1.

Discuss at least five types of steam traps that are generally used in
boilers today.

The primary function of a steam trap is to efficiently discharge condensate that forms within
steam distribution lines, steam tracers, and steam-utilizing equipment. Furthermore, a steam trap
plays a pivotal role in conserving energy by preventing steam leaks and by expelling non-
condensing gases like air.
Various types of steam traps find application in modern boiler systems. Here, we delve into five
common varieties:
1. Mechanical Steam Traps: These are sometimes referred to as "density traps" and
encompass designs such as Free Float, lever float, and inverted bucket steam traps.
Mechanical traps rely on the difference in density between steam and condensate to
operate a valve, enabling condensate discharge.
2. Thermostatic Steam Traps: These traps employ temperature differentials to separate
steam from condensate. When steam enters a thermostatic trap, the heat causes a capsule
within the trap to expand, thus closing the drain valve. As cooled condensate
accumulates, it lowers the temperature, causing the capsule to contract and reopen the
drain valve.
3. Thermodynamic Steam Traps: Operative by leveraging the kinetic energy distinction
between high-velocity steam (a gas) and slower-moving condensate (a liquid). While not
the most energy-efficient choice due to occasional steam leaks and intermittent noise
generation, they serve their purpose.
4. Inverted Bucket Steam Traps: These traps employ an inverted bucket mechanism to
facilitate valve operation. Steam entering the trap fills the bucket, rendering it buoyant
and causing it to rise, subsequently opening the valve. As condensate fills the bucket, it
gains weight, causing the bucket to sink and thus closing the valve.
5. Float Steam Traps: These traps employ a float mechanism to control the valve. When
steam enters the trap, it fills the float chamber, elevating the float and opening the valve.
Conversely, as condensate accumulates, the float descends, shutting the valve.
6. Bi-Metallic Steam Traps: Bi-metallic traps capitalize on the expansion and contraction
of dissimilar metals to actuate a valve. They are well-suited for low to medium-pressure
systems and adept at accommodating variable loads.
The selection of the appropriate steam trap hinges on several factors, including the specific
application, condensate load, and system requisites. Each steam trap type boasts distinct
advantages and drawbacks, making it imperative to make an informed choice to ensure the
efficient and trouble-free operation of a boiler system. Additionally, regular maintenance and
monitoring of steam traps are essential to mitigate energy losses and system inefficiencies.

Different Types of Steam Traps | WARE (wareinc.com)

Types of Steam Traps | Steam Class | Ayvaz

Applications of Different Types of Steam Traps | TLV

2. Illustrate and discuss at least 3 basic designs of check valves.

Check valves are crucial components within piping systems that serve the
essential function of blocking backflow and ensuring the protection of equipment from
potential damage. Various types of check valves are available, each distinguished by its
specific design, mode of operation, and intended applications. Presented here are four
fundamental check valve designs, accompanied by descriptions of their design attributes,
operational mechanisms, and common use cases.
1. Swing Check Valves: A swing check valve is a self-actuated valve that serves as
a backflow preventer or one direction valve. They have a disc that swings on a
hinge off the seat of the valve to allow forward flow. When the flow stops, it
swings back into position to stop reverse flow. The weight of the disc has to be
sufficient to withstand the impact of the return flow. Swing check valves have an
unguided disc that moves into a fully open position when the pressure from the
 flow is applied. They come in several sizes and designs to fit different
applications.
2. Lift Check Valves: The flow for lift check valves enters below the seat of the
valve. The pressure of the flow lifts the disc or ball off the seat. When the flow
weakens, slows, reverses, or stops, gravity forces the disc or ball downward onto
the seat. They are ideal for systems with high flow and velocity rates. Lift check
valves have a guided piston that lifts when the flow enters the check valve. The
seat has a barrel design and is screwed on and sealed. The opening to the check
valve is the same as the same size as the inlet and outlet.
3. Ball Check Valves: Ball check valves consist of a ball that sits on a seat within
the valve body. When the fluid flows in the forward direction, the ball is pushed
away from the seat, allowing the flow. When the fluid flows in the reverse
direction, the ball is pushed back onto the seat to prevent backflow. Ball check
valves are commonly used in industries such as chemical, food, and
pharmaceutical.
4. Tilting disc check valves: Tilting disc check valves, alternatively referred to as
swing check valves, belong to a category of check valves characterized by a disc
attached to a hinge or trunnion. This disc swings open when subjected to inlet
pressure, promptly sealing shut when inlet pressure diminishes or when backflow
occurs. The purpose of tilting check valves is to address certain issues associated
with swing check valves, which have traditionally been the prevalent choice.
They exhibit the ability to stay open during low-velocity flow and swiftly close
when flow ceases, making them particularly effective in applications
characterized by high flow velocities.

Check Valve: What is it? How Does It Work, Types Of (iqsdirectory.com)

Microsoft Word - RB_DesignSelectionCV_3-29-18 (valmatic.com)
Types of Check Valves - A Thomas Buying Guide (thomasnet.com)
Check Valves Selection Guide: Types, Features, Applications | GlobalSpec

3. Illustrate and discuss the two basic kinds of relief valves

4. Differentiate direct operated regulator and pilot operator regulator

Direct-operated regulators and pilot operator regulators are two types of
regulators used in various applications. Direct-operated regulators are simpler in design
and operation, consisting of a plug and seat, diaphragm, and spring. They are less
expensive and easier to maintain, with a faster response speed. They do not have a
required minimum differential and require 20%-40% offset from setpoint. However, they
are less accurate than pilot-operated regulators. On the other hand, pilot-operated
regulators have the same essential components as direct-operated units with the addition
 of a pilot. They are more complex in design and operation, with higher upfront and
maintenance costs. They have higher accuracy and capacity than direct acting regulators,
available in larger sizes, and therefore higher capacity. All the flow capability of a pilot-
operated regulator is usable because of its exceptional accuracy, unlike the limited flow
capacity of a direct-acting regulator due to excessive droop. However, they require a
pressure differential between the inlet and outlet to operate. In summary, the choice
between direct-operated regulators and pilot operator regulators depends on the specific
application requirements and budget.

5. Illustrate the basic boiler room valves identification symbols