UNIT 3: MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND DISPERSION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Averages should be computed with sufficient ease and rapidity or averages should not involve
more of mathematical complexities. The most popular and widely used measure for representing
the entire data by one value is arithmetic mean.
3.2 SUMMATION NOTATION AND ITS PROPERTIES

Summation operator,, implies that the values that follow it are to be summed or added together.
n  upper lim it

x i  the i th var iable of x

i  m lower lim it

5
Example  x = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
i 1
i

Properties:

1. The summation of sums or differences

 x  yi  
n n n n n n

i 1
i  xi 
i 1
 yi
i 1
,  xi
i 1
 yi    xi 
i 1
y
i 1
i

Example: Suppose x1 = 1, x2 = 3, x3 = 4, y1 = 2 , y2 = 5 , y3 = 3
/

 x  yi  
3 3 3
Then
i 1
i  xi 
i 1
y
i 1
i

(x1 + y1) + (x2 + y2) + (x3 + y3) = (x1 + x2 + x3) + (y1 + y2 + y3)

(1 + 2) + (3 + 5) + (4 + 3) = (1 + 3 + 4) + (2 + 5 + 3)

3 + 8 + 7 = 8 + 10

18 = 18
3 3 3

 xi
i 1
 yi    xi 
i 1
y
i 1
i …… left for the student

Page 1 of 24
 2. Multiplication by a constant
n n

 kx
i 1
i  k  xi
i 1

Example: Suppose k = 7 and x1 = 2, x2 = 5 , x3 = 4

3 n
Then  kxi  k  xi
i 1 i 1

kx1 + kx2 + kx3 = k(x1 + x2 + x3)

7(2) + 7(5) + 7(4) = 7(2 + 5 + 4)

14 + 35 + 28 = 7(11)
77 = 77
3. Summation of a constant
n
Case 1: If lower limit equal to 1,  k  nk
i 1

Example: suppose k = 6 and upper limit = 4

4
Then  k  nk
i 1

 6  46
i 1

6+ 6 + 6 + 6 = 24

Case 2: if lower limit is different from 1 or lower limit is greater than 1,

n

 k  n  m   1k
im

Example: Suppose k = 8 and upper limit = 6 & lower limit = 4 then

n

 k  n  m   1k
im

 8  6  4  18
i4

8 + 8 + 8 = 3(8)
24 = 24

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 4. Sum of summations
n k n

x  x
i 1
i
i 1
i  x
i  k 1
i , for any k < n

Example: Suppose x1 = 2, x2 = 4, x3 = 6, x4 = 3, x5 = 2, x6 = 4 and let k = 3 then

n k n

 xi   xi 
i 1 i 1
x
i  k 1
i

3 6 6

 xi 
i 1
 xi 
i 4
x
i 1
i

(x1 + x2 + x3) + (x4 + x5 + x6) = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6

(2 + 4 + 6) + (3 + 2 + 4) = (2 + 4 + 6 + 3 + 2 + 4)
21 = 21
6 6

 xi  10, x  148
2
i
Exercise 1 Let i  3 i 3 , ,
6 6 6

 xi  xi  x (x  2)
2
Find i. ii. iii. i i
i 1 i 1 i 1

6 2
iv. 
i 1
( 2 xi  3) 2 v. 
i 1
( x i  4)

3.3 ARITHMETIC MEAN (AM)

3.3.0 Definition

The arithmetic mean is the sum of the values in a group divided by the number of items in that
group. Let x1, x2… xn be n values of a variable x, and then their arithmetic mean is defined by:
n

x  x 2    xn x i
x
x  1  i 1

n n n
Where x –sum of all observations
n –total number of observations

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3.3.1 Computation of Arithmetic Mean for Ungrouped and Grouped Data

For ungrouped data:

n

x i
d
Direct method: x  i 1
Short cut method: x  A 
n n
Where n – number of items A = Assumed mean d = sum of deviations i.e. (xi-A)

Example: Find the arithmetic mean for the following data by

i. direct method ii. Short cut method

23.4 15.6 22.1 20.0 26.7 31.4 18.9 22.3

Solution:
8

8 x i
180.4
i.  xi = 180.4, n = 8
i 1
x  i 1
n

8
 22.55

ii. Let A = 22 then di : 1.4, -6.4, 0.1, -2, 4.7, 9.4, -3.1, 0.3
8

8 d i
4.4
 di = 4.4, n = 8 x  A 
i 1
i 1
n
 22 
8
= 22 + 0.55 = 22.55

For grouped data:

Discrete Series:
n

fx i i
 fx  fd
Direct method: x  i 1
 Short cut method: x  A 
n n n
Where f - frequency d - deviation of items from assumed mean (xi – A)
A - assumed mean n - number of observations
Example: Given data of 50 students of marks of a test in a class. Calculate the arithmetic mean
by i. direct method ii. Short cut method.

Marks 20 30 40 50 60 70

No. of students 8 10 16 8 5 3

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Solution:

Marks xi fi fx Di = ( x – 40) where fd

A = 40

20 8 160 -20 -160

30 10 300 -10 -100

40 16 640 0 0

50 8 400 10 80

60 5 300 20 100

70 3 210 30 90

50 2010 10

i. x 
 fx 
2010
 40.20
n 50

ii. x  A 
 fd  40 
10
 40.20
n 50

For continuous series:

 fcm   fd ' 
Direct method x  Step deviation method x  A   c
i

n n 
 
Where,
f – Frequency
n – Number of observation
Cmi –Class mark
A – Assumed mean
d – Deviation of class marks from assumed mean, i.e d=cmi – A)
c – class width
d ' =d
d/c

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 Example: In a survey, the number of persons at different ages is found as follows:

Age in Year 5 - 15 15 - 25 25 - 35 35 – 45 45 - 55 55 - 65

No. of Persons 8 10 14 20 16 12

Solution:

Classes f cmi fc m d = cm – A where df d' = d/c f d'

A = 30

5 - 15 8 10 80 -20 -160 -2 -16

15 - 25 10 20 200 -10 -100 -1 -10

25 - 35 14 30 420 0 0 0 0

35 - 45 20 40 800 10 200 1 20

45 - 55 16 50 800 20 320 2 32

55 - 65 12 60 720 30 360 3 36

80 3020 620 62

i. x 
 fcm  3020  37.75
n 80

ii. x  A 
 fd  30 
620
 30  7.75  37.75
n 80
  fd 1 
iii. x  A     c  30   62  10  30  0.775 10  37.75
 n   80 
 
Exercise 2 Find the arithmetic mean of the following data.
i. 53 54 52 32 30 60 47 46 35 29
ii.

Height (in inches) 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

No of Students 4 9 12 18 20 12 10 9 4 2

iii.

Classes 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 - 25 25 - 30 30 - 35

Frequencies 5 6 7 7 5

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3.3.3 Combined (Pooled) Arithmetic Mean

Let x1 and x2 be the AM of two groups, having N1 and N2 observations respectively. If we

combine the two groups in to a single group, then the arithmetic mean of the combined group
N1 x1  N 2 x2
will be xc 
N1  N 2
n

N x  N 2 x2    N n xn N x i i
For n number of groups, xc  1 1  i 1

N1  N 2    N n n

N
i 1
i

Example: The mean height of 25 male and 20 female is 161.0cm and 155.6cm. What will be
the combined mean height?
xm = 161.0cm, xF = 155.6cm, NM = 25, NF = 20

xm N m  x F N F
xc 
Nm  NF
161.0 25  155.6 20  7137
xc    158.60cm
25  20 45

Exercise 4 In a factory, 120 workers get an average wage of birr 30 a day, 160 workers get Birr
50 a day, 80 workers get Birr 60 a day and 40 workers get birr 80 a day. Find:
i. The average of averages.

3.3.4 Weighted Arithmetic Mean

An item or value may be relatively more important or less important than other items. This
relative importance is technically known as weight. In case where the relative importance of the
different items is not the same we compute weighted arithmetic mean.

If w1, w2, …, wn are weights attached to the values x1, x2, … , xn respectively, then the weighted
AM is defined as

xw 
x1 w1  x2 w2    xn wn

 wx
w1  w2    wn w

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 Example: An auto ride costs Birr 5 for the first km, Birr 4 for the next 3kms and Birr 9 for each
of the subsequent kms. Find the average cost per km for 10 kms.

Rate (Birr) Distance (km) w Xw

5.00 1 5.00

4.00 3 12.00

9.00 6 54.00

10 71.00

xw 
 xw 
71.00
 7.10Birr
w 10

Exercise 5 Given data

Designation Class I Class II Subordinate Clerical Lower

Officer Officer Staff Staff Staff

Monthly Salary (in birr) x 1500 800 500 250 100

Strength of Cadre. w 10 20 70 100 150

Calculate i. Simple arithmetic mean.

ii. weighted arithmetic mean.
3.3.5 Correcting the Arithmetic Mean

Wrong Sum  Wrong Entry  Correct Entry

Formula: Correct Mean 
Total Number of Observatio ns
Examples:

1. The average mark of 100 students was found to be 40 but latter it is discovered that a score of
33 was misread as 83. Find the correct average corresponding to the correct sum.

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 x  40 
   xi  x N  40 100   4000 Wrong sum
N  100
Wrong Entry = 83
Correct Entry = 33
4000  83  33 3950
Correct Mean    39.5
100 100

2. The average of a class having 35 pupils is 14 years. When the age of the class teacher is
added to the sum of the ages of the pupils, the average rises by 0.5 year. What must be the
age of the teacher?

x  14 
   xi  14 35  490 … Sum of ages of the pupils
N  35

x  14.5
   xi  14.5 36  522 … Sum of ages of the pupils and the teacher
N  36 

 Age of the teacher is 522 - 490 = 32 years.

3. Goals scored by a football team in successive matches are 5, 2, 4, 3, 6, 0, 4 and 6. What is

the number of goals the team must score in the next match in order that the average comes to
4 goals per match?

Total goal scored in 8 matches = 5 + 2 + 4 + 3 + 6 + 0 + 4 + 6 = 30

Total goal scored in 9 matches = x .N = 4  9 = 36
Hence the goals required in the 9th match to bring the average 4 = 36 – 30 = 6

Exercise 6 The mean of 200 items is 50. Later on it is discovered that two items were wrongly
taken as 92 and 8 instead of 192 and 88. Find out the correct mean.

Exercise 7 The average rainfall for a week, excluding Sundays, was 10cm. Due to heavy
rainfall on Sunday, the average rainfall for the week rose to 15cm. How much rain fall
was there on Sunday?

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Geometric Mean
The geometric mean like arithmetic mean is calculates an average. It is used when observed values
are measured as ratios, percentages, proportions, indices or growth rates.

Geometric mean for individual series: The geometric mean, G.M. of an individual series of
positive numbers (> 0) , is defined as the nth root of their product.

G.M  n x1.x2  xn

∑ )

Example 3.7: Find the G. M of (a) 3 and 12 b) 2, 4 and 8

Solution: a) GM  3  12  36  6 ; b) GM= √ √ =4

Properties of geometric mean

 It is less affected by extreme values. E.g. x = 2, 5, 8, 72; Find compare for Arithmetic and
geometric mean?
 It takes each and every observation into consideration.
 If the value of one observation is zero its values becomes zero.
Geometric mean for discrete data arranged in FD: When the numbers , occur
with frequencies , , respectively, then the geometric mean is obtained by

G.M .  n x1f1 .x2f 2 ..xmfm ∑ , where n is sum of for all i.

Example 3.8: Compute the geometric mean of the following values: 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6 and 6.
Solution
Values 3 4 5 6
Frequency 2 3 1 2

G.M. = √ = 4.236

The geometric mean for the given data is 4.236.

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Geometric mean for continuous grouped FD:- The above formula can also be used whenever
the frequency distribution is grouped continuous, class marks of the class intervals are
considered as xi.

Harmonic Mean

It is a suitable measure of central tendency when the data pertains to speed, rate and time. The
harmonic Mean of n values is defined as n divided by the sum of their reciprocal.
Harmonic mean for individual series: If , are n observations, then harmonic
mean can be represented by the following formula:

Example 3.9 A man travels from Addis to Awassa by a Motorbike and takes 4 hours

to cover the whole distance. In the first hour he travels at a speed of 50 km/hr, in
the second hour his speed is 64 km/hr, in third hour his speed is 80 km/hr and in
the fourth hour he travels at the speed of 55 km/hr. Find the average speed of the
motorist.
Solution
50 65 80 55 Total
⁄ 0.0200 0.0154 0.0125 0.0182 0.0661

Harmonic Mean for Grouped Discrete

If the data is arranged in the form of frequency distribution

Page 11 of 24
 Where,

Example: The following data is obtained from the survey. Compute HM

Speed of the car 130 135 140 145 150

No of Cars 3 4 8 9 2

Solution:

130 3 0.0231
135 4 0.0091

140 8 0.0571
145 9 0.0621

150 2 0.0133

Total 26 0.1648

Harmonic Mean for Continuous data:

Whenever the frequency distribution are grouped continuous, class marks of the class intervals
are considered as and the above formula can be used as
m
where n   f k
∑
k 1

is the class mark of ith class

Example: Find the harmonic mean of the following distribution of data
Class interval Class mark No of Companies Reciprocal

2-6 4 10 ⁄ 2.5
6-10 8 12 ⁄ 1.5
10-14 12 18 ⁄ 1.5
Total n=40 5.5
Page 12 of 24
 ∑

Properties of harmonic mean

 It is unique for a given set of data.
 It takes each and every observation into consideration.
 Difficult to calculate and understand.
 Appropriate measure of central tendency in situations where data is in time, speed or rate.
Relations among different means
i. If all the observations are positive we have the relationship among the three means given as:
̅ GM HM
ii. For two observations √ ̅ GM
iii. ̅ = GM = HM if all observation are positive and have equal value.

3.5.POSITIONAL MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

MODE
A value, which occurs most frequently in a series of observations, is called Mode. So by looking
the observations mode can be identified. It is the value, which has the greatest frequency density
in its immediate neighborhood.

Computation of Mode for Ungrouped and Grouped Data

For ungrouped data: Mode  x̂  = that value in the data set, which occurs most often.

For grouped data: Discrete Series: Mode  x̂  = the value of the variable corresponding to the
maximum frequency.

Continuous Series: The class corresponding to the maximum frequency is called the modal
class. The value of mode is obtained by the following interpolation formula.

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  f1  f 0 
Mode  xˆ   l     c
  f1  f 0    f1  f 2  
or
 1 
Mode xˆ  l    c
 1   2 
Where l – LCB of the modal class f2 – frequency succeeding f1
f1 – maximum frequency C – magnitude of the class
f0 – frequency preceding f1 ∆1 = f1 – f0
f2 – frequency succeeding f1 ∆2 = f1 – f2

Example: Find the value of mode for the following data

i. 25, 15, 23, 40, 27, 25, 23, 25, 20, 19, 22, 24, 25
ii.

x 10 20 30 40 50 60

f 4 9 16 25 22 15

iii.

Classes 0-9 10 - 19 20 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 – 59 60 - 69 70 - 79

fi 328 350 720 664 598 524 378 244

Solution:

i. Mode = value which occurs most often

Mode = 25

ii. Mode = Value of the variable with maximum frequency

Mode = 40

iii. Modal Class = 19.5 - 29.5

Page 14 of 24
 l = 19.5 f0 = 350 f1 = 720 f2 = 664 c = 10

 f1  f 0 
Mode  xˆ   l     c
  f1  f 0    f1  f 2 
 720  350  3700
 19.5     10  19.5   28.1854
 720  350   720  664   426

Exercise 14 Find the modal value of the following data.

i. 27, 33, 42, 25, 23, 27, 25, 33, 27, 28, 16, 18
ii.

Height (in inches) 58 60 61 62 63 65 68 70

No. of Persons 4 6 10 8 20 24 9 5

iii.

Classes 0 - 400 400 - 800 800 - 1200 1200 - 1600 1600 - 2000

Fi 4 12 40 41 27

MEDIAN
The median is as its name indicates the middle most value in the arrangement which divides the
data into two equal parts. It is obtained by arranging the data in an increasing or decreasing order
of magnitude and denoted by ̃.

It is the value which cuts a given data in to two. It is the mid point of a data.

Commutation of Median for Ungrouped and Grouped Data

For ungrouped data:

First, rearrange the values in the order of magnitude.

Then apply the following formula.

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  N  1
th

Median ~
x   vallue of the   item (where n is odd)
 2 
xn  1

2
For
1  
th th
N N 
Median  x  
~
Value of   item  Value of   1 item  Where n is even 
2  2 2  
1  
  xn  xn  1 
2  2 2 
grouped data:

Discrete Series:

1. Compute the < cfi column.

N  1
2. Search for the value of , if not available, consider the value just greater than it, in
2
the column of < cfi.
Continuous Series:
1. Compute the < cfi column.
N
2. Search for the value of if not available, consider the value just greater than it, in the
2
column of < cfi.
3. Then the following interpolation formula is used to calculate the median.
c n 
Median ~
x  l    c. f 
f 2 
Where l - LCB of the median class
c - Class interval of the median class
f - Frequency of the median class
N
c.f - cumulative frequency just less than
2

Example: Find the median of the following data.

i. a) 27, 33, 42, 25, 23, 25, 33, 28, 27, 16, 18, 12

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 b) 8, 5, 2, 6, 15, 10, 25
ii.

x 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

F 2 4 5 3 2 4 1

iii.

X 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80 80 - 90 90 - 100 100 - 110

fi 20 21 50 40 53 16

Solution:

i. a. Rearranging:
12 16 18 23 25 25 27 27 28 33 33 42
n = 12 … even

1  
~
x   xn  xn  1  
1
x6  x7   1 25  27  26
2  2 2  2 2

b. Rearranging: 2 5 6 8 10 15 25
n = 7 … odd

~ x
x  n 1  x4  8
2
ii.

x 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
f 2 4 5 3 2 4 1
<cfi 2 6 11 14 16 20 21

th
n = 21 Median = The value of N + 1 item
2
th
= 21 + 1 item
2
= The value of the 11th item
= 8

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iii.

x 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80 80 - 90 90 - 100 100 - 110

fi 20 21 50 40 53 16
<cfi 20 41 91 131 184 200
th
n
Median class = Value of   item  100th item  80 - 90
2
l = 80, c = 10, f = 40, c.f = 91

c n 
Median ~
x  l  100  91  80  9  82.25
10
  c. f   80 
f 2  40 4
Exercise 15 Find the median of the following data.

i. a. 20 15 21 13 22 24 22 25 26 27 25
b. 120 125 112 137 129 127
ii.

x 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42

f 14 15 16 24 16 10 6 4

iii.

X 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59

fi 5 10 15 20 6 4

38 51 55 62 67
40 51 56 62 69
41 52 56 63 69
45 52 57 64 71
48 53 59 65 77
48 54 59 66 78
50 55 59 66 79
50 55 62 67 79

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 QUARTILES, DECILES AND PERCENTILES

Quartiles: are the three values, which divide the given data in to four equal parts. They are
denoted by Q1, Q2 and Q3.
Q1 - The lower or first quartile. It covers 25% of the distribution.
Q2 - The middle or second quartile. It covers 50% of the distribution.
Q3 - The upper or third quartile. It covers 75% of the distribution.
Deciles: are the nine values, which divide the series in to ten equal parts. They are denoted by
D1, D2, … , D9.
D1 = Covers 10% of the distribution
D2 = Covers 20% of the distribution ……. .
D9 = Covers 90% of the distribution
Percentiles: are the 99 values, which divide the series in to 100 equal parts. They are denoted by
P1, P2 , … , P99.

Note that: i. Q1 = P25 Q2 = D5 = P50 = median Q3 = P75

ii. D1 = P10, D2 = P20, D3 = P30, … , D9 = P90.

Computation of Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles for Ungrouped and Grouped

Data

For ungrouped data and discrete series:

First, for ungrouped data, rearrange the values in the order of magnitude and for discrete series,
compute the <Cfi column. Then apply the following formula.

i  N  1
th
Q i  value of item
4
i  N  1
th
D i  value of item
10
i  N  1
th
Pi  value of item
100

Page 19 of 24
Example:

38 51 55 62 67
40 51 56 62 69
41 52 56 63 69
45 52 57 64 71
48 53 59 65 77
48 54 59 66 78
50 55 59 66 79
50 55 62 67 79

1. Determine the median value

2. Determine the value of 1st and 3rd Quartile
3. Determine the value of 1st and 9th Deciles
4. Determine the value of 33th Percentile
# median
n=40, which is an even number

1  
th th
N N 
Median  x  
~
Value of   item  Value of   1 item 
2  2 2  
1  
 x  x
2  2  1

n n
2

1   40 
th
 40 
th

Median ~x      item    1 item 
2  2  2  

1
2
20th item  21 th
item 

1
116
2
 58

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 i  N  1
th

Q i  value of item
4
i  N  1
th

D i  value of item
10
i  N  1
th

Pi  value of item
100
i  N  1
th

Qi  item
4
i 40  1
th

Q1   10.25
4
I.e. in between 10th and 11th item
10th item = 51 and 11th item =52
The difference =52-51=1
0.25(1) =0.25

Q  51.25
1

i  N  1
th

Qi  item
4
3 40  1
th

Q3   30.75
4
I.e. in between 30th and 31th item
65+0.75 (66-65)

Q  65.75
3

For Grouped Discrete series:

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 Marks Number of Cumulative
students frequency
2 1 1
1 1 2
4 1 3
5 3 6
6 4 10
7 4 14
8 4 18
9 2 20
N=20

i  N  1
th

Qi  item
4
i 20  1
th

Q1   5.25
4
Since it is not existed in the <cf column we will take the next one
For continuous series:

1. Compute the <cfi column.

2. Determine the quartile, decile or percentile class.
3. Apply the following interpolation formula.
c  iN 
Qi  l    c. f 
f  4 
c  iN 
Di  l    c. f 
f  10 
c  iN 
Pi  l    c. f 
f  100 

Example: For the data given below, compute the value of Quartiles, D3, D7, P15 and P88 and
interpret.

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 Marks Below 10 10 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 60 60 - 80 Above 80

No. of Students 10 15 25 30 14 6

<cfi 10 25 50 80 94 100

Solution:
th
N
Q1 – size of item = 25th item 10 – 20 quartile class
4
l = 10, c = 10, f = 15, c.f = 10
c n 
Q1  l    c. f   10 
10
25  10   20
f 4  15
Mark of 25% of students is less than 20.
th
2N
Q2 – size of item = 50th item 20 – 40 quartile class
4
l = 20, c = 20, f = 25, c.f = 25
c n 
Q2  l    c. f   20 
20
50  25  40
f 2  25
Mark of half of students is below 40.
th
3N
Q3 – size of item = 75th item 40 – 60 quartile class
4
l = 40, c = 20, f = 30, c.f = 50
c  3n 
Q3  l    c. f   40 
20
75  50  56.6
f  4  30
3 th
Mark of of students is below 73.33.
4
th
3N
D3 – size of item = 30th item 20 – 40 decile class
10
L = 20, c = 20, f = 25, c.f = 25
c  3n 
D3  l    c. f   20 
20
30  25  24
f  10  25
Mark of 30% of students is below 24.

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 th
7N
D7 – size of item = 70th item 40 – 60 docile class
10
L = 40, c = 20, f = 30, c.f = 50
c  7n 
D7  l    c. f   40 
20
70  50   53.33
f  10  30
Mark of 70% of students is below 53.33.
th
15N
P15 – size of item = 15th item 10 – 20 percentile class
100
L = 10, c = 10, f = 15, c.f = 10
c  15n 
P15  l    c. f   10 
10
15  10  13.3
f  100  15
Mark of 15% of students is below 13.3.
th
88N
P88 – size of item = 88th item 60 – 80 percentile class
10
L = 60, c = 20, f = 14, c.f = 80
c  88n 
P88  l    c. f   60 
20
88  80   71.43
f  100  14
Mark of 88% of students is below 71.43.
Exercise 16 Compute the value of Quartiles, D4, P69 and interpret for the data given below.
i. 46,35,28,52,54,43,35, 49, 46, 50,41
ii.

Daily Wages 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

No. of Workers 9 22 26 18 13 8 5

iii.

Rent in 150-250 250-350 350-450 450-550 550-650 650-750 750-850 850-950

Birr

No. of 8 10 15 25 40 20 15 7
Houses

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