Instructional design theories

• Instructional Theories originated from learning research and theory.

• Provide guidelines for educators.
• Reigeluth; (1999) described Four Major Characteristics of Instructional Design Theory:
1. It is designed oriented
2. It identifies methods of instructions
3. The methods of instructions can be broken into more detailed components methods.
4. To control variables in the learning environment to achieve certain results.

There are Two Major Components in Instructional Design:

1. Methods of Instructions
2. Instructional Situations

BEHAVIORISM
- BEHAVIORISM or behavioral psychology stipulates that all behaviors are acquired
through conditioning. Conditioning occurs as an individual interacts with the
environment.
Specific assumptions or principles that have Direct relevance to instructional design include
the following:
- An emphasis on producing observable and measurable outcomes in students.
- Pre – assessment in students to determine where instruction should begin
- Emphasis on mastering early steps before progressing to more complex levels of
performance
- Use of reinforcement to impact performance
- Use of cues, shaping and practice to ensure a strong stimulus response association.
Example of Behaviorist Theory:
1. Skinner’s Programmed Instruction
2. Keller’s Personalized System of Instruction ( PSI )

COGNITIVISM
- Focused on the Conceptualization of Students, learning process and address issues of
how information is received, organized, stored and retrieved by the mind.
Specific assumptions or principles that have direct relevance to instructional design include
the following:
- Emphasis on the active involvement of the learners
- Use hierarchal analysis to identify and illustrate prerequisites relationships
- Emphasis on structuring, organizing and sequencing information
- Creations of learning environment
Example of Cognitivist Theory:
1. Conditions of Learning by Robert Gagne
2. Component Display Theory

In addition, the theory outlines NINE INSTRUCTIONAL EVENTS AND CORRESPONDING

COGNITIVE PROCESSES;
1. Gaining Attention ( reception )
2. Informing the learners of the objective ( expectancy )
3. Stimulating recall of prior learning ( retrieval )
 4. Presenting the Stimulus ( selective perceptions )
5. Providing learning guidance ( semantic encoding )
6. Eliciting performance ( responding )
7. Providing Feedback ( reinforcement )
8. Assessing Performance ( retrieval )
9. Enhancing retention and transfer ( generalization )

CONSTRUCTIVISM
- A theory that equates learning with creating meaning from experience.
- It distinguishes itself from traditional cognitive theories in a number of ways.
Specific assumptions or principles that have direct relevance to instructional design include
the following:
- An emphasis on identification which the skills will be learned.
- An emphasis on learner control and the capability of the learner to manipulate
information.
- The need for information to be presented in the variety of the different ways.
- Supporting the use of problem solving skills
- Assessment focused on transferred of knowledge and skills.
Example of Constructivist Theory:
1. Problem based learning
2. Perkin’s and Unger’s teaching and learning for understanding
 Generative Topics
 Understanding Goals
 Understanding Performances
 Ongoing Assessment

Blended Learning
 A combination of web-based instruction to the face to face classroom instruction.

Some Features of Blended Learning instructional delivery

1. Considers the power of online and offline modes of learning
2. Ensures teachers support and engagement
3. Promotes independent learning
4. Supports peer interaction
Models of Blended Learning
1. Rotation Model – a course or subject in which students rotate on a fixed schedule or at
teacher’s discretion between learning modes, at least one of which is online learning.
2. Flex model – the module offers individualized learning with flexible schedules, primarily
delivered through digital platforms, while teacher provides face to face consultation and
support.
3. A La Carte Model – the students take full online course with the other experiences that the
students pick up from face-to-face class. This model is different from full online learning
education because a la carte model will not be used in a year round time frame.
4. Enriched Virtual Model – students engage in face-to-face learning sessions with instructors,
then complete coursework remotely using online technology. In an enriched virtual model,
students rarely meet with instructors.

Learning Management System

 Also known as “course management system”.
  A software application designed to help in the administration of courses for both students and
instructors.
 Essential tool in curriculum design, development and organizing factors that motivates
students learning.
3 Primary purposes of LMS (Meishar-Tal Et.al. (2012).
1. Provide students with online learning materials.
2. Employ interactive learning activities with students in the forum
3. To manage the course and the learners.
Challenges on implementing LMS
 Challenges from budgetary, logistical to practical.
 Students population

Student friendly features of LMS

 Content organization
 Communication options
 Discussion boards
 Chat rooms
 File exchange
 Testing tools/evaluation tools
 Grade books and analytics

Student friendly feat. That should have considered when purchasing one.
1. Ease of access to content anytime.
2. High interactivity level
3. Excellent tracking and reporting
4. Security and privacy
5. Flexible testing and assessment
LMS-related innovations
Most LMS allows access from numerous devices, including mobile devices,

Distance Education and Online Learning

 Has evolved through several historical stages, from correspondence education, print, radio
and TV; to the use of teleconferencing, computer, multimedia and so on until online learning
including massive open courses.

Advantages:
1. Facilitate of mass education
2. Provides various education options
3. Provides information from the first course
4. Responsibility to the individuals for their learning
5. Facilitate for an independent learning
6. Provides an environment where maximum learning is possible
7. Provides cost effective education
8. Raising a standard in education program and
9. Minimizing inequality of opportunity