost
all European countries either have a satellite or share
data with other countries. European countries
employ open data strategies, making it easy to gather
preliminary information on what governments are
spending. European countries also run a series of
partnership projects through ESA, EUMETSAT and
inter-governmental partnerships.
Europe has been Africa's primary collaborator in the
space industry. Most African satellites are being
developed through varying degrees of collaborations
with European institutions. At the top level,
European public and private sector partners co-
inance space projects in Africa, such as the GMES &
Africa Programme co- inanced by the European
Commission and the African Union Commission.
For Europe, each country's budget includes its
contributions to ESA and EUMETSAT for 2018. For
2019 and 2020, each country's budget includes its
contribution to ESA. This report could not obtain
accurate data on 2019 and 2020 contributions to
EUMETSAT. In the igures below, 'others' represents
countries contributing to ESA but do not have
national Space programs.
In 2018, Europe spent USD 17.1 billion.
In 2019, the number fell to USD 15.69
billion before rising to USD 17.1 billion
in 2020. The 2019 budget declined by
8.26% from 2018 and increased by 9%
in 2020. Europe's average annual
growth rate for the period was 0.37%.
The total space expenditure in Europe
between 2018 to 2020 was USD 49.89
billion.
26
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

Europe 2018 Europe 2019 Europe 2020

Most countries add the ESA budget to their National budgets. To avoid duplication, this report subtracts national contributions to ESA from the reported national space budget.

Budget distribution for Europe 2018 Budget distribution for Europe 2019 Budget distribution for Europe 2020

27
 Europe
5.1 Austria - Austrian Space Agency (FFG)
The Austrian government funds domestic,
continental, and broader international outer space
efforts. In 2018, Austria budgeted 67 million euros
(USD 79 million). 54.27 million (USD 64 million) was
disbursed to ESA, and the remaining spent on
national and other international space activities .
In 2019, Austria's total space budget increased by
11.8% to 76 million euros (USD 85.12 million),
including 57 million euros (USD 63.84 million)
disbursed to ESA and 19 million euros (USD 21.28
million) spent on national and other international
space projects. In 2020, Austria's contribution to
ESA decreased to 51.2 million euros (USD 58.4
m i l l i o n ) . B a s e d o n t h e 7 8 % ave ra g e E S A
contribution as a proportion of the national budget,
Austria's budget in 2020 is estimated to have
decreased by 4%, down to 73 million euros (USD
81.76 million). For each of these years, Austria
allocated 12.7 million euros (USD 15 million) in
2018, 15.2 million euros (USD 21.28 million) in
2019, and 20.7 million euros (USD 23.36 million) in
2020 for domestic space activities.
Austria hosts the United Nations Of ice for Outer
Space Affairs (UNOOSA) in the Vienna International
Center (VIC). Construction of the VIC began in 1972
and cost approximately 640 million euros (USD 775
million). The Government of Austria contributed
65%, and Vienna's city contributed 35% . While
the UN only pays a nominal rental fee of 1 euro (USD
1.21) annually, UNOOSA has other funding
agreements with the Austrian government annually
covering speci ic programmatic areas. These include
the disaster risk reduction program organized
through the United Nations Platform for Space-
based Information for Disaster Management and
Emergency Response (UN-SPIDER) and the annual
UN World Space Forum.
5.2 Belarus – Belarus Space Agency (BSA)
Belarus is not a part of the European Union. It does
not belong to the European Space Agency and other
EU driven space programs. It enjoys a close
relationship with Russia, and the amount of its
investment in its space program is not available. The
Nation's Academy of Science developed a space
program for 2016 – 2020. In 2020, Sergei Kilin, Vice-
Chairman of the Presidium of the National Academy
of Sciences of Belarus, announced plans to
implement a 2021-2026 programme .
The current programme intends to enhance
remote sensing capabilities and create a more
integrated Russian-Belarusian space system.
Belarus signed an agreement with Kazakhstan in
2019 on the exchange of satellite imagery. The
country is working on the BKA-2 satellite expected
to be launched in 2021 with a panchromatic
resolution of 2.1 metres .
5.3 Belgium
Belgium's space budget comprises the country's
contribution to ESA, which accounts for 92% of the
total budget. In 2018, Belgium's contribution to
ESA was 203.4 million euros (USD 240 million),
indicating its total budget for the year as 221
million euros (USD 260 million). In 2019, the total
budget decreased by 6.25% to 208 million euros
(USD 233 million), with 191.4 million euros (USD
214.37 million) allocated to ESA. In 2020, the
budget increased by 9.6% to 228.3 million euros
(USD 260.3 million), and the contribution to ESA
was 210 million euros (USD 239.4 million). Under
a bilateral agreement with France for joint earth
observation programs, 6% is allotted to French
Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) Earth
observation programs: Satellite Pour
l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT), VEGETATION,
Plé iades. The remaining 2% is spent on research
activities on the Solar Terrestrial Relations
Observatory (STEREO)program and
administrative costs associated with
implementing the programs.
5.4 Catalonia - Catalan Space Agency
In October 2020, Catalonia, an autonomous
community in Spain, announced that it would be
investing 2.5 million euros (USD 2.85 million) in
establishing its space agency and an additional 18
million euros (USD 20.52 million) launching six
communications satellites . Jordi Puigneró , the
Catalan digital policy minister, predicted that the
Agency would create 1,200 jobs and revenues of
300 million euros (USD 351 million) within four
years. In January 2021, it was reported that
Catalonia's irst satellite would be launched in
March 2021 to improve 5G connectivity .
5.5 Denmark - Denmark's National Space
Institute (DTU Space)
The Danish Space Research Institute's combination
with the geodesy part of the National Survey and
Cadastre of Denmark formed the Danish National
Space Centre (DNSC) in 2005.
28

DNSC then merged with the Technical University of
Denmark to form DTU Space in 2007. While its
current annual budget is unknown, it had a budget of
DKK 59 million (USD 9.57 million) in 2011 and
currently has an annual turnover of 15.5 million
euros (USD 18.70 million). DTU Space represents
Denmark at ESA and works across earth observation
research, technology development and Universe
exploration .
5.6 Estonia - Estonian Space Of ice (EAS)
Operating within the Enterprise Estonia, EAS serves
as Estonia's contact with ESA, IAF, and EUMETSAT. It
develops a space policy for the country while
promoting international cooperation and providing
Estonian companies with global space business
opportunities. The operating budget for EAS is
unknown.
5.7 France - Centre National d'Etudes
Spatiales (CNES)
In 2018, France allocated 2.3 billion euros (USD 2.71
billion) to space activities. About 44.4% of the
budget, or 961.2 million euros (USD 1.134 billion),
went to ESA. In comparison, 56% or 1.34 billion
euros (USD 1.58 billion) was allocated to other
national space programmes, including 403 million
euros (USD 475.54 million) for the Ariane launch
vehicle series, 280 million euros (USD 330.4 million)
for defence-related space activities, 195 million
euros (USD 230.1 million) for innovation, 182
million euros (USD 214.76 million) for Earth
observation, 90 million euros (USD 106.2 million)
for sciences, 78 million euros (USD 92.04 million)
for taxes and miscellaneous, 68 million euros (USD
80.24 million) for pooled project investment and 44
million euros (USD 51.92 million) for
telecommunications .
In 2019, France's total budget for space increased by
1.9% to 2.35 billion euros (USD 2.63 billion). About
50% was disbursed to ESA, a 22.3% increase from
the 961.2 million euros (USD 1.134 billion) budgeted
as ESA contribution in the previous year. The
remaining 1.17 billion euros (USD 1.31 billion) was
spent on national and other international space
activities managed by CNES .
In 2020, France's total budget for space rose by
18.3% to 2.78 billion euros (USD 3.17 billion).
France's contribution to ESA increased to 1.4 billion
euros (USD 1.6 billion).
29
Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis
In comparison, 705 million euros (USD 803 million)
were earmarked for the national space programme,
625 million euros (USD 712.5 million) for CNES
resources and 49 million euros (USD 59.39 million)
for future programmes.
CNES is under the control of the defence and
research ministry. For 2021, France maintains the
defence budget from 2020 despite the pandemic,
which likely means that CNES funding remains the
same.
5.8 Germany - German Aerospace
Centre (DLR)
DLR is the national centre for aerospace, energy, and
transportation research in Germany. Germany's
space budget is usually spread across Germany's
national space program driven by DLR Space
Administration, ESA and EUMETSAT. Germany
budgeted 2.1 billion euros (USD 2.49 billion) in 2018
for space projects, of which 43.84% or 920.7 million
euros (USD 1.09 billion) was allocated to ESA and
5.4% or 114 million euros (USD 134.52 million) to
EUMETSAT. The DLR's institutional funding
accounted for about half of the total funding, at 1.035
billion euros (USD 1.22 billion), including the 285
million euros (USD 336.3 million) earmarked for the
country's National Space Programme.
In 2019, Germany's space budget rose by 23.38% to
2.591 billion euros (USD 2.9 billion), including
contribution to ESA totalling 927.1 million euros
(USD 1.04 billion). DLR received institutional
funding of 1.664 billion euros (USD 1.86 billion) for
space research (including aviation, energy, and
transport), including 285 million euros (USD 319.2
million) earmarked for the National Space
Programme. In 2020, the budget rose by 4.3% to
2.703 billion euros (USD 3.08 billion), including
981.7 million euros (USD 1.12 billion) contribution
to ESA and 1.721 billion euros (USD 1.96 billion)
institutional funding to DLR.
5.9 Hungary - Hungarian Space Research
Of ice (HSO)
Formed in 1992, HSO coordinates Hungary's space
program, including its relationship with ESA. In
December 2019, the minister of Foreign Affairs and
trade mentioned the government would spend HUF
10 billion (USD 33.9 million) over the next three
years to launch a Hungarian astronaut to space in
2024 collaborating with Russia .
Europe
Comet Lovejoy over Ceccano, Italy in 2020.
(Image credit:
Gianluca Masi/The Virtual Telescope Project)
5.10 Italy - Italian Space Agency (ASI)
ASI coordinates Italy's space program. In 2018, Italy
budgeted 1.021 billion euros (about USD 1.2 billion)
for space, with 470 million euros (USD 554.6
million), approximately 46% of its total space
budget, allocated to ESA. Italy is the third-largest
contributor country to ESA's space programs . In
2019, Italy's space budget increased by 7% to 1.099
billion euros (USD 1.23 billion). Its allocation to ESA
declined by 10% to 420 million euros (USD 470.4
million). In 2020, the budget decreased by 9.6% to
994 million euros (USD 1.13 billion). However, its
contribution to ESA increased by 58.5% to 665.8
million euros (USD 759.01 million), accounting for
66.98% of its total space budget in 2020 . Italy's
contribution to ESA is expected to remain
reasonably stable, at about 75% of the country's
total space budget for each year.
5.11 Luxembourg - Luxembourg Space
Agency (LSA)
Luxembourg's government provides funding to the
space sector via LuxIMPULSE, its national
programme, ESA, and the promotion of Research,
Development, and Innovation. In 2016, Luxembourg
established the Space Resources Initiative. It
earmarked USD 223 million of its national space
budget to provide early-stage funding and grants to
companies working toward space mining. In 2018, it
started working on establishing the Luxembourg
Space Fund valued at USD 116 million through a
public-private partnership. This is to provide equity
funding for new space companies with ground-
breaking ideas and technology. No additional
funding has been allocated aside from these .
Luxembourg space program is targeted toward
supporting private sector innovation and creating a
suitable environment for space business. As of 2020,
the country was home to approximately 60
companies and private research labs, employing
more than 840 people.
5.12 Norway - Norwegian Space
Agency (NOSA)
NOSA is responsible for organizing Norwegian
space activities, particularly concerning ESA and
the EU, and coordinating national space activities.
In 2017, Norway allocated NOK 1,154 million (USD
140 million) to space activities, a doubling of
funding in real terms compared with 2008 . 90%
of the total funding went to ESA, EU space program,
and EUMETSAT, with ESA and EU receiving 25% of
it. Norway's contributions to the EU accounted for
some 90% of funding. Contributions to EU
programmes have increased over the years and
now account for about 25% of the Norwegian
institutional space budget. In 2020, the total budget
was NOK 1265 million (USD 148 million), a 4.76%
increase from the 2017 budget . With upstream
and downstream applications, in 2015, the
Norwegian space industry generated NOK 7 billion
(USD 868 million) in revenues, according to NOSA
5.13 Poland - Polish Space Agency (POLSA)
Poland's space expenditure is expected to increase
over the medium and long terms as the Polish
government develops national satellite systems
capabilities. In 2018, the Polish Space Agency
announced an 8-year budget plan of 1.429 billion
PLN (USD 420 million) for priority projects related to
national satellite systems, support schemes for the
private sector units, public administration, and non-
governmental organisations .
In 2019, the Polish Space Agency (POLSA)
announced its National Space Programme 2019-
2021 with a total budget of 284.5 million PLN (USD
75.53 million), averaging USD 25.17 million annually.
The budget is expected to fund the implementation
of 54 complementary projects grouped into eight
subject areas: large projects, support of the
downstream sector, innovations, international
environment, internships and training, education,
promotion, and complementary projects. There is no
indication of whether the COVID-19 pandemic has
impacted this.
30

5.14 Portugal - Portugal Space (PT)
Portugal established PT in March 2019 with a budget
of 28.4 million euros (USD 31.8 million) to "promote
and strengthen space in Portugal's ecosystem and
value chain, for the bene it of society and economy in
the country and worldwide." The budget is shared
among space activities related to ESA (18.2 million
e u ro s ( U S D 2 0 . 3 8 m i l l i o n ) , t h e Eu ro p e a n
Organisation for Astronomical Research (ESO), and
EUMETSAT and its national space programme . In
2020, Portugal's budget to ESA increased by 16.67%
to 21 million euros (USD 23.94 million), following its
medium-term commitment to ESA's Space19+
budget to 102 million euros (USD 123.8 million), up
from 73 million euros (USD 88.43 million) allocated
in 2016.
PT plans to grow Portugal's space economy tenfold,
from the current 40-50 million euros (USD 48.2 –
60.25 million) valuation, by proposing to spend 2.5
billion euros (USD 3.03 billion) in national,
European, and international space-related projects
in the decade 2020-2030 .
5.15 Russia - Roscosmos State Corporation
for Space Activities (Roscosmos)
Roscosmos received a budget of USD 3.3 billion in
2018 . In 2019, the budget declined by 21% to USD
2.6 billion. In 2020, Roscosmos' budget increased by
6.5% to 176 billion rubles (USD 2.77 billion) . The
impact of Covid-19 on Russia's space budget is not
known yet. However, the pandemic did affect some
scheduled programs, causing launch delays. For
instance, ESA and Roscosmos pushed back the
launch of the life-hunting ExoMars rover, initially
planned for July 2020 to 2022.
5.16 Spain - National Institute for
Aerospace Technology (INTA)
INTA is responsible for state research and
development in space, aeronautics, hydrodynamics,
and defence. In 2018, the Agency's budget was 188.6
million euros (USD 222.55 million) . In 2019, the
budget slightly increased by 0.74% to 190 million
euros (USD 212.8 million) . The 2020 budget is
estimated to be 189.2 million euros (USD 215.69
million), based on the average of the previous two
years. Spain's contribution to ESA remained
relatively stable in 2018 and 2019 at 204.9 million
(USD 248.56 million) and 201.8 million euros (USD
244.80 million). In 2020, Spain's contribution to ESA
rose by 23.6% to 249.5 million euros (USD 302.67
million) .
31
Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis
5.17 Sweden - Swedish National Space
Agency (SNSA)
In 2018, Sweden's space budget was SEK 1,195,659
thousand (USD 132.7 million), with SEK 192 087
thousand (USD 21.32 million) spent on the national
space agency, SEK 934 179 thousand (USD 103.69
million) allocated to ESA, SEK 7,190 thousand (USD
0.80 million) for other international projects, and
SEK 34 770 thousand (USD 3.9 million) was spent on
administration appropriation , and SEK 27 433
thousand (USD 3.05 million) was spent on the
Esrange Space centre. In 2019, the budget decreased
0.6% to 1 123 356 000 SEK (USD 120.2 million). In
October 2020, the Swedish government announced
plans to invest SEK 90 million (USD 10.2 million)
over the next three years to upgrade the Esrange
Space Center to host small satellite launches starting
in 2022.
5.18 Switzerland - Swiss Space Of ice (SSO)
In 2019, Switzerland budgeted 156 million euros
(USD 184.08 million) for space activities, out of which
95.8% or 149.4 million euros (USD 176.29 million)
was allocated to ESA while the remaining 6.6 million
euros (USD 8.01 million) was spent on
complementary national activities . Complete
budget information was not available for 2019.
However, by applying the same percentage to its
1 5 8 . 4 m i l l i o n e u ro s ( U S D 1 9 2 . 1 5 m i l l i o n )
contribution to ESA, we estimate that the total 2019
budget was 166 million euros (USD 185.92 million).
In 2020, the budget increased by 5.3% to 175.9
million euros (USD 200.53 million), with 167 million
euros (USD 202.59 million) allocated to ESA .
5.19 The Netherlands - Netherlands
Space Of ice (NSO)
N S O i s t h e D u tc h g ove r n m e n t s e c re t a r i a t
responsible for the policy advisory and execution of
several space programs. NSO also coordinates with
ESA for the implementation of ESA programs in the
Netherlands. In terms of budget for space activities,
the Dutch government disburses a signi icant
portion of its spending to ESA programs annually. It
funds other national programs implemented by NSO
through a three-year funding structure. The Dutch
government contributed 91.1 million euros (USD
107.5 million), 78 million euros (USD 87.36 million)
and 100.3 million euros (USD 114.34 million) to ESA
programs in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
 Europe
For other national space programs, NSO received
29.7 million euros (USD 35.79 million) for the 2017-
2019 period. Of this, 11 million euros (USD 12.58
million) were contributed by the Ministry of
Economic Affairs and Climate Policy and Ministry of
Education, Culture and Science and 18.7 million
euros (USD 21.37 million) from the Ministry of
Culture and Science. The majority of NSO funding is
spent developing and promoting satellite data and
technology, promoting space science and technology
education, and co- inancing satellite cluster
instruments. NSO is also looking at implementing
the Team High Tech Systems and Materials (HTSM)
recommendations between the Netherlands and the
European Space Research and Technology Centre
(ESTEC) .
5.20 Ukraine - State Space Agency of
Ukraine (SSAU)
The State Space Agency of Ukraine manages
Ukraine's space programs. In 2018, Ukraine
budgeted UAH 2.48 billion (USD 88.3 million). The
budget decreased by 14% to UAH 2.13 billion (USD
75.8 million) in 2019 . According to SSAU, the
industry generated UAH 5.49 billion (USD 200
million) in 2017, a 24% growth over 2016 . In
January 2021, the Ukraine Cabinet of Ministers
approved the nation's space program for 2021 -
2025, inanced with UAH 30 billion (USD 1.07
billion) in funding. UAH 15 billion (USD 530 million)
will come from the government's national budget.
This averages about USD 106 million annually .
The budget will primarily be spent on earth
observation technologies and navigation systems,
security, and job creation.
5.21 United Kingdom – United Kingdom
Space Agency (UKSA)
The UK space budget in 2018 was 392.6 million
pounds (USD 498.6 million), out of which 334.8
million euros (USD 395.06 million) were allocated to
ESA and 65.4 million pounds (USD 83.06 million) to
national space programmes. The 2018 budget
included 27.8 million pounds (USD 38.7 million)
earmarked for the UK's International Partnership
Programmes (IPP) to support the UK space
industry's collaborate with foreign partners on
space-enabled development projects . In 2019, the
UK's space budget declined 5.9% to 369.4 million
pounds (USD 483.91 million), including a euro-
denominated contribution to ESA of 370 million USD
414.4 million).
The budget increased by 23.8% to 457.4 million
pounds (USD 585.5 million) in 2020, including
334.2 million pounds (USD 454.5 million) allocated
to ESA and 28.8 million pounds (USD 39.17 million)
earmarked for the UK's exit from EU space
programmes . The UK government in 2020
invested an additional USD 500 million to rescue
OneWeb from bankruptcy and now owns a 45%
stake in the company. One of the aims for this is to
develop its navigation system since BREXIT made
the country no longer dependent on the EU
navigation systems.
5.22 Other European Countries
Many other European member countries of ESA
commit most of their budget for space activities to
ESA programs. These include the Czech Republic,
Estonia, Finland, Greece, Ireland, and Romania.
Other countries with cooperation agreement with
ESA include Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus,
Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovakia, and Slovenia. For
example, with no established national space agency,
Ireland manages its investment in space primarily
through its Department of Business, Enterprise, and
Innovation. Ireland's space budget is mainly
allocated to ESA space programs. Ireland's
contribution to ESA has increased steadily over the
past three years, from 17.4 million euros (USD
20.53 million) in 2018 up 10.34% to 20 million
euros (USD 22.4 million) in 2019 and another 1.6%
up to 24.8 million euros (USD 28.27 million) in
2020. Space investment in Ireland is expected to
grow steadily in the coming years following the
National Space Strategy for Enterprise 2019-2025
by the Department of Business, Enterprise, and
Innovation .
Other countries and territories in Europe have
varying level of national space development. The
Isle of Man is trying to attract commercial space
companies to set up in the state, taking advantage of
its attractive policies and tax waivers. At the same
time, Vatican City is host to the Vatican Observatory.
Both territories do not have a space program.
Serbian Of ice for Space Sciences, Research and
Development (SERBSPACE), created as a non-
governmental organisation in August 2016, is
developing the space sector in Serbia and is
currently in talks with the government for the
creation of the Serbian Space Agency.
32
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

Europe is home to hundreds of commercial space companies across the industry value chain, delivering
various products and services. In 2003, ESA established the ESA Business Incubation Centres (ESA BICs). Over
700 start-ups have been created and nurtured through this, providing thousands of jobs in the ecosystem .

5.23 European Space Agency (ESA)

ESA 2018 Budget

ESA 2019 Budget

ESA 2020 Budget

33
 Europe
ESA's total budget for 2018 amounted to 5.6 billion
euros (USD 6.6 billion). The budget was funded by
ESA's 22 member nations, Canada, and associate
members: Latvia and Slovenia. Together, all
participating nations pooled a total of 3.88 billion
euros (USD 4.58 billion). France was the largest
contributor, contributing a total of 962.1 million
euros (USD 1.14 billion), which constituted 24.2% of
the 3.88 billion euros (USD 4.7 billion), followed
closely by Germany with 920.7 million euros (USD
1.09 billion) which accounted for 23.1%. Italy and
the UK's contribution made up 11.8% and 8.4%
respectively. Aside from member countries'
contributions, incomes from the EU, EUMETSAT and
other sources contributed the remaining 1.62 billion
euros (USD 1.91 billion) to ESA's budget in 2018 .
In 2019, ESA spent 5.72 billion euros (USD 6.41
billion), a 2.9% decline from 2018. ESA members
contributed a total of 4.18 billion euros (USD 4.68
billion). France remained the highest contributor
with 28.1%, followed by Germany (22.2%), Italy
(10.1%) and the UK (8.8%). The remaining 1.54
billion euros (USD 1.72 billion) came from
programmes implemented for other institutional
partners, such as the EU, EUMETSAT and others .
ESA budgeted 6.68 billion euros (USD 7.62 billion) in
2020, an 18.86% increase from 2019.
Member countries contributed 4.87 billion euros
(USD 5.77 billion). The remaining 1.81 billion euros
(USD 2.14 billion) came from incomes from the EU,
EUMETSAT and other sources .
The European Ministerial Councils usually bring
together ESA's Member States and observers every
two to three years to decide on new proposals and
funding for ESA's next years of work. The latest was
the Space19+ held in November 2019, where
proposals for Europe's future in space were
submitted . At Space19+, ESA member states
committed to providing a total of 14.4 billion euros
(USD 15.9 billion) in funding over 3-5 years for the
Agency's space programmes . The funds will be
used for:
Ÿ Gateway, the irst space station to orbit the Moon,
allowing European astronauts to go to the Moon
for the irst time.
Ÿ To develop "the irst fully lexible satellite
systems to be integrated with 5G networks. "
Ÿ The Hera mission, in connection with NASA, to
protect the Earth from asteroids
Ÿ The irst gravitational wave detector in space,
LISA
Ÿ The black-hole mission Athena, designed to
"enable fundamental advances in our
understanding of the basic physics of the
Universe."
Ÿ The "Mars Sample Return" mission, also in
cooperation with NASA
Ÿ Space Rider, "ESA's new reusable spaceship.”
With this new commitment, Germany is the highest
contributor to ESA, committing 3.29 billion euros
(USD 3.9 billion) which constitute 22.9% of ESA's
total budget, followed by France's 2.66 billion euros
(USD 3.15 billion) makes up 18.5%. In contrast, Italy
and the UK contributions make up 15.9% and 11.5%
respectively .
Governments in Europe estimated the
pandemic's impact on the global space industry
could be up to 1 billion euros (USD 1.21 billion),
mainly due to delay in several missions and
operations. This saw a slight reduction in the ESA
budget. ESA's 2021 budget is 6.49 billion euros (USD
7.86 billion), a 2.84% decrease from the 2020
budget. 22% for EO, 18.9% for Navigation, 18.1% for
space transportation, 10.4% for human and robotic
exploration and 8.6% for scienti ic programme. The
budget was inanced with 67% income from
Member States of ESA, 26% income from EU, 3%
income from EUMETSAT and 4% from other
sources .
34
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

5.24 EUMETSAT - European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites

EUMETSAT 2018 budget

EUMETSAT is Europe's principal intergovernmental institution primarily responsible for supplying weather
and climate-related satellite data, images, and products to the National Meteorological Services of its 30
member states in Europe and other users worldwide. In 2018, EUMETSAT budgeted 722.4 million euros (USD
852.43 million) for its expenditures. Its 30 member states contributed a total of 594.6 million euros (USD
701.63 million). More recent data is not available.

5.25 European Union Space Programme

The European Union invests in satellite navigation (Galileo, EGNOS), Earth observation, government satellite
communications (GovSatCom) and Space Situational Awareness (SSA). These are collectively known as the EU
Space Programme. The EU Space Programme has a multiannual budget structure spanning six-seven
years. The budget has signi icantly grown from 5 billion euros (USD 6.04 billion) in 2007-2013 to 11 billion
euros (USD 13.29 billion) for 2014-2020, experiencing a 120% increase. For the next long-term EU budget
2021-2027, the European Commission proposed to devote 16 billion euros (USD 19.37 billion) to help
maintain and further enhance the EU's leadership in space. The new budget proposes to allocate 9.7 billion
euros (USD 11.72 billion) for Galileo and EGNOS, 5.8 billion euros (USD 7.01 billion) for Copernicus and 500
million euros (USD 604.21 million) for new security components. However, as the coronavirus pandemic
heightened, the European Commission revised the budget proposal to 15.2 billion euros (USD 18.37 billion) in
May. The Commission has further reduced the budget to a maximum of 13.2 billion euros (USD 15.2 billion),
focusing mainly on the navigation and EO programmes. This is a 20% increase from the previous budget.

35
6
Latin America and
The Caribbean (LAC)
 Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)
LAC's budget growth rate in comparison to Africa
Currently, ten countries in LAC have space agencies.
LAC is one of the least inancially invested continents
in space, despite many countries having space
programs since the 1970s. Brazil, Mexico and
Argentina have the largest space budgets in the
region. At least nine LAC countries have launched a
satellite in the last decade, mostly through
partnerships with other countries such as
Azerbaijan, China, Russia, and the USA. Between
2018 and 2020, LAC's space average annual budget
growth recorded a negative 2.04%, compared to
Africa's growth of 34.79%.
LAC countries like Peru have expressed plans to
become more dominant in the coming decades. Still,
it is unclear how they will achieve this, primarily as
most LAC space agencies are instituted under the
defence ministry and do not have as much
operational independence. Some countries, such as
Peru and Venezuela, have their budget passed as a
part of the defence budget. The defence ministry
de ines the projects that will be executed in these
agencies. Recent years have shown that in some
countries such as Brazil, space agencies' budgets are
vulnerable to political instability.
Like Asia, not many LAC countries have transparent
budget models. In some cases, space budgets are
subject to inter-ministerial oversight due to their
agencies' arrangement. This makes it challenging for
non-Spanish speakers to derive the exact amount
invested in space on the continent. However, the top
three countries, Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil, are
more open with their data.
Governments in Latin America and the
Caribbean spent a cumulative USD
492.65 million over the three years.
The region spent USD 164.75 million
in 2018, USD 170.3 million in 2019,
and USD 157.6 million in 2020. In
2019, the budget increased by 3.37%
and then reduced by 7.46% in 2020.
The region recorded a negative annual
growth rate of 2.04%.
37
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

LAC 2018 LAC 2019 LAC 2020

Budget distribution for 2018 Budget distribution for 2019 Budget distribution for 2020

38
 Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)
6.1 Argentina - Argentina National Space
Activities Commission (CONAE)
Argentina has been developing its space program
since the 1940s and was one of the founding
members of the International Astronautical
Federation as well as the irst Latin America country
to send an object into space using an indigenously
developed rocket. CONAE was established in May
1991. In 2016, the country was considering
increasing its space budget to USD 180 million per
year through 2027, but this did not materialise.
Argentina budgeted USD 45 million for CONAE's
operations and national space activities in 2019.
Given that space programs are planned for the long
term, the pandemic's impact remains to be seen on
Argentina's space program. Since the pandemic has
seriously impacted Argentina's economy, changes
in national resource allocation are expected.
Towards future preparations, Argentina's 2021
national budget irst draft promised a 5.5%
increase.
6.2 Bolivia - Bolivian Space Agency (ABE)
ABE was established in 2010 as a strategic national
public enterprise to implement the nation's space
programs under the country's Ministry of Public
Works, Services and Housing supervision. Following
the launch of its irst telecommunications satellite,
contracted from China Great Wall Industry
Corporation in December 2013, Bolivia has
continued to make considerable annual investments
in its space programs. Bolivia's annual budget for its
space program has remained relatively stable in the
past three years, with USD 30.4 million in 2018, a
0.3% decrease to USD 30.3 million in 2019, and a 2%
increase to USD 32.9 million in 2020 .
6.3 Brazil - Brazilian Space Agency (AEB)
AEB has suffered signi icant budget cuts since 2015
due to the country's economic crisis that began in
2014. AEB's budget was USD 70 million in 2015 but
declined 35.7% to USD 45 million in 2019 and even
further 34% to USD 29.7 million in 2020 . In
November 2019, Brazil's Senate approved the
Technological Safeguards Agreement (TSA) and
rati ied the treaty on November 19, 2019. This treaty
allows rockets launches carrying US technologies to
be launched from the Alcâ ntara Launch Centre (CLA)
in North-Eastern Brazil and opens the door for the
centre's commercial use. It is estimated that the
agreement will generate approximately USD 3.5
billion in revenue for the country.
Brazil is also host to INPE (National Space Research
Institute), a research institution focusing on space
and atmospheric sciences, which implements
programmes such as the China-Brazil Earth
Resources Satellite program (CBERS), various
tropical forest monitoring programs, and the
Complete Brazilian Space Mission (MECB).
6.4 Chile – Chilean Space Agency
A Chilean Space Agency was established in 2001 and
dissolved in 2014. However, in 2019, the Chilean Air
Force Logistic Command said the nation is willing to
acquire a USD 200 million EO satellite of 0.5 meters
resolution. In October 2020, the President
announced the nation's new National Satellite
System, which will see the country launch three
satellites, forming a national satellite constellation.
The cost of this project is unknown.
6.5 Columbia - Columbia Space
Commission (CSS)
The Colombian Space Commission was created in
2006 but did not have a dedicated budget . The
Commission's primary goal is to provide access to
space technologies in telecoms, remote sensing, and
navigation. Its other focus includes astronautics &
astronomy, knowledge management, space policy ,
and geospatial database management. While the
commission is currently developing a National Space
Policy, the academic and private sectors have been
driving space technologies in Colombia. Universities
in the country have developed budgets for
developing their nanosatellites, such as the
University of Sergio Arboleda, which developed
Libertad II.
6.6 Costa Rica – Costa Rican
Space Agency
In July 2020, a bill was approved to create the Costa
Rican Space Agency; the agency began work with the
National Centre for High Technology, CeNat, which
also provided seed capital for the new agency.
According to the bill, the agency will have an annual
budget of 0.5% from the national budget and other
sources . With a national budget of USD 19 billion
for 2021, this amounts to USD 95 million in space
budget for 2021.
39

6.7 Ecuador - Ecuadorian Civil Space
Agency (EXA)
EXA was founded in 2007; however, its operating
budget is unknown. The Ecuadorian state backs it
through the Ecuadorian Air Force. It is reportedly
developing both crewed and uncrewed
space lights, a moon program, and satellite
projects .
6.8 Mexico - Mexican Space Agency (AEM)
AEM was established in 2010 to coordinate the
nation's space program as an institution under the
Ministry of Communications and Transportation
(SCT). In 2018, the Mexican government budgeted
USD 50 million for its space program, a 37.5%
decline from the USD 80 million budgeted in 2017.
More recent budget information was not available.
The most extensive government space program in
Mexico is the Mexican Satellite System (MEXSAT), a
mini constellation of three satellites, MexSat 1-3,
operated by the country's Ministry of
Communications & Transportation.
6.9 Paraguay - Paraguay Space
Agency (AEP)
AEP was founded in 2014 with the objective of
capacity development in space technologies and
sustainable infrastructural development. Its
operating budget is unknown, although it is planning
to launch its irst satellite in 2021.
Arecibo Observatory, before its fall
(Credit: University of Central Florida)
40
Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis
6.10 Peru - National Commission for
Aerospace Research and Development
(CONIDA)
CONIDA was founded in 1974 to research rocket
technology and astronomy. The budget information
for this agency is not available. Most of the space
activities in Peru have been in partnership with
organisations, companies, and Universities. In May
2020, it signed a new space situational awareness
agreement with US Space Command, joining the U.S.-
led network of countries that share information on
space objects tracked by satellites and ground
sensors.
6.11 Other LAC Countries
A few other LAC countries are embracing space
technologies at varying levels. For example, while
Cuba does not have a space program, it has partnered
with countries like Russia, especially in the satellite
navigation system area. Guatemala space program is
still at a very early stage; however, it launched a
CubeSat through the KiboCube program in 2020.
Without a space agency, Venezuela in 2008 launched
a communications satellite that got lost in orbit in
2020. It is now working on launching a replacement
in 2022.
6.12 Latin American and Caribbean
Space Agency (ALCE)
In November 2020, Mexico collaborated with
Argentina to launch ALCE; a declaration on the
cooperation mechanism's constitution was signed
on 9 October 2020, within the UN World Space Week
framework. Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Columbia, El
Salvador, and Peru were also invited to join. Bolivia,
Ecuador, El Salvador, and Paraguay joined, while
Colombia and Peru are currently observers,
according to Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs
Marcelo Ebrard. The creation of ALCE aligns with
Mexico's ambition to be a regional space
superpower. The amount of investment from the
country and other members of the agency is
unknown.
7 North America
 North America
North America's budget growth rate in comparison to Africa
Despite having only two space nations - Canada and
the USA, North America is the leading continent in
terms of investment in space. This is primarily due to
the US, which takes 99% of the continent's space
agency budget. The US remains the country with the
highest space budget globally while also making
other space investments. In recent times, the US has
had to reduce its space budget due to more private
participation, allowing for a bigger space industry
with less direct government spending.
In recent times, however, other continents are
beginning to increase their space budgets to rival the
US. A notable competition being with Asia, where
China is the leading country. Between 2018 and
2020, North America's space budget experienced a
negative 3.40% average annual growth, compared to
Africa's positive 34.79%.
North America has the highest budget
across all regions, primarily because
of the USA, which is home to the
world's largest space industry. In
2018, North America spent USD 41.3
billion, which declined to USD 40.26
billion in 2019, and further fell to USD
38.54 billion in 2020. Cumulatively,
the region spent USD 120.103 billion
on space agency management
between 2018 and 2020. In 2019, the
budget reduced by 2.51% and further
reduced by 4.29% in 2020. The
region's budget recorded an annual
growth of -3.4%.
42
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

North America 2018 North America 2019 North America 2020

Budget distribution for 2018 Budget distribution for 2019 Budget distribution for 2020

43
North America

7.1 Canada - Canadian Space Agency (CSA)

Canadarm2, the Canadian robotic arm on the International Space Station (Credit: Roscosmos)

Canada has decades of indigenous capabilities in space, starting from the 1960s when it became the third
country to launch a satellite. Canada's new space capabilities include crewed space exploration at the
International Space Station, telecommunications and earth observation satellite programs, synthetic aperture
radar (SAR) and computer vision systems, aerospace manufacturing, and robotics. In 2018, the Canadian
government budgeted USD 299.66 million for space programs coordinated by CSA. The budget fell by 11.7% to
USD 264.67 million in 2019 and a further 6.1% to USD 249.56 million in 2020. The pandemic may have had a
less direct impact on Canada's space budget for 2020 and 2021. The country plans to spend CAD 395 million
(USD 290.7 million) on space activities in the 2020-21 iscal year, representing a 5.8% increase from the total
expenditure in 2019-20. The budget is expected to decrease by 5.7% to CAD 372.4 million (USD 274 million) in
the 2021-22 iscal year.
7.2 United States of America - National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
The United States government is the world's largest projects to cushion the pandemic's effect. In March
space spender and has the most extensive space 2020, NASA received USD 60 million courtesy of
program. In 2018, the US government allocated USD the Coronavirus Response Additional
41 billion to space activities, a 14.8% decrease from Supplemental Appropriations (CARES) Act to
the USD 48 billion earmarked for space in 2017. offset the pandemic expenses. The US Senate
This included separate budget items for the creation further earmarked USD 1.5 billion supplemental
of a Space Force as a branch of the US military and the funding for NASA as part of the overall USD 306
establishment of a Space Development Agency, and billion CARES Act, 2020.
accelerated plans for a human lunar mission. NASA's
NASA's budget for 2021 is USD 23.3 billion, a 3%
budget in 2018 was USD 20.7 billion, accounting for
increase over 2020. The increase almost entirely
50.5% of the total government budget for space. The
directed toward supporting a 2024 crewed lunar
US government's space allocation declined by 2.4% to
return, with over USD 3 billion proposed for
USD 40 billion in 2019 . NASA's budget for 2020 is
human landing systems. Also, the Defence Space
USD 22.629 billion, a 5.3% increase from 2019
Domain budget request for 2021 is USD 18.0
with a Defence Space Budget request of USD 14.1
billion, including USD 15.4 billion for the US Space
billion.
Force (compared to the USD 40 million it received
The pandemic's full impact on the US space budget in 2020), USD 249 million for US Space Command
has yet to be ascertained. During the 2020 pandemic, and USD 337 million for the Space Development
the US government reiterated its commitment to a Agency. This shows that despite the pandemic,
crewed mission to the Moon by 2024. There are also the US is increasing its budget for space.
instances of supplemental funding to space agency

44
8
Oceania
 Oceania

The space industry on the Oceania continent
includes Australia, New Zealand, and Paci ic Island
countries. Australia operates several agencies
working in different sectors of the space industry.
The New Zealand government is focused more on
providing regulatory infrastructure to attract
private sector participation in the country's space
industry.
With no space program, Fiji is host to Yuan Wang, a
Chinese space and satellite tracking ship built in
2008 .
In 2015, India's Prime Minister, Narendra Modi,
announced India's plan to set up a satellite
monitoring and tracking station in the Paci ic Island
nation. However, there is no update on whether this
has been completed . In 2020, China announced it
is working on restoring collaboration with the
Paci ic States of Kiribati, which is host to a
mothballed Chinese tracking station. The station
was instrumental in China's irst human space
light.

Oceania's budget growth rate in comparison to Africa

Between 2018 and 2020, Oceania's space budget experienced a negative 69.39% average annual depletion
compared to Africa's growth of 34.79%.

Despite being a small continental region with an emerging space economy, the
governments in Oceania spent USD 270.94 million on their space sector
between 2018 and 2020. The expenditure in 2018 was USD 226.14 million,
USD 30.3 million in 2019, and USD 14.49 million in 2020. In 2019, the budget
declined by 86.6%, and further fell by 52.18%. The region recorded a negative
growth rate of 69.39% for the period.

46
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

Oceania 2018 Oceania 2019 Oceania 2020

Budget distribution for 2018 Budget distribution for 2019 Budget distribution for 2020

47
Oceania

The Australian space industry received a response

8.1 Australia - Australian Space Agency (ASA)
Australian space spending is carried out by
different civil agencies. These include the newly-
established ASA, Digital Earth Australia(DEA),
Geoscience Australia, Bureau of Meteorology, the
Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation
(AGO) and the Commonwealth Scienti ic and
Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the
Australian Defence Ministry, which spends up to
USD 1 billion in space-related activities.
In 2018, the Australian government budgeted a
total of AUD 315,800,000 (USD 222.4 million) for
civilian space activities, with a signi icant portion of
the budget spanning over four years across several
agencies. The government allocated AUD 41
million (USD 28.9 million) as seed funding for ASA,
including AUD 15 million (USD 11.65 million)
earmarked for the International Space Investment
(ISI) initiative aimed at fostering international
partnerships and increase the competitiveness of
Australian businesses within the global space
economy. Digital Earth Australia, a digital data
cube for satellite data, received USD 26 million in
additional funding spread over four years, plus its
USD 9 million annual budget. The government
further allocated AUD 224.9 million (USD 158.4
million) to Geoscience Australia to make reliable
positioning data, accurate to 10 centimetres,
available on land, air, and sea across Australia. The
allocation is spread over four years, with USD 112.7
million earmarked to deliver Australia SBAS and
USD 45.1 million reserved for the National
Positioning Infrastructure Capability (NPIC),
including ground station networks.
package for deferral of regulatory charging
arrangements worth AUD 304,000 (USD 0.21
million). Australia budgeted AUD 3.4 million (USD
2.36 million) for growing its space industry in the
2020-21 iscal year, with plans to increase the
funding to AUD 8.5 million (USD 5.9 million) in the
2021-22 budget. The budget for ISI increased from
AUD 3 million (USD 2.06 million) in 2019-20 to AUD
5 million (USD 3.47 million) in 2020-21, with a
further AUD 7 million (USD 4.86 million) estimated
for 2021-22. The Space Infrastructure Fund also
increased from AUD 5.1 million (USD 3.5 million) in
2019-20 to AUD 6.8 million (USD 4.7 million) in
2020-21, with a decline to AUD 4.9 million (USD 3.36
million) estimated for 2021-22.
8.2 New Zealand - New Zealand
Space Agency
The New Zealand Space Agency was established in
2016 under the Ministry of Business, Innovation, and
Employment. It serves as an agency for space policy,
regulation, and sector development. The agency is
funded from the research budget for the Ministry of
Business, Innovation, and Employment. The
government serves primarily as a regulator and
facilitator for private space industries. In 2019,
the estimated revenue for the space sector was USD
1.7 billion. As a regulator, New Zealand's Space
Agency has a ixed budget of USD 3.75 million for a
four-year iscal period 2017-2021, totalling USD 15
million. The country plans to launch a satellite by
2022.

In 2019, the Australian government provided a

further AUD 19.5 million (USD 13.4 million) to ASA
for the Space Infrastructure Fund (SIF) to support
its emerging domestic space industry. ASA secured
AUD 6 million (USD 4.1 million) from the Adelaide
City Deal in 2019 for the Australian Space Discovery
Centre. DEA received AUD 13 million (USD 9
million) in the annual operations budget in 2019,
bringing the year's total budget to USD 26.6 million,
about an 8% decrease from 2018.

Following the pandemic outbreak, the Australian

government announced the Economic and Fiscal
Update in July 2020 as a budgetary response
package to mitigate the impact of Covid-19.

48
9 Economic Blocs
 Economic Blocs

9.1 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation - APEC

2019 Budget

2020 Budget
2018 Budget

Budget Percentage of GDP for 2020

Budget Percentage of GDP for 2018 Budget Percentage of GDP for 2019

50
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

9.2 Group of 20 – G20

2018 Budget 2019 Budget 2020 Budget

Budget Percentage of GDP for 2018 Budget Percentage of GDP for 2019 Budget Percentage of GDP for 2020

51
 Economic Blocs

9.3 North Atlantic Treaty Organization - NATO

2018 Budget 2019 Budget 2020 Budget

Budget Percentage of GDP for 2018 Budget Percentage of GDP for 2019 Budget Percentage of GDP for 2020

52
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

9.4 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD

2018 Budget 2019 Budget 2020 Budget

Budget Percentage of GDP for 2018 Budget Percentage of GDP for 2019 Budget Percentage of GDP for 2020

53
Appendix 1
Budgetary Transparency Index
 Budgetary Transparency Index

Budget Transparency Index

Class A (Blue): These countries have their space budget reported on the of icial government website/archive,
and, where applicable, it is available in multiple languages. This is retrieved from the government budget of ice
website, the Ministry of Finance website, the Space Agency website, or other of icial government documents.

Class B (Green): These countries do not have their space budget reported on the of icial government website,
but the data was retrieved from a government of icial and reported by a third party. The government of icial is
usually the space agency director or Minister in charge. The third party is usually news and analytics platforms
such as Space in Africa. For example, budgets for Gabon, Egypt and Zimbabwe were retrieved from interviews
with the Agency directors.

Class C (Orange): These countries do not disclose their budgets. This may be due to several factors. In some
cases, there is no space agency (although there may be space research centres and similar institutions). In
other cases, those who have space agencies do not have it structured to allocate budgets to it periodically.

55
Appendix 2:
List of Abbreviations
List of Abbreviations

● ABE- Agencia Boliviana Espacial (Bolivian Space Agency)

● AEB- Agê ncia Espacial Brasileira (Brazilian Space Agency)

● AEC- Agè ncia Espacial de Catalunya (Catalan Space Agency)

● AEM- Agencia Espacial Mexicana (Mexican Space Agency)

● AGEOS- Agence Gabonaise D'é tudes et D'observations Espatiale (Gabonese Agency for Space Studies
and Observations)

● AGO- Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation

● ALCE- Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency (ALCE)

● ANGKASA- Agensi Angkasa Negara (National Space Agency)

● APSCO- Asia Paci ic Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO)

● Arabsat- Arab Satellite Organisation

● ASA- Australian Space Agency

● ASAL- Algerian Space Agency

● ASI- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (Italian Space Agency)

● AU- African Union

● AUD- Australian Dollar

● BSA- Belarus Space Agency

● CAD- Canadian Dollar

● CAST- China Academy of Space Technology

● CBERS- China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite program

● CeNat- National Centre for High Technology

● CGWIC- China Great Wall Industry Corporation

● CLA- Alcâ ntara Launch Centre

● CNES- Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (National Centre for Space Studies)

● CNSA- China National Space Administration

● CONAE- Comisió n Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (Argentina National Space Station)

● CONIDA- Comisió n Nacional de Investigació n y Desarrollo Aeroespacial (National Commission for

Aerospace Research and Development Peru)

● COPUOUS- Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space

● CRTS- Royal Centre for Remote Sensing

● CSA- Canadian Space Agency

57
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

● CSIRO- Commonwealth Scienti ic and Industrial Research Organisation

● CSS- Columbia Space Commission

● CSIRO- Commonwealth Scienti ic and Industrial Research Organisation

● DEA- Digital Earth Australia

● DKK- Danish Krone

● DLR- Deutsches Zentrum fü r Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Aerospace Center)

● DNSC- Danish National Space Centre

● DSA- Defence Space Administration

● DTU Space- National Space Institute Denmark

● EAS- Estonian Space Of ice

● EGNOS- European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service

● EgSA- Egyptian Space Agency

● EO- Earth Observation

● ESA- European Space Agency

● ESSTI- Ethiopian Space Science & Technology Institute

● ESTEC- European Space Research and Technology Centre

● ESO- European Organisation for Astronomical Research

● EU- European Union

● EXIM Bank of China- Export–Import Bank of China

● EUMETSAT- European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites

● EXA- Agencia Espacial Civil Ecuatoriana (Ecuadorian Civil Space Agency)

● FFG- Austrian Space Agency

● GEO- Geostationary Orbit

● GGPEN- National Space Program Management Of ice

● GISTDA- Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency

● GMES- Global Monitoring for Environment and Security

● GovSatCom- Government Satellite Communications

● GPS- Global Positioning Syatem

● GSSTI- Ghana Space Science & Technology Institute

● HSO- Hungarian Space Research Of ice

58
List of Abbreviations

● HTSM- HighTech Systems and Materials

● IAF- International Astronomy Federation

● INTA- Instituto Nacional de Té cnica Aeroespacial (National Institute for Aerospace Technology)

● IPP- International Partnership Programmes

● ISA- Israel Space Agency

● ISA- Iranian Space Agency

● ISI- International Space Investment

● ISRO- Indian Space Research Organisation

● JAXA- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

● JEM- Japanese Experiment Module

● KARI- Korea Aerospace Research Institute

● KazCosmos- Kazakhstan National Space Agency

● KSA- Kenyan Space Agency

● Kyutech- Kyushu Institute of Technology

● LAC- Latin America and the Caribbean

● LAPAN- Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional (National Institute of Aeronautics and Space)

● LEO- Low-Earth Orbit

● LSA- Luxembourg Space Agency

● MAIT- Manufacturing, Assembly, Integration and Testing facilities

● MECB- Missã o Espacial Completa Brasileira (Complete Brazilian Space Mission)

● MESTECC- Minister of Environment, Science, Technology, Energy and Climate Change

● MEXSAT- Mexican Satellite System

● MRSA- Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency

● MSC- Mabuhay Satellite Corporation

● MYSA- Malaysia Space Agency

● NARSS- National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences

● NASRDA- National Space Research and Development Agency

● NADA- National Aerospace Development Administration

● NASA- National Aeronautics and Space Administration

● NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization

 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

● NigComSat- Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited

● NOSA- Norwegian Space Agency

● NPIC- National Positioning Infrastructure Capability

● NSO- Netherlands Space Of ice

● NSPO- National Space Organization

● NTU- Nanyang Technological University

● OECD- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

● PADC- Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation

● PAGASA- Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

● PLN- Polish Zloty

● POLSA- Polish Space Agency

● PRSS- Pakistan Remote Sensing System

● PSA- Philippine Space Agency

● PT- Portugal Space

● Roscosmos- Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities

● RSA- Rwandan Space Agency

● R&D- Research and Technological Development

● SANSA- South African National Space Agency

● SAR- Synthetic Aperture Radar

● SBAS- Satellite-based Augmentation System

● SCT- Ministry of Communications and Transportation

● SEK- Swedish Krona

● SERBSPACE- Serbian Of ice for Space sciences, Research and Development

● SIF- Space Infrastructure Fund

● SMEs- Small and Medium Enterprises

● SNSA- Swedish National Space Agency

● SPARRSO- Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization

● SPOT- Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre

● SSA- Space Situational Awareness

● SSAU- State Space Agency of Ukraine

59
List of Abbreviations

● SSC- Saudi Space Commission

● SSO- Swiss Space Of ice

● SSTL- Singapore Space and Technology Limited

● SUPARCO- Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission

● TNSA- Turkmenistan National Space Agency

● TSA- Technological Safeguards Agreement

● TUA- Turkish Space Agency

● UAESA- United Arab Emirates Space Agency

● UAH- Ukrainian Hryvnia

● UKSA- United Kingdom Space Agency

● UN- United Nations

● UNICEF- United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund

● UNOOSA- United Nations Of ice for Outer Space Affairs

● UN-SPIDER- United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and
Emergency Response

● USD- United States Dollar

● UzbekCosmos- Uzbek State Space Research Agency

● VAST- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology

● VIC- Vienna International Centre

● VNSC- Vietnam National Space Centre

● ZINGSA- Zimbabwe National Geospatial and Space Agency

60
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4 Lisette Voytko, “Coronavirus Layoffs: Boeing Lays Off 6,770 Workers Amid Pandemic”, Forbes, 27 May 2020,
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13 Space in Africa, “Cameroon Plans to Launch a National Space Program”, Space in Africa, 26 August, 2019,
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15 North Africa Post, “Algeria slashes spending by 50% due to drop in oil earnings and coronavirus impact”, North Arica Post, 4
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16 Space in Africa “Africa Space Industry Annual Report”, Space in Africa, https://spaceinafrica.com/product/african-space-
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17 Ibid

18 Ver Angola, “Fitch: Angola in recession will have to pay 5 billion in debt”, Ver Angola, 15 June 2020,
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20 Space in Africa, “Peek into Egypt's Growing Capacity in Space And The Approved 10-Year National Plan”, Space in Africa, 11
March 2020, www.africanews.space/peek-into-egypts-growing-capacity-in-space-proposed-10-year-national-space-program/.

21 Space in Africa, “Egypt to Build Satellite City Industrialisation and Assembly Centre, Highlights Other Projects At the Space Day”,
Space in Africa, 19 February 2020, www.africanews.space/egypt-to-build-satellite-city-industrialisation-and-assembly-center-
highlights-other-projects-at-the-space-day/.

22 UNICEF, Ministry of inance, “Co-published brief on State budget for FY 20/21”, Ministry of inance Egypt, Accessed on 4 Nov
2020, http://www.mof.gov.eg/MOFGallerySource/English/PDF/Budget_2020-2021/Preliminary_document_Co-published.pdf.

62
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

23 Ministry of inance, “The state's general budget for the iscal year 2020/21”, Ministry of inance Egypt,
www.mof.gov.eg/Arabic/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D
9%8A%D9%87/PE/Pages/budget_2020-2021.aspx.

24 Space in Africa “Africa Space Industry Annual Report”, Space in Africa, https://spaceinafrica.com/product/african-space-
industry-annual-report-2020-edition/.

25 Ibid.

26 Ibid.

27 Cepheus, “Ethiopia's 2020/2021 budget”, Cepheus Research and Analytics, Accessed on 6 Nov 2020,
https://cepheuscapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Budget-Review-FY-2020-21.pdf.

28 Space in Africa “Africa Space Industry Annual Report”, Space in Africa, https://spaceinafrica.com/product/african-space-
industry-annual-report-2020-edition/.

29 Ibid.

30 Space in Africa “Africa Space Industry Annual Report”, Space in Africa, https://spaceinafrica.com/product/african-space-
industry-annual-report-2020-edition/.

31 Ibid.

32 Space in Africa “Kenya's Space Centre to Earn Sh25 Million Annually”, Space in Africa, https://africanews.space/kenyas-space-
centre-to-earn-sh25-million-annually/ .

33 Space in Africa “Africa Space Industry Annual Report”, Space in Africa, https://spaceinafrica.com/product/african-space-
industry-annual-report-2020-edition/.

34 Space in Africa “Africa Space Industry Annual Report”, Space in Africa, https://spaceinafrica.com/product/african-space-
industry-annual-report-2020-edition/.

35 Ibid.

36 Paul Carsten and Camillus Eboh, “Nigeria proposes steep basic healthcare budget cuts despite coronavirus”, Reuters, 5 June
2020, www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-nigeria/nigeria-proposes-steep-basic-healthcare-budget-cuts-despite-
coronavirus-idINL8N2DI3QF.

37 Muhammed Akinyemi, “Analysis: Rwanda and OneWeb's Bankruptcy Entanglement, a Partnership Gone Sour”, Space in Africa,
24 July 2020, https://africanews.space/analysis-rwanda-and-onewebs-bankruptcy-entanglement-a-partnership-gone-sour/.

38 Space in Africa, “Rwandan Government Cabinet Approves Draft Law Establishing Rwandan Space Agency”, Space in Africa, 18
May 2020, https://africanews.space/rwandan-government-cabinet-approves-draft-law-establishing-rwanda-space-agency/ .

39 Space in Africa “Africa Space Industry Annual Report”, Space in Africa, https://spaceinafrica.com/product/african-space-
industry-annual-report-2020-edition/.

40 Ibid.

41 Ibid.

42 Space in Africa “South Africa Cuts Science and Innovation Budget: Announces Plan for the Future”, Space in Africa,
https://africanews.space/south-africa-cuts-science-and-innovation-budget-announces-plan-for-the-future/

43 Space in Africa “South Africa to Build USD266 Million Space Hub: Promises Six Satellites”, Space in Africa,
https://africanews.space/south-africa-to-build-usd266-million-space-hub-promises-six-satellites/

44 Space in Africa “SANSA To Invest ZAR 1.5 billion Into Developing Pro itable Space Services For Self-sustainability”, Space in
Africa, https://africanews.space/sansa-to-invest-zar-1-5-billion-into-developing-pro itable-space-services-for-self-sustainability/

45 Ibid.

46 Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Innovation, Science and Technology Development, “Geospatial, Aeronautical and
Space Science Capability Programme”, Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Innovation, Science and Technology
Development, 18 November, 2018, http://www.mhtestd.gov.zw/?page_id=3531 .

47 Space in Africa, “ZINGSA signs MoU with Space Advisory Group”, Space in Africa, 18 November, 2018,
https://africanews.space/zingsa-signs-mou-with-space-advisory-group/.

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48 Ibid.

49 Space in Africa, “Dr Tidiane Ouattara, AUC Space Expert Gives Update on the African Space Agency”, Space in Africa, 11 June
2020, www.africanews.space/dr-tidiane-ouattara-auc-space-expert-gives-update-on-the-african-space-agency/.

50 Bloomberg, “Unraveling the Mysteries of China's Multiple Budgets”, Bloomberg News, 13 March 2020,
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51 OECD, “The Impacts of COVID-19 on the Space Industry”, OECD Policy Response, 5 August 2020
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52 Charles Campbell, “From Satellites to the Moon and Mars, China is Quickly Becoming a Space Superpower”, Time, 17 July 2019,
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53 RFERL, “Space Agencies and their Budgets”, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 12 February 2019, www.rferl.org/a/space-
agencies-and-their-budgets/29766044.html.

54 Sutirtho Patranobis, “China abandons growth target, lowers defence budget rise for 2020 amid pandemic”, Hindustan Times, 22
May 2020, www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-abandons-growth-target-lowers-defence-budget-rise-for-2020-amid-
pandemic/story-WrMO4ZxLxrMZ2KhYZqj0jN.html.

55 Klinger, Julie Michelle , "China, India, and outer space", in –Routledge Handbook of ChinaIndia Relations ed. Kanti Bajpai , Selina
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56 Stephen Clark, “China to begin construction of space station this year”, Space lightNow, 10 January 2021,
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57 Namrata Goswami, “What's Ahead for China's Space Program in 2021? TheDiplomat, 22 January 2021,
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58 Department of Space, “Notes on demand for grants”, Department of Space Japan, www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe94.pdf.

59 Geospatial World Net, “What are the top upcoming projects from ISRO this year?”, Geospatial World Net,
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60 "RUU APBN 2019" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Ministry of Finance. 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2020.

61 Universitas Negeri Padang, “Indonesia Space program iscal year plan”, Universitas Negeri Padang, 21 June 2019,
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62 Ministry of Finance Indonesia, “NAtional Budget 2021”, http://www.anggaran.kemenkeu.go.id/api/Medias/d8e64f9c-2ea5-

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63 Budget Key, “Space Plan”, Budget Key, https://next.obudget.org/i/budget/0019400211/2019.

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66 Ministry of inance, “Supplementary budgets”, Ministry of inance Japan,

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67 Ministry of Finance, Japan, "Highlights of the FY2021 Draft Budget",

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68 Anna Gussarova, “The Kremlin Strategy in Baikonur: Putting Kazakhstan's Space Program in a Box?, Accessed 31 January 2021,
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64
 Global Space Budgets A Country-level Analysis

72 Finance Ministry, “Budget in brief”, Pakistan Ministry of Finance,

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79 Spacewatch Global, “Saudi Space Agency Begins to take Shape, Reported $1 Billion Budget in First Year”, Jewish Journal,
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80 Ministry of Economy and Finance, “2020 budget planned to support industry and innovation”, Ministry of economy and inance,
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83 Spacewatch, “South Korea Government Approves Funds for Development of Three Earth Observation Satellites”, Space Watch
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87 TurkmenPortal, “Turkmenistan to launch second arti icial satellite into space orbit, 22 December 2017,
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88 Binsal Abdul Kader Staff, “UAE space agency unveils ambitious plans”, Gulf News, https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/uae-
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91 UAE Min of Fin, “Federal Budget 2020”, Ministry of Finance, UAE,

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92 Arabian Business, “UAE aims to boost $6bn space investments with new missions”, AB, 20 July 2020,
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162 Bruno Victorino Sarli, et al., "Review of Space Activities in South America", Journal of Aeronautical History, 11 September 2018,
https://www.aerosociety.com/media/9320/review-of-space-activities-in-south-america.pdf.

163 http://cce.gov.co/prensa/colombia-a-ser-referente-de-la-industria-espacial

164 https://www.researchgate.net/pro ile/Sergio_Sanchez-

Sanjuan/publication/305044192_Mission_Design_Satellite_Libertad_2/links/577fcea108ae01f736e4967a/Mission-Design-
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165 A.M Costa Rica, “Creation of Space Agency in Costa Rica advances”, A.M Costa Rica
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166 IAF, “Ecuadorian Civilian Space Agency (EXA)”, https://www.iafastro.org/membership/all-members/ecuadorian-civilian-

space-agency-(exa).html (accessed 5 October 2020)

167 UNOOSA, “Paraguay Space Agency

https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/psa/activities/2019/UNAustria2019/MolinasParaguaySA.pdf (accessed 5 October
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168 Sandra Erwin, “U.S. Space Command signs space data sharing agreement with Peru” 20 May 2020, https://spacenews.com/u-
s-space-command-signs-space-data-sharing-agreement-with-peru/ (accessed 5 October 2020)

169 Telesur English, “Creation of Latin American & Caribbean Space Agency In Progress” 17 November 2020,
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170 Canada Space Agency, “Department Plan”, Open Canada.

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22T15%3A22%3A18Z

171 Casey Dreier, "NASA wins big in 2018 budget deal", Planetary Society, 22 March 2018,
https://www.planetary.org/articles/20180322-fy18-omnibus.

172 Casey Dreier, "NASA just got its best budget in a decade", Planetary Society, 15 February 2019,
https://www.planetary.org/articles/0215-fy2019-nasa-gets-its-best-budget-in-decades.

173 Planetary Society, "NASA's Fly 2020 Budget" https://www.planetary.org/space-policy/nasas-fy-2020-budget.

174 US Department of Defence, "DOD Releases Fiscal Year 2020 Budget Proposal", US Department of Defence, Accessed 1 February
2021 https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/1782623/dod-releases- iscal-year-2020-budget-proposal/

175 Jeff Foust, "Senate pandemic relief bill offers $1.5 billion for NASA", SpaceNews, 29 July 2020 https://spacenews.com/senate-
pandemic-relief-bill-offers-1-5-billion-for-nasa/ .

176 US Department of Defence, "DOD Releases Fiscal Year 2021 Budget Proposal", US Department of Defence, Accessed 1 February
2021 https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/2079489/dod-releases- iscal-year-2021-budget-proposal/

177 The Planetary Society, "NASA's FY 2021 Budget", SpaceNews, Accessed 1 February 2021 https://www.planetary.org/space-
policy/nasas-fy-2021-budget

178 Grub Sheet, “Fiji's Role in Space”, Grub Sheet https://www.grubsheet.com.au/91- ijis-role-in-chinas-space-program/
(accessed 5 January 2021)

69
 References

179 Grant Wyeth, “In Fiji, India's Paci ic Presence Grows”, The Diplomat https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/in- iji-indias-paci ic-
presence-grows/ (accessed 5 January 2021)

180 euters, “China eyes increased ties with Kiribati, site of space tracking station”, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-
china-kiribati/china-eyes-increased-ties-with-kiribati-site-of-space-tracking-station-idUSKBN1Z5168 (accessed 5 January 2021)

181 Australian Space Agency, "State of Space Report", 30 September 2019, https://www.industry.gov.au/sites/default/ iles/2020-
05/state-of-space-report-2018-19.pdf (accessed 30 September 2020)

182 Ibid

183 Deloitte, "New Zealand Space Sector", November 2019, https://www.mbie.govt.nz/assets/new-zealand-space-sector-its-

value-scope-and-structure.pdf, Deloitte.

70
 African Space
Industry Annual
Report
2020 Edition
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