UNIT 7. CHARTS. dIRECTIONS.

Part 1
Exercise 1. Vocabulary and reading. Practise these words and memorize them.

1. Graphic representation графическое отображение

2. Adjacent region соседний, прилегающий район
3. Scale масштаб
4. Natural scale численный масштаб
5. Natural features природные особенности
6. Coastline побережье, береговая линия
7. Navigational hazards навигационные опасности
8. Aids to navigation средства судовождения
9. Essential tool основной инструмент/средство
10. Capital letter заглавная буква
11. Obvious очевидный
12. Tides and currents приливы, отливы и течения
13. Listed in detail подробно перечислены
14. Given distance заданное расстояние
15. Earth's surface поверхность земли
16. Ratio соотношение/ пропорция
17. Fraction дробь
18. Major основной
19. Stretch участок, отрезок
20. Small-scale chart мелкомасштабная карта
21. Medium-scale chart среднемасштабная карта
22. Large-scale chart крупномасштабная карта
23. Sufficient достаточный, необходимый
24. Fine мелкий
25. Virtually практически, буквально
26. Unfamiliar with не знакомы с
27. Safe entry безопасный вход
28. Seal герб
29. Authority ведомство, власти, администрация
30. Projection проекция
31. Cautions предостережения
32. Notes примечания
33. Correction корректура
34. Edition издание

131
 Exercise 2. Scan the text and decide whether the statements below are true (+) or
false (-).

A nautical chart is a
graphic representation of a
sea area and adjacent
coastal regions. Depending
on the scale of the chart, it
may show depths of water
and heights of land ,
natural features of the
seabed, details of the
coastline, navigational
hazards, locations of
natural and human-made
aids to navigation,
information on tides and
currents and human-made
structures such as
harbours, buildings and
bridges.
Nautical charts are
essential tools for marine
navigation. Nautical
charting may take the form
of charts printed on paper
or computerized electronic
navigational charts.
Abbreviations used on a chart are usually in the form of a single capital letter. The
letter M, for example, indicates the nature of the sea bottom- Mud. While abbreviations
are often obvious, the same cannot always be said of symbols. A dangerous rock, for

example, is illustrated by a small cross, a lighthouse by a star .

These symbols are all listed in detail in publication 'Chart 5011' (Symbols and
Abbreviations Used on Admiralty Charts).

The scale of a chart is its so-called "natural scale," an expression of the

relationship between a given distance on the chart to the actual distance it represents on
the earth's surface. The chart scale may be expressed in the form of a ratio, say 1:80,000,
where one unit on the chart represents 80,000 units on the earth's surface. It may also be
expressed in the form of a fraction 1/80,000. There are three major scales for naval
charts, and each covers a specific area of navigation:
(1) Small-scale charts cover large stretches of ocean and carry only limited detail of the
132
 coastline.
(2) Medium-scale charts carry sufficient detail
along a stretch of coastline to enable a ship to
be successfully navigated offshore.
(3) Large-scale charts carry fine detail of
virtually every metre of estuaries, ports and
rivers, enabling ships unfamiliar with the area
to make a safe entry.
The general information block of the
chart shows seal, authority: The publisher
responsible for the information in the chart –
“British Admiralty Charts”, the chart title,
usually the name of the navigable water in the
covered area - “The Aegean Sea of Greece -
Athens to Rhodes”, the type of projection, the
unit of measurement (1:40,000, Soundings in
Feet), special cautions, notes, corrections and
edition.

Are these statements true (+) or false (-)?

Correct the false ones

1. A nautical chart is a graphic representation only of a sea area. ( )

2. All nautical charts show depths of water and heights of land, natural features of the
seabed, details of the coastline. ( )
3. Nautical charts may be paper or electronic. ( )
4. Abbreviations used on a chart are usually in the form of a single capital number.( )
5. The symbols in charts are all listed in publication 'Chart 1205'. ( )
6. All abbreviations used in charts you can find in publication “Symbols and
Abbreviations Used on Admiralty Charts”. ( )
7. The scale of a chart is an expression of the relationship between an actual distance on
the chart to the given distance it represents on the coastline. ( )
8. The chart scale may be expressed in the form of a ratio or a fraction. ( )
9. There are three major scales for naval charts: small-scale, medium-scale, major-scale
charts.
10. Medium-scale charts carry fine detail along a stretch of coastline. ( )
11. Small-scale charts carry fine detail of virtually every metre of estuaries, ports and
rivers. ( )

133
 Part 2
Vocabulary and reading
Practise these words and memorize them.

1. Direction указание, наставление, направление

2. To approach a port подходить, приближаться к порту
3. To guide by instructions руководствоваться инструкциями
4. Heading заголовок, название
5. To avoid dangers избегать, обходить опасности
6. To choose (chose, chosen) the выбирать курс
course
7. To proceed следовать, идти
8. Conspicuous landmark приметный, хорошо видимый береговой
ориентир
9. Summit of mountain вершина горы
10. Spire of church шпиль церкви
11. Chimney труба
12 From seaward со стороны моря
13. To bring in line привести в створ
14. Clear of dangers на достаточном расстоянии от опасностей
15. Leading line / alignment створная линия/створ
16. Feasible вероятный, возможный, осуществимый
17. Artificial offshore structure искусственная прибрежная установка

Memorize the following sentences

1. Bring the tower to bear 23º. Привести башню на пеленг 23º.
2. Care must be taken to avoid this shoal! Следует принять меры, чтобы
обойти эту мель!
3. Course should be steered for this light! Следует держать курс на этот
огонь!
4. Keep abeam (abreast)! Держитесь на траверзе!
5. Keep closer to the shore! Держитесь ближе к берегу!
6. Keep further from the shore! Держитесь дальше от берега!
7. Keep an offing! Держитесь вдали от берега!
8. Keep to the starboard side of the fairway! Держитесь правой стороны
фарватера!
9. Keep the light open! Держитесь в пределах сектора освещенного огня (маяка)!
10. Keep the objects in line! Держите объекты в створе!
11. Keep this mark astern! Держите этот знак по корме!
12. Proceed with this mark astern! Следуйте, имея этот знак по корме!
13. Soundings cannot be depended on! Глубины недостоверны (на глубины нельзя
полагаться)!
134
 14. Steer for the tower! Держите курс на башню!
15. The fairway must be steered for! Следует править по фарватеру!

Exercise1. Study the following terms on different structures within the port limits.
Underline the specific characteristics of each of them.

Harbour (Гавань) – an area of water next to the coast, often surrounded by thick walls
where ships and boats can be sheltered.
Port – is generally a description of a place on the coast which has a harbour, or the
harbour itself. It has facilities for boats or ships to call into, and usually a village or town
attached.
Berth (Причал)–a place for a ship or boat to stay in a port.
Pier /pɪər/ (Пирс)–a long high structure on pillars, similar to the bridge that stretches
from the shore into the water.
Jetty /ˈdʒeti/ (Пристань) – a wooden or stone structure which is built out into the water
from the edge of the sea, which is used for getting on and off boats. It is usually made of
wood, stone, earth or concrete. Unlike a pier, a jetty has a solid wall down to the water
bed.
Wharf /wɔːf/ (Пристань, Причал, Верфь) – is a man-made structure on a river or by the
sea, which provides an area for ships to safely dock.
Quay /kiː/ (Причал, Набережная) –– a part of the river bank or coastline which has been
modified so ships can dock at it parallel to the shore.
Mole /moʊl/ (Мол) - A massive solid structure on a shore, usually made of stones and
serving as a pier, breakwater, or both.
Roadstead /ˈrəʊdˌstɛd/ (Рейд) - A roadstead is a protected place outside a harbor where
a ship can lie at anchor.
Breakwater /ˈbreɪkwɔːtə/ (Волнолом) - an artificial offshore structure (such as a wall)
protecting a harbor or beach from the force of waves.
Fairway /ˈfeəˌweɪ/ (Фарватер) - a navigable (often the middle) part of a river, bay, or
harbor.
Directions
When approaching some port, anchorage, entering or passing through narrow
channels or canals the navigator should be guided by special instructions. These
instructions are given in the form of recommendations. As a rule, several courses are
recommended for ships proceeding from different directions. They will help the ship to
avoid dangers and choose the correct course.
Usually conspicuous landmarks are used to show the direction of approach to some
place. These may be lighthouses, water towers, summits of mountains, lights on some
constructions, spires of churches, chimneys and other conspicuous objects seen from
seaward.
Two conspicuous objects brought in line from seaward may lead the ship clear of
dangers into the port, roadstead, bay, anchorage, etc. This line is called a leading line or
135
alignment.
Other recommendations are often given in directions. They may refer to the effect
of wind, tidal streams, currents, character of bottom, existence of buoys, and other
navigational aids which should be used for entering or leaving ports.

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.

1. What is meant by directions?

2. In what form are they given?
3. Why are several courses recommended for ships?
4. What landmarks are used to show the direction of approach?
5. What line may lead the ship clear of dangers?
6. What is understood by a leading line?
7. What useful information may be found in Pilot Books under the heading
‘Directions’?

Exercise 3. Fill in the missing words in the sentences below. Choose them from
the following list.

clear of leads pass attempt bound

for be rounded local knowledge be attempted

1. C. is let bearing 023o _____ from seaward, between the dangers on either side.
2. Owing to the strength of the tidal streams navigation should only _____ at or
near the time of slack water.
3. If _____ C. passage, S. islets should ______ at not less than 2 cables.
4. Vessels with ______ can enter between the islets.
5. No vessel should ______ to enter without local knowledge.
6. Course may be altered to the NE ______ the banks.
7. A vessel should not ______ between Seven Stones and the light-vessel.

Exercise 4. Complete the following sentences with suitable information from the
text ‘Directions’. Mind modal verbs ‘should’, ‘may’, ‘must’ where necessary.

1. Two conspicuous objects brought in line from seaward ______.

2. A ship passing through narrow channels ______ by special instructions.
3. A vessel approaching some port ______ two conspicuous objects in line from
seaward.
4. For ships proceeding from different directions several courses ______.
5. Conspicuous landmarks are used to show ______.

136
 Exercise 5. Read the extracts from the Pilot Books.

1. Passage (a) describes the route which was used by HMS Warrior.

Read the passage and decide whether the following recommendations correspond
to the Directions given in the passage. Correct the false recommendations.

1. From a position 5 miles S. of Madge Bank steer to a position 19 miles N of Mui

Ba Kiem.
2. From a position 19 miles S. of M.B.K. steer 080o between Banc Rivier and
Torcy Bank.
3. From a position 5 miles N. of M.B. steer 080 o between B.R. and T.B.
4. Steer 080 o until about the meridian of 108 o 50’.
5. From a position about the meridian of 108 o 50’ steer to the NE.
6. This course will lead clear of the banks and dangerous wrecks.
7. The banks and wrecks extend SSW from Pointe Lagan.

(a) Directions. The following route, coastwise from Sai Gon NE was used by HMS
Warrior on several occasions.
From a position 19 miles S of Mui Ba Kiem (6.10), steer 055 o to a position 5 miles
N of Madge Bank, then steer 080 o between Banc Rivier and Torcy Bank until about the
meridian of 108 o 50’ E, when course may be altered to the NE clear of the banks and
dangerous wrecks extending SSE from Pointe Lagan.
from
Exercise 6. Answer these questions.
1. What position should a vessel steer 080 o from?
2. How long should a vessel steer 055 o?
3. When may course be altered to the NE?
4. In what direction do the banks and dangerous wrecks extend from Points Lagan?
5. What ship used this route in September 1954?
6. What country did the ship belong to?

Exercise 7. Passage (b) describes recommendations how to enter Kyuquot

channel. (K. ch.) Read the passage and answer these questions.

1. May vessels enter K. channel without local knowledge in clear weather?

2. At what distance from Barrier islands should vessels proceed when approaching
from south-eastward?
3. At what distance should the dangers be avoided when approaching from
westward?
4. What recommendations are given to a vessel entering the channel?
137
 (b) Directions. No vessel should attempt to enter Kyuquot channel, without local
knowledge, except in clear weather.
In approaching from south-eastward, Barrier islands should be given a berth of at
least 1 ½ miles, and in approaching from westward, the dangers southward of Thornton
islands should be given a berth of at least one mile.
A vessel entering the channel should bring the summit of Whiteley island to bear
o
040 , midway between Rugged and Chatchannel points, to pass midway between the
dangers on either side of the approach and about 4 cables north-westward of the light-
and-whistle buoy. When nearing Chatchannel point, course should be altered, eastward,
to pass about half a mile eastward of the point (Lat. 50o00’N., Long. 127 o 14’W.).

Exercise 8. Decide whether these statements are true or false or the passage
doesn’t say. Correct the false ones.

1. A vessel may enter K. channel without local knowledge in any weather.

2. B. islands should be given a berth of at least one mile when approaching from
south-eastward.
3. A vessel should pass midway between R. and Ch. Points when nearing Ch.
point.
4. The dangers are on either side of the approach.
5. A vessel should pass midway between the dangers.
6. Vessels may enter K. channel without local knowledge in clear weather.
7. A vessel entering the channel should pass about 4 cables south-eastward of the
light-and-whistle buoy.
8. The light-and-whistle buoy marks the dangers on the port side of the approach.

Exercise 9. Passage (c) describes recommendations how to approach The Quay.

Read the passage and copy out all the recommendations how to approach The Quay.

(c) Directions. Wells Fairway Light-buoy (safe water) (53° 00’N, 0°51’E) is moored
7 cables NNE of the entrance to the approach channel called The Run. It lies between
Bob Hall’s Sand to the E and West Sands to the W. The outer part of the channel is
marked by buoys, some lighted, which are moved as necessary and should not be relied
upon. The inner part of the channel lies between the sands off High Cape and those off
The Bink, 1 ½ miles E. High Cape and The Bink are sand ridges. The channel is marked
by beacons, some lighted, with diamond topmarks on the W side and square topmarks on
the E side. The lifeboat house stands on the coast at the N end of a straight embankment
constructed for the reclamation of Holkham Marshes, and which runs S from the
sandhills to the town. At the S end of the embankment the channel turns E for The Quay.

138
Exercise 10. Passage (d) describes recommendations how to enter the harbor.

1. What are these recommendations? Copy them out.

2. What is a recommended time to enter the harbour?
(d) Directions. From a position SE of the harbour entrance the route is NW to the
entrance crossing the bar, composed of sand and shingle, which varies with the season
and the effect of wind and sea. The entrance is formed by two piers and is 46 m wide
decreasing to 35 m within the pierheads. Lights (metal column, 3 m in height) are
exhibited from each pierhead. Within the entrance the route follows the channel formed
initially by the piers and then by the River Blyth. A recommended time to enter the
harbour is 2 to 3 hours after the recommencement of the in-going stream.

Exercise 11. Translate the following sentences into English

1. Не приближайтесь близко к берегу.
2. Оставьте этот буй слева (справа).
3. Вам следует идти с большой осторожностью.
4. Обгон в районе банки С. не рекомендуется.
5. Приведите вершину холма А. в створ с церковью.
6. Следует держать курс на этот огонь.
7. Держитесь правой стороны канала.
8. В этом районе не следует полагаться на глубины.
9. Продолжайте идти, имея этот знак по корме.
10. Не обгоняйте впереди идущее судно.
11. Советую вам изменить курс влево (вправо).
12. Не входите на фарватер до полной воды.
13. Обойдите эти скалы на расстоянии 4 кабельтовых.
14. Следуя в порт, приведите знаки в створ.
15. Не приближайтесь к моему судну!
16. Имейте в виду, что северный ветер вызывает сильное волнение моря.
17. Избегайте постановки на якорь в узком проходе.
18. Ваше судно затрудняет безопасное прохождение других судов.
19. Сообщите ваши намерения!

Exercise 12. Study the following terms on different natural and artificial geographic
features. Underline the specific characteristics of each of them.

1. To curve изгибаться
2. Enclosed закрытый, замкнутый; огороженный
3. To stick out торчать, высовываться
4. Immediately surrounding area непосредственно прилегающий район
5. Vehicle транспортное средство

139
Bay (Залив, бухта) – a part of the coast where the land curves inward so that sea is
surrounded by land on three sides. Bays are round or oval in shape. A bay is connected to
a larger water body such as an ocean or a lake.
Gulf (Залив) – a very large area of sea surrounded on three sides by curving length of
coast. A gulf is considered to be larger than a bay. A gulf is much more enclosed than a
bay.
Cape (Mыс) – a very large piece of land sticking out into the sea from the coast.
Strait (Пролив) - is a narrow passageway of water, usually between continents or
islands, or between two larger bodies of water.
Area - a particular part of a place, piece of land, country, sea, ocean.
Vicinity (Окрестности, Близость) - the immediately surrounding area.
In the vicinity of — близ (чего-л.), вблизи (от чего-л.), по соседству (с чем-л.)
Immediate vicinity- непосредственная близость
Cаnаl /kəˈnæl/ – is a human-made, artificial waterway, to service water transport
vehicles. The Panama Canal, the Suez Canal.
Channel /ʧænl/ - is a natural waterway. The English Channel between Britain and
France.
Fiord /ˈfjɔːrd/ (Фиорд) - is a narrow area of sea between high cliffs.
Estuary /ˈesˌtʃuˌəˌri/ (устье, дельта) - the wide part of a river at the place where it
joins the sea.

Exercise 13. Give the Russian equivalents to the following bodies of water
Remember: The names of rivers, seas, and oceans are used with the definite
article!
1.the Atlantic Ocean / the Atlantic Атлантический океан
2. the Pacific Ocean / the Pacific
3. the Indian Ocean
4. the Arctic Ocean
5. the Mediterranean Sea / the
Mediterranean
6.the Caribbean Sea / the Caribbean
7. the Red Sea
8. the Black Sea
9. the Caspian Sea
10.the North Sea
11. the Baltic Sea
12. the Barents Sea
13. the Bering Sea
14. the Yellow Sea
15. the Sea of Okhotsk
16. the Sea of Japan
140
 17.the Sea of Marmara
18. the Gulf of Mexico
19.the Bay of Bengal
20. the Gulf of Finland
21. the Bay of Biscay
22. the Persian Gulf
23. - Hudson Bay

Exercise 14. Fill in the gaps with the words given below. Translate the sentences in
your own language

attempt, pecked lines, peril, shifted, neighborhood, true, embraced, disregarding,

prohibited, to navigate, congested areas, approximate, Sailing Directions,
consulted, local knowledge, subject to change, obscured, confusion, assistance, in
vicinity, engaged, tunny, look-out, frequent

1. All Bearings are _______and are given from seaward.

2. Owing to the incomplete nature of the survey, heavy draught vessels are warned
not _________ within the 20 fathom line.
3. See Remarks on Currents in the_________ __________.
4. Vessels without ________ _______ should not attempt to enter
without__________ .
5. The bank _____ ________of Cambodia Pt and P° Obi has extended considerably
seaward. Mariners should not ______ to round the point at a less distance than 12
miles.
6. The changes in the channels, sands and buoys on this coast are so ________ that
this chart cannot be considered as a safe guide of the channels.
7. _________ nets, which may be extended as much as seven miles off shore, may be
found off the coast.
8. Mariners are warned to keep a good _________ for these nets, which are generally
marked by day and night as described in the Sailing Directions.
9. The black ball by day and a red light above green light by night are shown from
the Pilot Lookout, when all the pilots are ___________or movements are taking
place inside the harbour.
10. For lights and buoyage of inner water the larger scale charts must be _________.
11. A bank of 10 fathoms reported in this___________.
12. The depths on the bar are ________ _____ ______, and the leading lights altered
accordingly.
13. Many of the lights on this coast are placed so high as to be frequently ________
by mist.
14. The Boundaries shown on this chart are __________only.

141
 15. The principal lights, and outer buoys only are shown on this chart owing to the
comparatively small scale of this chart and in order to avoid __________ and
overcrowding in the_________ ________; numerous wrecks are omitted in the
areas _________by larger scale charts.
16. The buoys are constantly ________to meet the changes in the channels and the light
sectors are modified to meet such changes.
17. Anchoring and fishing in the dangerous areas are____________, and passage through
the areas without permission is highly dangerous. Vessels __________this warning do
so at their_________.
18. Vessels are warned not to anchor or fish within area marked by______ ______.

142