POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS-I

(ENEL3108)
Dr Parmal Singh Solanki
Chapter-2: Electricity Sector in Oman

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Acknowledgements
• Authority for Public Services Regulation, Oman
https://apsr.om/en/home
• Annual Report of APSR Oman 2022
• https://www.apsr.om/en/annualreports
• Oman Power and Water Company,
https://www.omanpwp.om/new/Default.aspx
• Annual Report of OPWP
• https://omanpwp.om/new/Documents.aspx?Pid=45
• Oman Electricity Transmission Company,
• https://www.omangrid.com/en/pages/home.aspx
• Majan Electricity Company
• https://majanco.co.om/en-us/About-Us
• Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority,
http://www.gccia.com.sa/

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 Important Note

• Students are suggested to update the data of Power

System in Oman using APSR and other relevant web
pages and their latest annual reports regularly.
• Information used in these slide could change with
respect to time.
• To understand better read the latest annual reports
of APSR, OETC, OPWP, MJEC, MEDC, MZEC

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Sultanate of Oman

MIS Area

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 Power Distribution Companies

Nama is owned by the Oman

Investment Authority. Nama
Holding holds share in ten
companies involved in the
procurement, generation,
transmission, supply and
distribution of electricity and
water related services.

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 Outlines

* Who belongs to Electricity Sector in Oman

* Structure of Electricity Sector
* Authority for Public Services Regulation(APSR)
* Oman Power and Water Procurement Company (OPWP)
* Generation: Power Station in Oman
* Transmission System: Oman Electricity Transmission
Company (OETC)
* Distribution System: Distribution Network Operators
* GCC Power Grid
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 Who belongs to Electrical
Power System in Oman

• Regulation Authorities (APSR)

• Power Procurement Company(OPWP)
• Transmission Company(OETC).
• Power Generation(about 16+plants)
• Independent Power Plants
• Distribution Company(3+1+1)
• Big, medium and small consumers
Major Stake : MIS, RAECO, DPS

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Functional Structure of PS in
Oman Authority for Public Services Regulation

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Functional Structure of
Electricity Sector
Authority for Public Services Regulation

??

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 Power Sector in Oman
(more detail in chp-2)

Regulatory Body of Electricity

• APSR (Authority for Public Services Regulation) is responsible for regulating the electricity sector
and some aspects of the water sector. It was established by Article (19) of The Law for the
Regulation and Privatization of the Electricity and Related Water Sector promulgated by Royal
Decree 78/2004 on 1 August 2004 and amended by Royal Decree 59/2009 and 47/2013.
Transmission
• OETC(Oman Electricity Transmission Company SAOC) is the monopoly provider of transmission
services in the MIS and Dhofar Systems. OETC owns and operates the 220 kV, 132 kV and 400 kV
interconnected transmission systems, and as system operator is responsible for the central
dispatch of generating and desalination facilities connected to the MIS and Dhofar Systems.
Power and Water Procurement
• OPWP (Oman Power and Water Procurement Company) is the single Buyer of power and water for
all projects in Oman. It is responsible for ensuring that there is sufficient electricity and water production capacity
available at the lowest cost to meet the growing demands in the Sultanate of Oman.
Electricity Distribution Companies
• 1. Muscat Electricity Distribution Company SAOC
• 2. Majan Electricity Company SAOC
• 3. Mazoon Electricity Company SAOC
• 4. Dhofar Energy Company

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Generation-MIS

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 Power Demand Scenario
in Oman
The peak demand in the main interconnected system (MIS) has
increased from 4,281MW in 2012 to 6,232 MW in 2020 at an average
annual growth rate of about 5%. The projections indicate that power
demand in Oman will be about 12000 MW by 20240.
A smaller system owned by the Dhofar Power Company or DPS serves the Salalah area

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 Authority for Public
Services Regulation
Major Obligations of APSR:
• A duty to secure the provision of electricity
• To promote competition in the electricity sector
• To secure the safe, effective and economic
operation of the electricity
• Protect the interests of customers
• To compliance with government policy relating to
the protection of the environment and Omanisation
• To facilitate the privatisation of the electricity
• To review on an annual basis the scope for further
liberalisation of the electricity

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 Function and Rights of APSR

• The authority examines complaints submitted to customers

and licence holders.
• Setting out standard technical criteria to be complied with in
relation to connection and use of system standards and the
maintenance.
• Settlement of certain industry disputes between licence or
exemption holders, customers or other persons.
• The power to grant licences and exemptions and set the terms
and conditions.
• Enforcement powers to make orders to licensees or exemption
holders requiring them to comply with their statutory
obligations and to impose warnings, fines, compensation
• The powers to revoke Licences and Exemptions in the event of
non-compliance and in accordance with their terms
• Right to issue regulations and decisions authorised by the
Sector Laws
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 Power Generation in Oman
Total more than 20 bulk power stations under the governance of different
generating companies are operating in Oman to cater the need of power
demands. Major power companies are as follows:
• Wadi Al Jizi Power Company SAOC (292 MW)
• Al Rusail Power Company SAOG (665 MW)
• United Energy Company SAOG
• Al Kamil Power Company SAOG
• Aqua Power Barka SAOG
• Sohar Power Company SAOG (585 MW)
• Dhofar Power Generation Company SAOC
• Al Ghubra Power & Desalination Company SAOC
• SMN Barka Power SAOG
• Al Batinah Power Company SAOG
• Al Sawadi Power Company SAOG
• Phoenix Energy Company SAOG
• Simpecorp Salalah Power & Water Company SAOC
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 Major Bulk Generating Power
Station in Oman
• Barka Power and Desalination Plant
• Manah Power Plant
• Sohar Power and Power Desalination Plant
• Al Kamil Power Plant
• Al Rusail Power Plant
• Wadi Al Jizzi
• Al Ghubrah Power & Desalination Plant
IPP is are also catering individual power demands at
PDO, ORPIC, MoD, SA and some big customers
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Power Generating Stations
Connected with MIS

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 Transmission System in Oman

OETC :Oman Electricity Transmission Co. (OETC) owns and

operates 400, 220 and132 kV transmission system to serve
the areas in the Main Interconnected System.
Major responsibilities/Obligation:
• To transmit electricity and to finance, develop, own and/or
operate and maintain its transmission system;
• To develop and operate a system of central dispatch of
relevant production facilities which are connected to its
transmission system or to a system which is connected to its
network.
• Commissioning of 400 kV transmission systems (between Sur
to Jahloot)
• To design, own, operate and maintain international
interconnections
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 Transmission System in Oman

The Oman power system is not fully interconnected. The largest part of the system, known as
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the MIS (Main Interconnected System) covers the northern part of the Sultanate
 Oman Power and Water
Procurement Co (OPWP is member of NAMA )
OPWP: It is the single Buyer of power and water for all IPP/IWPP
projects within the Sultanate of Oman. OPWP publishes an annual ‘7
Year Statement’ presenting electricity and desalinated water demand
forecasts for different parts of the country for the next seven years.

Function & Duties of OPWP:

• To secure the production of desalinated water according to the
maximum limit consistent with the economic purchase of production
capacity and output of electricity and desalinated water.
• To cooperate with the Rural Areas Electricity Company in respect of
forward planning for reasonable demand for electricity and new
capacity required thereof.
• To import or export electricity in accordance with the provisions of
Article (1140) of the sector Law.
• To secure the procurement of ancillary services, when and in the
manner required, in coordination
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with the Oman Electricity
21
Transmission Company.
 The Public Authority for
Electricity & Water (Please check about
existance of PAEW....)
Eastablishment of PAEW:
• Royal Decree 58/2009
• Act as Water Department
• OPWP and PAEW has agreement
Role of PAEW:
• Distributing water across the Sultanate of Oman
• Expanding through new projects to provide water access to
everybody in Oman,
• Building, operating and maintaining the water plants and
networks.
• Setting rules and requirements for water related activities in
the country.
• Approving and monitoring the technical specifications for
water equipment and tools
.
UTAS-Suhar, ENEL3108 22
 Distribution Network
Operators
• Muscat Electricity Distribution Company (MEDC).
• Mazoon Electricity Company (MZEC).
• Majan Electricity Company (MJEC).
• Rural Area Electricity Company (RAECO).
• Dhofar Power Company (DPC/DPS). (Salalah Power System)

The Majan Electricity Company SAOC (MJEC) is one

of the three distribution companies supplying to
MIS customers.
MJEC supply the electricity to customers in North
Al-Batinah and Al-Dahirah regions and Buraimi
governorate.

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Service Region of DNOs

Which distribution network operator

is responsible to supply electricity to
Dakhilyah region of Oman ?

Which distribution network operator

is responsible to supply electricity to
Remote area like Masirah of Oman ?

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 Tariffs of Electricity by DNOs
( shown tarff applicable as on 2020, for latest update see the
https://apsr.om/en/tariffs

Type of Tariff Usage Charge

Industrial *  From Sept To Apr  12 BZ per KWH

 From May to August  24 BZ per KWH

Commercial Flat Rate @ 20 BZ per KWH
Residential/Government  0-3000  10 BZ /KWH

 3001-5000  15 BZ/KWH

 5001-7000  20 BZ/KWH

 7001-10000  25 BZ/KWH

 Above 10000  30 BZ/KWH

Tourism *  If the monthly consumption does not exceed 20 BZ/KWH
7000 kWh, Then residential tariff

 If the monthly consumption exceeds 7000

KWH,
Agriculture & Fisheries *  0-7000 KWH  10 BZ/KWH

 Above 7001 KWH  20 BZ/KWH

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 New Tariffs of Electricity by DNOs
(After 2020, see the latest at : https://apsr.om/en/tariffs)
The permitted tariffs for electricity supply for residential and commercial as applicable from 1st
of January 2021 are shown here.
Tariff Structure
Category (Residential) (kWh/Month) Tariff (Baisa/Kw)
Citizen's Account 0 – 4000 12

4001 – 6000 16

More than 6000 27

Additional accounts 0 – 500 20

501 – 1500 25

More than 1500 30

TARIFF: It refers to how you are charged for electricity or water usage (the variable part of your
bill). For example, customers may be charged different rates depending on the season or time of
26
day that power is used UTAS-Suhar, ENEL3108
 Commercial Sector Permitted Tariffs
(After 2020)

Tariff
Category Tariff Structure (kWh/Month) (Baisa/Kw)
Large Customers - What is Cost Reflective Tariff ? CRT
consumption exceeds 150 MWh per year

Non Residential Winter Tariff (From the first of January to 21

(commercial) the end of April – from the first of
October until the end of December)
Summer Tariff (from the first of May – 29
September)
Agriculture and 0 - 3000 12
Fisheries*
3001 – 6000 16
More than 6000 24
Cost Reflective Tariff: It is a description of a tariff structure, that reflects all the cost of electricity generation,
transmission, distribution & supply to the customer. Under this tariff the customer will be bearing the total cost of his
electricity consumption without government subsidy. 27
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 GCC Power Grid
The phases for constructing the GCC power grid are:-
• Phase-I: Interconnection of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Qatar;
known as the Northern System.
• Phase-II: The internal interconnection of the UAE (forming the UAE
National Grid) and Oman (forming the Oman Northern Grid). These
are known as the Southern Systems.
• Phase-III: Interconnection of the Northern and Southern Systems and
forming the hybrid link(AC/DC OHL).
Note: Hybrid AC / DC OHL is a technology used to increase the transmission capacity of
existing mainly AC OHLs through converting an existing AC circuit into a DC circuit.

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GCC Power Grid

In 2010 the demand for electrical power in the GCC

countries was approximately 60,000 MW and is expected
to triple over the next 25 years.
Phase-I: Interconnection of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain
and Qatar; known as the Northern System.
Phase-II: The internal interconnection of the UAE (forming
the UAE National Grid) and Oman (forming the Oman
Northern Grid). These are known as the Southern Systems.
Phase-III: Interconnection of the Northern and Southern
Systems and forming the hybrid link

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 GCC Power Grid Sharing

GCC Country Power Share

(MW)
Sultanate of 400
Oman
Kuwait 1200
Saudi Arabia 1200
United Arab 900
Emirates
Qatar 750
Bahrain 600
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Benefits of GCC Power Grid
• Interconnections result in the requirement for a lower
installed capacity in each of the systems (due to reserve
sharing) while continue supplying the load with the
same (or better) level of reliability
• Interconnections enable systems to share operating
(spinning) reserves so that each system can carry less
spinning reserve
• Interconnections enable interchange of energy
between systems resulting in a lowering of total
operating costs.
• Interconnections permit assistance from neighbouring
systems to cope with unforeseen construction delays
and unexpected load growth etc.
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Tutorial-1

Q2.1 The following two tariffs are offered by the

distribution company to a consumer
(a) RO 10 + 15 Baisa per unit (kWh)
(b) A flat rate of 25 Baisa per unit (kWh)
Determine at what consumption the first tariff become
economical for the consumer?
Answer: , tariff (a) is economical if the consumption is
more than 1000 kWh

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Solution of Q1
Let n be the number of units at which charges due
to both tariffs become equal. Then,

10 + 0.015𝑛 = 0.025𝑛
0.01𝑛 = 10
𝑛 = 1000 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑊ℎ
Therefore, tariff (a) is economical if the
consumption is more than 1000 kWh

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Tutorial-2

Q2.2 A consumer has a maximum demand of 1500 kW

at 30% load factor. If the tariff is RO 3 per kW of
maximum demand plus 30 Baisa per kWh, Find:
(i) The overall cost per unit.
(ii) What will be effect on overall cost per unit, if the
load factor is improved to 55%?
Answer: , (i) 31.14 Baisa per kWh (ii) If the load factor
improved to 55%, then overall cost will reduce by
0.51Baisa per kWh

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 Solution of Q2
(i)
Units consumed per year = Max Demand × Load Factor × Hours in a
Year
= (1500) × (0.30) × (8760)
= 3942000kWh
Annual Charges = Annual Max Demand Charges + Annual Energy
Charges
= RO (3×1500) + (0.03 × 3942000)
= 4500+118260
= RO 122760
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠
Overall cost/kWh = =0.03114 RO or 31.14 Baisa
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟
per kWh

(ii) If the load factor improved to 55%, then overall cost will reduce by
0.517Baisa/kWh UTAS-Suhar, ENEL3108 35
Tutorial

Q2.3 The maximum demand of a small residential

consumer is 20A at 230 V and its total consumption is
8760 kWh. If the energy is charged at the rate of 20 Baisa
per unit for 500 hours use of the maximum demand per
annum plus 10 Baisa per unit for additional units.
Assume that load and power factor of house to be unity.
Calculate:
(i) Annual bill
(ii) Equivalent flat rate
Answer: , (i) Annual bill = RO 110.6
(ii) 12.62 𝐵𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑊ℎ

UTAS-Suhar, ENEL3108 36
 Solution of Q3

230×20×1×1
Maximum Demand = (V I cos𝚽) × (Load Factor) = = 4.6 𝑘𝑊
1000

Units consumed in 500 hours = 4.6×500 = 2300 kWh

Charges for 2300 kWh = RO 0.02×2300 = RO 46
Remaining units = 8760-2300 = 6460 kWh
Charges for 6460 kWh = RO 0.01×6460 = RO 64.6
Therefore annual bill = RO (46+64.6) = RO 110.6

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑙 110.6×1000

Equivalent flat rate = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 8760
= 12.62 𝐵𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑊ℎ

UTAS-Suhar, ENEL3108 37
 Thank You
• Please read the latest annual reports of APSR,
OETC, OPWP, MEDC, MJEC, MZEC and Power
Generation Companies

UTAS-Suhar, ENEL3108 38