Designing

Biomaterials for
3D Printing
Group 2:
Trần Trung Quân - 2052232
Nguyễn Phúc An Khang - 2052520
Lê Việt Yên Chi - 2052045
Du Chí Vĩ 2053594
 Contents
01 02 03

General Main Conclusion

Introduction achievement
01
General
Introduction
 FUNDAMENTAL
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is the construction of a three dimensional
objects from a CAD model or a digital models.

However, The lack of diversity

in “biomaterial inks”
Limits the acceptance of 3D printing
in biomanufacturing

The topic studied the advance in biomaterial ink development

 CURRENT TECHNOLOGY
The 3D printing technology be able to design and fabrication of constructs
based on tissue images capture with commonly used medical imaging:

Computer tomography (CT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

 BACKGROUND
There are significant issues to overcome before it can be recognized as a
common fabrication technique in medicine

Limited capabilities of the 3D printers:

processing speed, printing speed and
printer resolution

Be printable Be biocompatible
Lack of diversity in 3D printable
biomaterials Appropriate Exhibit tissue
mechanical properties biomimicry

Reproducibility concerns,
quality control issues and regulatory
 What this paper covers
An overview of 3D printing techniques with currently 3D printable biomaterials
Advantages and drawbacks for tissue engineering applications

Figure 1: Stages of the 3D printing process to develop tissue-mimetic devices

 What this paper covers
An overview of 3D printing techniques with currently 3D printable biomaterials
Advantages and drawbacks for tissue engineering applications

Figure 2: Schematics depicting 3D printing techniques

02
Main
achievement
 Main achievement of designing biomaterials

2013
1950 1988 -Now
3D Organ
printing Bio-printing

Continuous Tissue Additive

inkjet printing engineering manufacturing
of tissues
1980 2007
and organs

This essay presents

Overview of currently
employed biomaterial inks
3D printed constructs from hard (left) to soft (right) in nature.
Copyright 2013 AAAS.
 Common Ink Biomaterials
1. Polymeric Biomaterial Inks
Poly(lactic acid).
Poly(D,L-lactide).
Poly(caprolactone) (PCL).
Poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF).
Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK).
Poly(butylene terephthalate).
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS).
2. Hydrogel Inks
3. Ceramic-Based Inks
Hydroxyapatite (HA).
Tricalcium Phosphates.
4. Composite Inks
Polymer-Based Composites.
Hydrogel-Based Composites.
Ceramic-Based Composites.
1. Polymeric Biomaterial Inks

Ease of processability

Low cost

Biocompatibility FDM

Degradation
SLS

DIW SLS
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
Preeminent polymer for FDM.
Low cost
Nontoxicity
Biocompatibility
Renewable feedstocks and easy
processability.
Melt temperature: 175 °C.
Easily formed into filaments
(200 and 230 °C).
 Applications

Agriculture Consumer goods

Medical
planting pots
nonwoven
fabrics

sandbags binding tape disposable

Implants diapers
tableware
Poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA).
biodegradable polymer
Good biocompatibility and high
mechanical strength
Fabricate medical devices,
predictably degrade over months
Drug-release functionalization with
calculable results.
Most understood and affordable
bio-polymers
 Applications

Surgery Photoionizability

Biomedical

Resorbable bone Resin

fixation devices
UV light
Poly(caprolactone) (PCL).
A biodegradable polyester
Melting point: 60 °C
Vitrification temperature: -60 °C.
Raw material:
Crude oil
Catalytic ring-opening
polymerization of ε-caprolactone
Low cost, biodegradable polyester.
 Applications
Consumer applications

Medical applications

Industrial applications
 Poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF).
One of the most extensively
studied biodegradable and
photo-cross- linkable polymers
used in stereolithography.

Fact: A rabbit model showed bone regeneration throughout the scaffolds with
both ingrowth of native bone from the edges and generation of bone at
locations on the interior of the scaffold for all three coatings and no sign of a
persistent inflammatory responsed in any of the investigated scaffolds
indicating no problems with residual solvents.
Applications
 PoPolyether Ether Ketone (PEEK).
Semi-crystalline polymer
Most commonly ink material for
additive manufacturing
Bioinertness
Biocompatibility
Radiolucency
Low heat conductivity, strength and
elasticity comparable to cortical bone.
PEEK lacks the osteointegrative properties that make for good tissue engineering materials. Because it
does not integrate with native tissues well, it is often at risk to trigger foreign body reactions including
encapsulation, dislodging, and extrusion.
PEEK implants are more expensive than many other polymer implants. Recent advances in FDM printer
technology have increased processing temperatures attainable by the hot end of FDM machines => The
development of PEEK filaments for this more common 3D printing method.
 Applications

Superior heat resistance objects Aerospace and

Electronic device
aviation

Medical apparatus Tissue engineering

and instruments material
Poly(butylene terephthalate).
Similar to PLA and PCL, and it has
been used in FDM printing
experiments.
Due to the lack of apparent
advantages over either PLA or PCL
and higher melting point of 225 °C, it
has seen much less investigation as a
3D printable material than the other
two polyesters despite its similar
biocompatibility.
Applications
Bone implant

Automotive
exterior and
interior parts
Acrylonitrile Butadiene
Styrene (ABS).
 Properties and applications
A petrochemical-based, triblock copolymer that possesses
good strength from the acrylonitrile and butadiene elements
while gaining toughness from the styrene units, giving it an
advantage over the somewhat brittle polyester materials.
This combined with a melting point of 105 °C makes ABS is
an attractive candidate for use in FDM and SLA systems.

ABS has seen limited use as a scaffold material outside of

cartilage engineering because it generally performs the
same or worse than PLA in areas of cell integration,
processability and cost. In addition, it is not biodegradable,
which is a major detriment in an industry that is moving
toward resorbable materials.
 2. Hydrogel Inks WHAT IS HYDROGEL INKS?

Composed of hydrophilic
polymer chains

Water-rich structures

Hydrogel ink resembling natural tissues

Hydrogel materials

Hydrated environment and

water-retaining capabilities

Made from natural polymers such as

alginate, agar, gelatin, cellulose, etc.
2. Hydrogel Inks WHAT ITS APPLICATION?

Produce scaffolds and mimic the mechanical The majority in research and clinical
and biological properties of soft tissues. biomedical applications
Injectable, shear-thinning hydrogels are a
subgroup of all hydrogel systems
2. Hydrogel Inks WHAT ITS PROPERTIES?

Hydrogels provide perfect “soft material”

systems to mimic native extracellular matrix
(ECM) microenvironments:
tunable mechanics
degradation
functionalizability
Mechanical strength
Biocompatibility
Support for cell growth
2. Hydrogel Inks WHAT ITS ACHIEVEMENT?

Figure 3E
Li et al. developed a two-component DNA hydrogel ink system, composed of polypeptide-DNA
conjugate and complementary DNA linker --> Able to fabricate cell containing 3D structures with
tunable hydrogel properties.

Villar et al. developed tissue-like structures printing aqueous droplets into a solution of lipids in oil
leading to lipid monolayers forming bilayers with droplets in the growing network (Figure 3E).
3. Ceramic-based Inks
a liquid that evaporates or burns
off during the firing process
leaving behind

“Suspensions of inorganic pigments or colorants in a carrier medium.“

vitrified or fused into the ceramic substrate,

creating a permanent and durable decoration.
3. Ceramic-based Inks

Orthopedics
Application
High stiffness Surface for bone tissue development
High bioactivity Dental surgery
3. Ceramic-based Inks
Promising
SLA PB
FDM Inkjet
Needs
composite
system Printing methods
 Hydroxyapatite (HA)

Ceramic-based Inks

Tricalcium Phosphates
Hydroxyapatite (HA)

Ca 5(PO4)3(OH)

Artificial scaffolding

Clinical applications

Low performance results

Tricalcium Phosphates

Ca 3(PO4)2

Fast resorption rate

Bone implants, tissue engineering

Brittle without additives
4. Composite inks

“Contains 2 or more different materials” Carrier material

Main component
Transport functional material
Additives
Improve the properties Functional material
Provides desired properties of the inks
 Polymer-based composite

Composite inks Hydrogel-based composite

Ceramic-based composite
 Polymer-based composite

PLA PEG
Bioink for DIW bone
Polylactic acid + Polyethyleneglycol
(Most used polymeric inks) (Plasticizer) scaffolding structure

Better migratory
Better healing response
Hydrogel-based composite

Supported tissue growth

Biodegradable

(Hyaluronic acid + Glycidyl methacrylate) printed into scaffolds

Natural Biocompatible UV-curable Good biocompatility

Ceramic-based composite

More robust

HA PVA
(Hydroxyapatite + Polyvinyl alcohol) printed into scaffolds
(Additives)

Easier to handle
Lower sintering Better binding
temperature of layers
03
Conclusion
 CONCLUSION
Advantages Disadvantages

Allow companies Resemble full-size hearts

from batch to mass production with living cells

Cornea is strong early candidate BUT cannot function since

for bioprinted transplants lack of vascular systems
Fast Instant
In the future: a robust set of tools Worldwide delivery work well
 THANK YOU
FOR READING !!!