Professional Documents
Culture Documents
JCR2013 Haeundae
JCR2013 Haeundae
net/publication/261803366
CITATION READS
1 868
1 author:
Sungwon Shin
Hanyang University
80 PUBLICATIONS 678 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Sungwon Shin on 08 May 2014.
ABSTRACT
Kim, K.-H., Shin, S., Widayati, A.Y.W., 2013. Mitigation Measures for Beach Erosion and Rip Current In: Conley,
D.C., Masselink, G., Russell, P.E. and O’Hare, T.J. (eds.), Proceedings 12th International Coastal Symposium
(Plymouth, England), Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, pp. 290-295, ISSN 0749-0208.
www.JCRonline.org
Korea has achieved both economical and socio-cultural developments in recent years, and in the midst of these changes,
the issue of beach erosion has been recognized as one of the most important and controversial coastal problems in the
country. Hence coastal protection is required which they have to be designed, constructed and maintained efficiently
(Pilarczyk and Zeidler, 1996). This case study on beach erosion was conducted at Haeundae Beach in Busan, located in
the south coast of Korea. Haeundae Beach is regarded as the most popular and beautiful urban beach in Korea. One of
the main purposes of this study is to take comprehensive countermeasures to mitigate the beach erosion problem at
Haeundae Beach. The historical investigations, field observations, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations
were conducted to understand the problems and to obtain solutions for countermeasures. The laboratory experiments of
3D hydraulic model tests qualitatively reproduced erosion patterns and rip currents that were shown in numerical
simulations. The results of laboratory experiments showed improvements in the countermeasure plan using both beach
nourishment and submerged breakwaters from erosion.
ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: beach erosion; countermeasure plan; beach nourishment; submerged breakwater;
hydraulic model test; laboratory experiments; field observations; numerical simulations
____________________
DOI: 10.2112/SI65-050.1 received 07 December 2012; accepted 06 Figure 1. Aerial photographs of Haeundae Beach, south coast of
March 2013. Korea.
© Coastal Education & Research Foundation 2013
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 2. Historical records of shoreline change in Haeundae (c) (d)
Beach. (a) Joseon Hotel area (west side). (b) Mipo area(east Figure 3. Seasonal change of shoreline in Haeundae Beach.
side) Joseon Hotel area (west side) in summer (a) and winter (c);
Mipo area (east side) in summer (b) and winter (d)
Therefore, the previous studies prove that the site specific study
should be conducted prior to select which countermeasure plan is
effective in that area. Figure 2 shows the aerial photographs of shoreline change
The study area for this research is in Haeundae Beach located at from 1947 to 2007 in Haeundae Beach with the consideration of
the eastern part of Busan in the south coast of Korea as shown in tide level correction. The figures show that there are significant
Figure 1. The aerial photographs in Figure 1 show the City of changes in shoreline due to the erosion phenomena, both in the
Busan in the south coast of Korea (left), and Haeundae Beach east (right figure) and the west side (left figure) of Haeundae
(right) located in Busan. Beach.
A lot of visitors, both domestic and international, visit this area Before 1970, Haeundae Beach remained undeveloped. The
every year especially in summer season. There are many hotels government of South Korea started to develop this area around
and public recreational facilities in front of the beach area. 1970 with reclamation, road construction, and other regional
Because of its easy access from downtown and the beautiful beach, developments to build this area a famous tourist attraction site in
Haeundae Beach is always busy in various beach festivals and Korea. Unfortunately, the development projects were conducted
tourism. The beach is well known for one of the finest beaches without any consideration of comprehensive effects on the coast
with its great view, beautiful coast line, white sand, green (Kim et. al, 2008). The beach was rapidly eroded starting with the
environment, and other excellent facilities. 1970s. Major causes of its beach erosion are construction of
However, beach erosion has occurred gradually and Korean harbor facilities or fishing ports, revetment, coastal roads,
government has been trying to preserve the beach by applying aggregate gatherings nearby an estuary and hinterland
small-scaled beach nourishment programs to prevent beach development. Among these, the construction of coastal roads is
erosion for past 20 years and more. This effort has been considered the major factor causing beach erosion. In Figure 2,
implemented annually to restore the sandy beach in Haeundae. after 1995, beach erosion rate seems to be decreased. However,
Nevertheless, the beach area still has experienced the erosion this is because of small-scaled beach nourishment without the site
problem. Therefore, the implementation of monitoring program study and seasonal shoreline change is still remained. Therefore,
for the coastal area coupled with wave and other environmental the beach erosion problem in this site is not solved yet.
measurements is needed (Dean and Dalrymple, 2002) to deal with Like any other beaches facing beach erosion in the world, the
beach erosion problems erosion of Haeundae Beach could bring damage in tourism
business and shoreline ecosystem. Therefore, arrangement and
evaluation of beach erosion control and countermeasure plan are
inevitable to maintain the coast the most beneficial environment.
-5.0cm -4.0cm -3.0cm -2.0cm -1.0cm 0.0cm 1.0cm 2.0cm 3.0cm 4.0cm 5.0cm
Two upper panels of Figures 10 show the experimental results the erosion problem is the occurrence of longshore and rip
for countermeasure plan using beach nourishment alone as a beach currents, particularly in front of Mipo area (eastern area) and
erosion control. Compared with the existing condition, the Joseon Hotel area (western area). Field observations also showed
deposition was increased particularly in front of the beach. The that there were seasonal difference in beach erosion near Joseon
contour plots of bottom topography in both figures indicate rip and Mipo regions between summer and winter. It is because the
currents at the center of the beach in both cases. direction of wave induced currents differs from the wave direction
The experiment results for countermeasure plan using beach which alters upon seasons.
nourishment together with submerged breakwaters are shown in The wave induced currents swing at the sides of a sandy beach
two lower panels in Figure 10. The lengths of submerged and this phenomenon creates erosion. Simultaneously, some of the
breakwaters are 300 meters in the east and 200 meters in the west. swinging wave induced currents convert into rip currents due to
As shown in the figures, the experiments provided desirable the rip channel created by the ocean topography features in front
results in controlling beach erosion in terms of the shoreline of the beach. Considerable amount of sand is carried off by the rip
protection. Deposition happened in front of the beach with currents. Therefore, in order to control the rip currents at
reduction of erosion. However, rip currents still remained in both Haeundae Beach, the source of wave induced currents swinging at
figures even with an enhancement of the countermeasure plan for the sides of the beach needs to be eliminated.
beach erosion prevention. Rip currents, one of the factors of beach erosion, were
The hydraulic results of longshore and rip currents patterns reproduced in laboratory experiments and numerical simulations.
explain the erosion and deposition patterns from the numerical Laboratory experiment results indicate the countermeasure plan
model results. with beach nourishment and submerged breakwaters improved in
The experiment results in this study explain the seasonal change protecting the beach from erosion. Also rip currents were reduced
of longshore currents create erosion and accretion near Joseon with a countermeasure. Groin-type submerged breakwaters at both
Hotel and Mipo. Moreover, rip currents are generated by rip sides efficiently block longshore currents reducing the chance of
channel formed by complex bottom topography with sand and rip currents occurrence. Therefore, installation of groin-type
rocks facilitating sand transport in cross-shore direction. Therefore, submerged breakwaters at the sides of the beach in accompanied
in order to reduce the occurrence of rip currents, the source of with large-scale beach nourishments would minimize the rip
longshore currents in the west and the east should be blocked. channel, minimizing the swinging wave induced currents and the
Construction of groins in both sides and large-scale beach rip currents.
nourishment can minimize the erosion through the rip channel in
Haeundae Beach. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONCLUSIONS This research was partly supported by the RIC program of the
Ministry of Knowledge Economy of Korea, a Manpower
The historical studies, field observations, laboratory Development Program for Marine Energy by the Ministry of Land,
experiments (3D hydraulic model tests), and numerical Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM), and a grant (12-RTIP-
simulations were performed to understand and solve the erosion B01) from Regional Technology Innovation Program funded by
problem of Haeundae Beach located in Busan, South Korea. Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs of Korean
The major cause of rapid beach erosion in Haeundae Beach is government.
the regional development from the beginning of the 1970s. From
the investigations, the erosion in Haeundae Beach is caused by LITERATURE CITED
strong wave-induced currents generated by reclamation works in
the river mouth and coastal road construction. Another cause of A Design Manual of Artificial Reef. 2004. National association of coast in
-5.0cm -4.0cm -3.0cm -2.0cm -1.0cm 0.0cm 1.0cm 2.0cm 3.0cm 4.0cm 5.0cm
-5.0cm -4.0cm -3.0cm -2.0cm -1.0cm 0.0cm 1.0cm 2.0cm 3.0cm 4.0cm 5.0cm
-5.0cm -4.0cm -3.0cm -2.0cm -1.0cm 0.0cm 1.0cm 2.0cm 3.0cm 4.0cm 5.0cm -5.0cm -4.0cm -3.0cm -2.0cm -1.0cm 0.0cm 1.0cm 2.0cm 3.0cm 4.0cm 5.0cm
Figure 10. Results of 3D hydraulic model test for topographical change (Top left: case3; Top right: case 4; Bottom left: case 5; Bottom
right: case 6)