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  • Manual Fo Analysis

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    Sabeeha Mansoor
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    This document provides tests to identify various anions, cations, gases, and metal ions. It lists the analyte being tested, the reagents used in the test, and the expected observation or result of the test. Tests are outlined to detect carbonate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, and sulfate anions, as well as ammonium, aluminum, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, zinc, and other cations. Common gases like ammonia, carbon dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur dioxide can also be identified. Finally, flame tests are described to distinguish lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, barium, and copper metal ions.

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    Manual fo Analysis

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    This document provides tests to identify various anions, cations, gases, and metal ions. It lists the analyte being tested, the reagents used in the test, and the expected observation or result of the test. Tests are outlined to detect carbonate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, and sulfate anions, as well as ammonium, aluminum, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, zinc, and other cations. Common gases like ammonia, carbon dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur dioxide can also be identified. Finally, flame tests are described to distinguish lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, barium, and copper metal ions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    41 views2 pages

    Manual Fo Analysis

    Uploaded by

    Sabeeha Mansoor
    This document provides tests to identify various anions, cations, gases, and metal ions. It lists the analyte being tested, the reagents used in the test, and the expected observation or result of the test. Tests are outlined to detect carbonate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, and sulfate anions, as well as ammonium, aluminum, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, zinc, and other cations. Common gases like ammonia, carbon dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur dioxide can also be identified. Finally, flame tests are described to distinguish lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, barium, and copper metal ions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    Notes for use in qualitative analysis

    Tests for anions

    anion test test result


    2–
    carbonate, CO add dilute acid, then test for carbon effervescence, carbon dioxide
    3
    dioxide gas produced
    chloride, Cl – acidify with dilute nitric acid, then white ppt.
    [in solution] add aqueous silver nitrate
    bromide, Br – acidify with dilute nitric acid, then cream ppt.
    [in solution] add aqueous silver nitrate
    iodide, I– acidify with dilute nitric acid, then yellow ppt.
    [in solution] add aqueous silver nitrate
    nitrate, NO 3– add aqueous sodium hydroxide, ammonia produced
    [in solution] then aluminium foil; warm carefully
    sulfate, SO42– acidify with dilute nitric acid, then white ppt.
    [in solution] add aqueous barium nitrate
    2–
    sulfite, SO add a small volume of acidified the acidified aqueous potassium
    3
    aqueous potassium manganate(VII) manganate(VII) changes colour
    from purple to colourless

    Tests for aqueous cations

    cation effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide effect of aqueous ammonia


    aluminium, Al 3+ white ppt., soluble in excess, giving white ppt., insoluble in excess
    a colourless solution
    +
    ammonium, NH ammonia produced on warming –
    4

    calcium, Ca2+ white ppt., insoluble in excess no ppt. or very slight white ppt.
    chromium(III), Cr3+ green ppt., soluble in excess green ppt., insoluble in excess
    copper(II), Cu2+ light blue ppt., insoluble in excess light blue ppt., soluble in excess,
    giving a dark blue solution
    iron(II), Fe2+ green ppt., insoluble in excess, green ppt., insoluble in excess,
    ppt. turns brown near surface on ppt. turns brown near surface on
    standing standing
    iron(III), Fe3+ red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess
    zinc, Zn2+ white ppt., soluble in excess, giving white ppt., soluble in excess, giving
    a colourless solution a colourless solution
    Tests for gases

    gas test and test result


    ammonia, NH3 turns damp red litmus paper blue
    carbon dioxide, CO2 turns limewater milky
    chlorine, Cl 2 bleaches damp litmus paper
    hydrogen, H2 ‘pops’ with a lighted splint
    oxygen, O2 relights a glowing splint
    sulfur dioxide, SO2 turns acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII) from purple to colourless

    Flame tests for metal ions

    metal ion flame colour


    lithium, Li+ red
    sodium, Na+ yellow
    potassium, K+ lilac
    calcium, Ca2+ orange-red
    barium, Ba2+ light green
    copper(II), Cu2+ blue-green

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