SUMMER HOLIDAY HOMEWORK

GRADE XII

PSYCHOLOGY

PRACTICAL FILE :

Maudley`s Personality Inventory

Aim: To assess the introversion-extraversion, emotional stability-neuroticism

dimensions of personality of the subject using MPI.

Basic Concept:

According to Allport, personality is the dynamic organizations within the

individual that determine its behaviour.

Theories of Personality

 Behavioral Theories

Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a result of interaction between

the individual and the environment. Behavioral theorists study observable and
measurable behaviors, rejecting theories that take internal thoughts and feelings
into account. Behavioral theorists include B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson.

 Psychodynamic theories

Psychodynamic theories include Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stage theoryand

Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development.Psychodynamic theories of
personality are heavily influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud, and
emphasize the influence of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences on
personality.

 Structure of Personality
According to Freud, personality is divided in three parts – Id, ego and super-
ego. Id operates on the pleasure principle, while ego works on reality principle
and super-ego works on the morality principle.

 Division of mind

The mind is divided into three parts- conscious, pre-conscious and unconscious.

 Psychosexual stages

Mention the stages

 Post/neo Freudian Approach

The Neo-Freudian psychiatrists and psychologists were a group of loosely

linked American theorists of the mid-twentieth century, who were all influenced
by Sigmund Freud, but who extended his theories, often in social or cultural
directions.

 Carl Jung

He was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist who founded analytical

psychology. The central concept of analytical psychology is individuation—the
psychological process of integrating the opposites, including the conscious with
the unconscious, while still maintaining their relative autonomy. Jung
considered individuation to be the central process of human development.
Jung created some of the best known psychological concepts, including
thearchetype, the collective unconscious, the complex, and extraversion and
introversion.

 Alfred Adler
His emphasis on the importance of feelings of inferiority—the inferiority
complex—is recognized as an isolating element which plays a key role in
personality development. Alfred Adler considered human beings as an
individual whole; therefore he called his psychology "Individual Psychology".

 Karen Horney

She was a German psychoanalyst who practiced in the United States during her
later career. Her theories questioned some traditional Freudian views. This was
particularly true of her theories of sexuality and of the instinct orientation of
psychoanalysis. She is credited with founding feminist psychology in response
to Freud's theory of penis envy. She disagreed with Freud about inherent
differences in the psychology of men and women, and she traced such
differences to society and culture rather than biology.

 Humanist Theories

Humanist theories emphasize the importance of free will and individual

experience in the development of personality. Humanist theorists emphasized
the concept of self-actualization, which is an innate need for personal growth
that motivates behavior. Humanist theorists include Carl Rogers and Abraham
Maslow.

 Trait Theories

The trait theory approach is one of the largest areas within personality
psychology. According to this theory, personality is made up of a number of
broad traits. A trait is basically a relatively stable characteristic that causes an
individual to behave in certain ways. Some of the best known trait theories
include Eysenck's three-dimension theory and the five factor theory of
personality.
Gordon Allport (1897–1967)

Gordon Allport was one of the first modern trait theorists. Allport and Henry
Odbert worked through two of the most comprehensive dictionaries of the
English language available and extracted around 18,000 personality-describing
words. From this list they reduced the number of words to approximately 4,500
personality-describing adjectives which they considered to describe observable
and relatively permanent personality traits.

Allport organized these traits into a hierarchy of three levels:

 Cardinal traits dominate and shape an individual's behavior, such as

Ebenezer Scrooge’s greed or Mother Theresa’s altruism. They stand at
the top of the hierarchy and are collectively known as the
individual's master control. They are considered to be an individual's
ruling passions. Cardinal traits are powerful, but few people have
personalities dominated by a single trait. Instead, our personalities are
typically composed of multiple traits.

 Central traits come next in the hierarchy. These are general

characteristics found in varying degrees in every person (such as loyalty,
kindness, agreeableness, friendliness, sneakiness, wildness, or
grouchiness). They are the basic building blocks that shape most of our
behavior.

 Secondary traits exist at the bottom of the hierarchy and are not quite as
obvious or consistent as central traits. They are plentiful but are only
present under specific circumstances; they include things like preferences
and attitudes. These secondary traits explain why a person may at times
exhibit behaviors that seem incongruent with their usual behaviors. For
example, a friendly person gets angry when people try to tickle him;
another is not an anxious person but always feels nervous speaking
publicly.

Cattel`s Classification

He believed that there is a common structure in which people differ. This could
be determined empherically by a statistical technique. He then developed the
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), an assessment tool commonly
utilized today. The 16 personality traits include:

1. Warmth (A)
2. Reasoning (B)

3. Emotional Stability (C)

4. Dominance (E)

5. Liveliness (F)

6. Rule-consciousness (G)

7. Social Boldness (H)

8. Sensitivity (I)

9. Vigilance (L)

10. Abstractedness (M)

11. Privateness (N)

12. Apprehension/Apprehensiveness (O)

13. Openness to change (Q1)

14. Self-reliance (Q2)

15. Perfectionism (Q3)

16. Tension (Q4)

 Type Approach
It is based on grouping people on the basis of psychological traits. One of the
first of these theories proposed by Hippocrates grouped people on the basis of
bodily fluids:

 Sanguine – Cheerful and confident

 Melancholic - depressed
 Choleric – Hot tempered
 Phlegmatic – Calm and slow

Friedman and Rosenman

They have classified individuals into Type A and Type B personalities. The
theory describes Type A individuals as ambitious, rigidly organized,
highly status-conscious, sensitive, impatient, take on more than they can
handle, want other people to get to the point, anxious, proactive, and
concerned with time management. People with Type A personalities are
often high-achieving "workaholics", push themselves with deadlines, and
hate both delays and ambivalence.

The theory describes Type B individuals as a contrast to those of Type A.

Type B personality, by definition, are noted to live at lower stress levels.
They typically work steadily, and may enjoy achievement, although they
have a greater tendency to disregard physical or mental stress when they do
not achieve. When faced with competition, they may focus less on winning
or losing than their Type A counterparts, and more on enjoying the game
regardless of winning or losing. Unlike the Type A personality`s rhythm of
multi-tasked careers, Type B individuals are sometimes attracted to careers
of creativity: writer, counselor, therapist, actor or actress.
Hans Eysenck: Three Dimensions of Personality

British psychologist Hans Eysenck developed a model of personality based

upon just three universal trails:

Unlike Allport and Cattell, theorist Hans Eysenck only included three general
traits in his list. They are:

1. Introversion- Extraversion
As in Carl Jung's personality type theory, Eysenck classified people as either
introvert, those who directs focus on inner world, or extravert, those who gives
more attention to other people and his environment.

2. Neuroticism-Emotional Stability

This category is synonymous to "moodiness versus even-temperedness", where

in a neurotic person is inclined to having changing emotions from time to time,
while an emotionally stable person tends to maintain a constant mood or
emotion.

3. Pyschoticism

This dimension refers to the finding it hard to deal with reality. A psychotic
person may be considered hostile, manipulative, anti-social and non-empathetic.

Methods of assessing personality

Personality assessment refers to the procedures used to evaluate people on the

basis of certain characteristics. The most commonly used methods for assessing
personality are – psychometric tests, self-report measures, projective techniques
and behavioural analysis.

We are using self-report measures here, which are fairly structured, often based
on a theory, that requires subjects to give verbal responses using some kind of
rating scale. The method requires the subject to objectively report his/her own
feelings with respect to various items. They are scored in quantitative terms and
are interpreted on the basis of norms developed for the test. Examples – The
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory [MMPI], Eysenk Personality
Questionnaire [EPQ] and 16 Personality factor [PF]
  Advantages – Used for career guidance, vocational exploration, personal
counselling and personality development.

 Disadvantages – Social desirability is the tendency on the part of

respondent to endorse items in a socially desirable manner. Acquiescence
is the tendency of the subject to agree with items irrespective of their
contents.

History and description

A questionnaire designed to measure two major dimensions of personality,

namely extraversion and neuroticism, according to the theory of personality of
the German-born British psychologist H. J. Eysenck (1916–97), first
propounded in his books Dimensions of Personality (1947) and The Scientific
Study of Personality (1952). Eysenck published the test initially in the journal
Rivista di Psicologia in 1956. Later versions of it were called the Eysenck
Personality Inventory and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. MPI abbrev.
[Named after the Maudsley Hospital in Denmark Hill, south London, where
Eysenck worked, and which in turn is named after the English psychiatrist
Henry Maudsley (1835–1918) who founded it].

Each of these two traits are measured by means of 48 questions. Neuroticism

refers to general emotional stability of a person, his emotional over
responsiveness and his stability to neurotic breakdown under stress.
Extraversion as opposed to introversion refers to the out-going, uninhibited,
sociable proclivities of a person. The two dimensions are conceived of as being
quite independent: thus all the theoretically possible combinations of scores
may in fact be observed.
 SINHA’S COMPREHENSIVE ANXIETY TEST

Aim: To assess the level of anxiety of the subject by using Sinha`s Comprehensive Anxiety
Test by AKP Sinha and LNK Sinha.
Basic Concepts
Anxiety is a vague, objectless fear or an uneasy feeling. It is an apprehensive feeling which is
typically accompanied by a variety of psychological factors, including increase in heart rate,
drying up of mouth, muscular tension and rapid breathing.
Three kinds of anxiety
1. State anxiety – It describes the experience of unpleasant feelings when
confronted with specific situations, demands or a particular object or event. It
arises when the person makes a mental assessment of some type of threat. When
the object or situation that is perceived as threatening goes away, the person no
longer experiences anxiety. Thus, it’s a temporary condition in response to some
perceived threat
2. Trait Anxiety – It arises in response to a perceived threat but it differs in its
intensity, duration and the range of situations in which it occurs. It refers to the
difference between people in terms of their tendency to experience state anxiety
in response to the anticipation of a threat. People with a high level of trait
anxiety experience more intense degrees of state anxiety to specific situations
than most people do not and experience anxiety toward a broader range of
situations or objects than most people.
3. Somatic anxiety– It is the physical symptoms of anxiety, such as butterflies in
the stomach. It is commonly contrasted with cognitive anxiety, which is the
mental manifestations of anxiety or the specific thought processes that occur
during anxiety, such as concern or worry.

Anxiety is observed to manifest itself in the following ways:

 Health
 Ambition
 Social relationships
  Future
 Family

There are a number of approachers to study anxiety. Psychodynamic approach, Karen

Horney`s Basic anxiety and behavioural approach.
Psychodynamic Approach
 Freud was one of the persons who emphasized on the study of anxiety. He believed
that neurotic anxiety was the result of a conflict between the id, ego and super ego.
 The id consists of all biological/primitive impressions based on pleasure principle.
 The ego takes into account the external reality in the shape of instinctive sexual and
aggressive urges and the morality related to it. Ego bridges the gap between id and
the super ego. Anxiety in this theory is an unpleasant feeling of tension or worry
that is experienced by the person.
 Super ego is based on moral principle and focuses on the right/wrong as per the
society.

Karen Horney`s Basic Anxiety

 She was one of the few women psychologists in the early psychoanalytic movement
and disagreed with Freud strongly over his views on differences between men and
women.
 According to her, basic anxiety could result from a variety of things including direct or
indirect domination, indifference, erratic behavior, lack of respect for the child`s
individual needs, hostile atmosphere at home and so on.

Behavioural Approach
 This approach believes in ways in which anxiety becomes associated with observation
and learning by modelling.

 Define abnormal behaviour ( refer chap 4 ,

ncert book )
 Anxiety – define
 Anxiety disorders types

History and description

SCAT is developed by AKP Sinha and LNK Sinha in 1995. The test consists of 90 items which
are to be answered in five categories on the basis of score obtained on the extremely high
anxiety to extremely low anxiety.

SELF CONCEPT QUESTIONNAIRE

Aim: To assess the level of anxiety of my subject using Dr. Saraswat`s Self Concept
Questionnaire.
Basic Concept:
Self – It refers to totality of an individual`s conscious experiences, ideas, thoughts and feelings
with regard to himself and herself.
The concept of self is created to help understand the personality theory better.
How does self develop – a newly born child has no idea of its self. As a child grows older, the
idea of self emerges and its formation begins. Parents, friends, teachers and significant others
play a vital role in shaping a child`s ideas about self. Our interactions with other people, our
experiences and the meaning we give to them serve as the basis of ourself. The structure of self
is modifiable in the light of our own experiences and the experiences we have of other people.
Personal Identity – It refers to those attributes of a person that makes him different from others.
For e.g. My name is Sonal/Mohan
Social Identity – It refers to those aspects of a person that link him/her to social or cultural
group. For e.g. I am a Muslim
Self-concept – The way we perceive ourselves and the ideas we hold about our competencies
and attributes is also called self-concept. This can be either positive or negative. A person may
have a positive view of her/his athletics or bravery but a negative view of his academic talent.
Studies indicate that by the age of 6-7 yrs children seem to have formed seld esteem atleast in
four areas:
 Academics
 Social Competence
 Atheletic competence
 Physical appearance

Self-efficacy – refers to the believe of a person in his ability to control life outcomes.
Self as subject and object – When self is described as doing something [ I am dancer], it is a
subject. On the other other hand if it describes as an entity on which something is done, it is
described as subject.
Kinds of self
 Personal self – this leads to an orientation in which one feels primarily conserned with
oneself.
 Social self -the social self emerges in relation with others and emphasizes such aspects
of life as cooperation, unity, sacrifice, support or sharing.

Self-regulation
It refers to the ability to organise and monitor our overt behavior. People who are able to change
their behavior according to the demands of the external environment are high on self-
regulation.
History and description
The SCQ was developed by Dr. R.K.Saraswat and it provides six separate dimensions of self
concept, namely physical [view about their body and health], social [sense of worth in social
interactions], temperamental [emotional state], educational [in relation to school, teachers and
co-curricular activities], moral [moral worth] and intellectual [ awareness of their intelligence
and capacity to solve problems].

FILE NO 2:
CASE PROFILE :
CASE PROFILE FILE :

 Case profile is an in depth analysis of a person .

 You are required to choose a person on whom you want to do your case study.
The person should be from 14-18 years of age and willing to cooperate with you.
You may choose a person who is gifted/ has some physical disability / lower socio
economic background etc .

FILE WORK
 INDEX ( LEAVE IT BLANK AS OF NOW )
 INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDY FILE ( HEADING )
EXPLAIN CASE STUDY METHOD ; ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
THIS METHOD ( 3 -4 SIDES )
 PRECAUTIONS TAKEN ( VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION ; INFORMED
CONSENT ; DEBRIEFING AND SHARING RESULTS ; CONFIDENTIALITY –
REFER TO CLASS 11TH NCERT PSYCHOLOGY BOOK )
 TOOLS USED FOR COLLECTING DATA :
1. OBSERVATION METHOD ( EXPLAIN )
2. INTERVIEW METHOD ( EXPLAIN )
3. PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST ( EXPLAIN )
P.S. :REFER TO CLASS 11TH NCERT BOOK
 REASONS FOR CHOOSING MY SUBJECT
 RAPPORT FORMATION :
A friendly conversation was carried out to make the subject feel at ease
. I assured the subject that results would be kept confidential . All of
his/her queries related to the study were clarified .
 PRELIMINARIES INFORMATION :
 NAME
 AGE
 GENDER
 BIRTH ORDER
 NUMBER OF SIBLING
 EDUCATION
 LOCALITY OF RESIDENCE
 RELIGION
 PARENTAL EDUCATION AND OCCUPATION
 FAMILY INCOME
 SUBJECT MEDICAL HISTORY
 INTROSPECTIVE REPORT
 INTERVIEW :
P.S. : THESE ARE SAMPLE QUESTIONS . YOU ARE REQUIRED TO
FRAME YOUR OWN QUESTIONS –SPECIFIC TO YOUR SUBJECT .
 SUBJECTS INTERVIEW ( 15 TO 20 QUESTIONS )
EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS :
1. Who is your role model ?
2. Do you enjoy the company of your family ?
3. What stream you have choosen and why ?
4. How often do you go out with your family ?
5. Do you enjoy your studies?
6. What kind of entertainment you like ?
7. In what kind of environment do you enjoy the most ?
8. What are your hobbies ?
9. Is there any kind of restriction put on you by your family ?
10. Do you feel shy in talking to people in a group ?
11. Do you share your problems with your family
12. What is your aim in life
13. Whom do you trust the most in your family
14. Will you do something that your family objects to ?
15. How much time do you take out for your family
16. Do you trust your friends ?
17. What kind of looks interests you the most ?
18. Are you short tempered ?
 PARENT INTERVIEW :MOTHER
1. Do you trust your son / daughter ?
2. Do you force him/her to do anything which he/she wouldn’t
do ?
3. Do you trust his /her friends ?
4. Do you take him/her out on outing regularly ?
5. Do you force him/her in terms of studies?
6. Do you believe in giving pocket money to your child ?
7. Is he/she very moody ?
8. How often do you allow your son/daughter to go out with
his/her friends ?
9. Are you satisfied with the company of your friends ?
10. What kind of passion do you see in your child ?
11. Does your child listen to you ?
12. Does he /she hesitate in sharing problems with you ?
13. Have you ever allowed your child to drive your vehicle ?
14. Do you think mobile phone is necessary for your child ?
15. Are you possessive about your child ?
16. What qualities of him / her do you like the most
17. Are you aware of his /her hobbies ?
18. What is his /her attitude towards life ?

PARENT INTERVIEW : FATHER

 Do you trust your son / daughter ?
 Do you force him/her to do anything which he/she wouldn’t do ?
 Do you trust his /her friends ?
 Do you take him/her out on outing regularly ?
 Do you force him/her in terms of studies?
 Do you believe in giving pocket money to your child ?
 Is he/she very moody ?
 How often do you allow your son/daughter to go out with his/her
friends ?
 Are you satisfied with the company of your friends ?
 What kind of passion do you see in your child ?
 Does your child listen to you ?
 Does he /she hesitate in sharing problems with you ?
 Have you ever allowed your child to drive your vehicle ?
 Do you think mobile phone is necessary for your child ?
 Are you possessive about your child ?
 What qualities of him / her do you like the most
 Are you aware of his /her hobbies ?
 What is his /her attitude towards life ?

FRIEND’S INTERVIEW
1. Since when have you been friends with him /her ?
2. How far do you trust him /her?
3. Do you like his /her company
4. Are you proud of your friend
5. Do you know about his likes and dislikes
6. What is his /her ain in future
 7. How often do you meet him /her
8. What do you appreciate the most about him/her ?
9. Is he/she into habit of smoking or drinking ?
10. Does he /she listen to his /her parents ?
11. What kind of sports he likes
12. Whether he/she goes out for parties ?
13. Is he /she satisfied with the pocket money he /she gets
14. Does he/she takes studies seriously
15. Is he /she ready to face challenges in life

 INTERVIEW ANALYSIS
 SUBJECT INTERVIEW ANALYSIS ( SUMMARY OF RESPONSES THAT YOU
HAVE RECIEVED )
 SUBJECT’S MOTHER INTERVIEW ANALYSIS
 SUBJECT’S FATHER INTERVIEW ANALYSIS
 SUBJECT’S FRIEND INTERVIEW ANALYSIS
 OBSERVATION METHOD
 REPORT OF SUBJECT’S OBSERVATION
( SHARE HOW HE /SHE IS IN SCHOOL / WITH FRIENDS /WITH PARENTS
IE ACCORDING TO YOUR OBSERVATION )

REST OF THE CASE STUDY FILE WORK WILL BE DONE AFTER SUMMER
HOLIDAYS