CHAPTER 5A

PIPE NETWORK
ZARINA MD. ALI & Dr TAN LAI WAI
SYLLABUS:
PIPE NETWORK
1. Hydraulic and energy grade lines
2. Fluid flow in pipes
3. Flow in series and parallel pipes
4. Hardy-Cross method

ZMA/S21819 2
EL AND HGL
Energy line (EL) shows total
head for a certain cross
section in system.
p1V1 2
EL =   z1
 2g

Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)

shows piezometric head for a
certain cross section in
Slide 4 to 8 show the
system. p
z
HGL = examples of EL and HGL
1

 1

ZMA/S21819 3
 # Example 1

Water flows between two tanks

4
ZMA/S21819
 # Example 2

EL & HGL
EL
HGL
V22/2g

hturbine

turbine

drop immediately in total energy head

Water flows between two tanks

ZMA/S21819 5
 # Example 3

EL

V22/2g
HGL

Velocity increased when

there is a contraction in
Fluid flows through a nozzle diameter of pipe

ZMA/S21819 6
 # Example 4

Water flows through 2 types of diameter pipes

ZMA/S21819 7
 # Example 5
EL
Energy equation
HGL from A to B:

A B
turbin
pam

zA zB

Datum Energy
pA VA2 pB VB2 head
  z A  (hpam  hturbin )    z B  hL losses
 2g  2g

hmachine hf hm

ZMA/S21819 8
 Conclusion
EL AND HGL
• EL always higher or same level with HGL.
• The difference between 2 lines is the kinetic energy head,
V2/2g.
• Major losses – cause EL and HGL to decrease gradually.
• Minor losses – cause EL and HGL to decrease rapidly.
• Use of pump – Lines increase immediately
• Use of turbine – Lines decrease immediately

ZMA/S21819 9
EXAMPLE 5.1
Determine the discharge in the pipe system. Given kentrance = 0.5

Hs
10 m
f = 0.005
ke atm
L=100 m, d = 0.5 cm B

ZMA/S21819 10
hs = zA - zB = 10 cm , f = 0.005 , L = 100 m , D = 0.5 cm, kent = 0.5

Energy losses
 fL  V 2  0.005(100)  V 2 V2
h L  h m  h f   k ent     0.5    100.5
 D  2g  0.005  2g 2g
Energy eqn between A and B

PA VA 2 PB VB 2
  zA    zB  h L
 2g  2g

Q  AV   0.005 x1.39
2
2 2 2
VB V V 4
10   100.5  101.5
2g 2g 2g Q  2.73x105 m3 / s
2(9.81)(10)
V  1.39 m/s
101 .5

ZMA/S21819 11
EXAMPLE 5.2
A

Hs

Determine the difference elevation level between 2 reservoirs

which is connected by single pipe of cast iron for 1 km.
Discharge and diameter is given as 0.01 m3/s and 5 cm
respectively. Take ν = 1.14 x 10-6 m2/s, kent = 0.5, kout = 1

ZMA/S21819 12
Q = 0.01 m3/s, L = 1000 m , D = 5 cm, kent = 0.5, kout = 1, ν = 1.14 x10-6 m2/s

Q 0.01
V   5.09m / s
A  (0.05) 2
4
VD 5.09x0.05 e 0.25
Re    2.23x10 5
   0.005
v 1.14x106 D 50
From Moody Chart , f =0.03
PA VA 2 PB VB 2
  zA    zB  h L
 2g  2g
0.5V 2 fLV 2 V 2
z A  zB   
2g 2 gD 2 g
VB2  fL  (5.09) 2  (0.03)(1000) 
HS   0.5   1   0.5   1  794.28m
2g  D  2(9.81)  (0.05) 
ZMA/S21819 13
EXAMPLE 5.3
In a fire fighting system, a pipeline with a pump leads to a nozzle as
shown in Figure. Find the flow rate when the pump develops a head of
80 ft, given that we may express the friction head loss in the 6-in
diameter pipe by hf6 = 5V62/2g, and the friction head loss in the 4-in
diameter pipe by hf4 = 12V42/2g. Neglect minor losses.
(a) Sketch the energy line and hydraulic grade line,
(b) Find the pressure head at the suction side of the pump,
(c) Find the power delivered to the water by the pump, and
(d) Compute the power of the jet.

ZMA/S21819 14
 12V42
hf4 
5V62 2g
hf6 
2g C

hp  80 ft

Energy equation between A and C:

pA VA2 pC VC2
 zA   hf 6  hp  hf 4   zC 
 2g  2g

pA = 0; pC = 0; VA = 0; zA = 70 ft; zC = 80 ft; hp = 80 ft
5V62 12V42 VC2
0  70  0   80   0  80 
2g 2g 2g
5V62 12V42 VC2
70   
2g 2g 2g

Express V4 and V6 in terms of VC using the continuity equation:

A4V4  ACVC A6V6  ACVC
DC2 DC2
V4  2 VC  0.5625VC V6  2 VC  0.25VC
D4 D6 ZMA/S21819 15
 5V62 12V42 VC2
Energy equation between A and C: 70   
2g 2g 2g

Substitute V4  0.5625VC and V6  0.25VC

50.25VC  120.5625VC  VC2

2 2

70   
2g 2g 2g VC2
 13.70 ft
VC2 2g
5.1094  70
2g where g = 32.2 ft/s2
VC  29.70 ft/s
2

  
3
Q  ACVC    29.70  1.458 ft 3 /s
12
4

(a) Sketch the energy line and hydraulic grade line.

5V62 V62 12V42 V42

hf6   0.8563 ft hf4   4.335 ft
2g 2g 2g 2g

50.25  29.70  120.5625  29.70 

2 2

hf6  hf4 
2  32.2 2  32.2

hf6  4.281 ft hf4  52.02 ft

ZMA/S21819 16
 hf6  4.281 ft hp  80 ft hf4  52.02 ft

V62 V42 VC2

 0.8563 ft  4.335 ft  13.70 ft
2g 2g 2g

145.72 ft

141.38 ft

93.70 ft

89.36 ft

70 ft
65.72 ft

64.86 ft

ZMA/S21819 17
(b) Find the pressure head at the suction side of the pump

Energy equation between A and B:

pA VA2 pB VB2
 zA   hf 6   zB 
 2g  2g
VB2
pA  0; zA  70 ft; VA  0; hf6  4.281 ft; zB  50 ft;  0.8563 ft
2g
pB
0  70  0  4.281   50  0.8563

pB
0  70  0  4.281   50  0.8563

pB
 14.86 ft

ZMA/S21819 18
 hp  80 ft

(c) Find the power delivered to the water by the pump

P  Qhp
P  62.41.45880
P  7278.3 ft.lb/s

(d) Compute the power of the jet

P  Qh jet
P  62.41.45813.70
P  1246.4 ft.lb/s

ZMA/S21819 19
PIPES IN SERIES

According to continuity and the energy equations, the

following relations apply to the pipes in series:
Q  Q1  Q2  Q3  
hL  hL1  hL 2  hL 3  
ZMA/S21819 20
EXAMPLE 5.4
Pipes 1, 2 and 3 are 300 m of 300 mm diameter, 150 m of 200 mm
diameter, and 250 m of 250 mm diameter, respectively, of new cast
iron and are conveying 15C water. If z = 10 m, find the rate of flow
from A to B. Assume fully turbulent flow and neglect minor losses.

= 10 m

L1 = 300 m
D1 = 0.3 m
L2 = 150 m
D2 = 0.2 m
L3 = 250 m
D3 = 0.25 m
ZMA/S21819 21
 Cast iron  e  0.00025 m

= 10 m
Pipe 1 2 3
L1 = 300 m L (m) 300 150 250
D1 = 0.3 m D (m) 0.3 0.2 0.25
L2 = 150 m
D2 = 0.2 m e/D 0.00083 0.00125 0.00100
L3 = 250 m
D3 = 0.25 m f 0.019 0.021 0.020

From continuity: D12 D12

V2  2 V1  2.25V1 V3  2 V1  1.44V1
D2 D3
14
pA VA2 pB VB2
Energy equation between A and B:  zA   hf1  hf2  hf3   zB 
 2g  2g
f1L1 V12 f2L2 V22 f3L3 V32
0  10  0    00
D1 2g D2 2g D3 2g

10 
0.019300 V12 0.021150 2.25V1  0.02250 1.44V1 

2


2

0
0.3 2g 0.2 2g 0.25 2g
V12
140.21  10
2g
V1  1.183 m/s
Q  0.0836 m3 /s 22
 PIPES IN PARALLEL

For the parallel or looping pipes of the following figure, the

continuity and energy equations provide the following relations:
Q  Q1  Q2  Q3  
hL  hL1  hL 2  hL 3  
This is because pressures at A and B are common to all pipes.
ZMA/S21819 23
EXAMPLE 5.5
Pipe 2 has a length 4 times longer than pipe 1. Both pipe has
a same diameter which is 305 mm. If discharge in pipe 2 is 1
m3/s, find discharge for pipe 1. Calculate flow rate of system
if f equal to 0.01 and neglect minor losses.

A B

ZMA/S21819 24
SOLUTION In parallel pipe:
V2 
Q

1
 13.69m / s hL1 = hL2
A2 
(0.305) 2 hf1 = hf2
4
2 2
f1 L1V1 f 2 L2V2
 where L2/L1 = 4
2 gD1 2 gD2
V12  1x4 x1x13.69 2
V1  27.3m / s
 (0.305) 2
Q1  A1V1  x27.30  1.99m3 / s
4

Qsystem = Q1 + Q2 = 1.99 + 1 = 2.99 m3/s

ZMA/S21819 25
 EXAMPLE 5.6
Pipe D (in) L (ft) f
Three pipes A, B and C are
A 6 2000 0.020
interconnected as in figure
B 4 1600 0.032
below. The pipe
characteristics are as follows: C 8 4000 0.024

Find the rate at which water will flow in each pipe. Find also
the pressure at point P. All pipe lengths are much greater
than 1000 diameters, so neglect minor losses.

ZMA/S21819 26
 1

p1 V12 p2 V22
Energy equation between 1 and 2:  z1   h f A  h fC   z 2 
 2g  2g
fALA VA2 fC LC VC2 VC2
0  200  0    0  50 
D A 2g DC 2g 2g
From continuity equation: QA  QB  QC
AAVA  ABVB  ACVC

D 2A VA  D B2 VB  DC2 VC
0.25VA  0.1111VB  0.4444VC  0.25VA  0.11110.7217VA   0.4444VC
VA  1.346VC
For pipes in parallel: h fA  h fB
f A L A VA2 f B L B VB2

D A 2g D B 2g
80VA2  153.6VB2
VB  0.7217VA ZMA/S21819 27
 1
VA  1.346VC

fALA VA2 fC LC VC2 VC2

Energy equation between 1 and 2: 150   
D A 2g DC 2g 2g

150  80
1.346VC  0.0244000 VC2 VC2
2

 
2g 8 12 2g 2g
VC2 VC2 VC2
150  144.95  144 
2g 2g 2g
VC2
1  144.95  144   150
2g
VC  5.772 ft/s  QC  2.015 ft 3 /s

VA  1.3465.772   7.769ft/s  QA  1.526 ft 3 /s

VB  0.72177.769   5.607ft/s  QB  0.489 ft 3 /s

Check the continuity: QA  QB  QC

QA  QB  1.526  0.489
QA  QB  2.015  QC ZMA/S21819 28
 1
VC  5.772 ft/s

Pressure at point P
p1 V12 pP VP2
Energy equation between 1 and P:  z1   hfA   zP 
 2g  2g
VC2 pP VC2
0  200  0  144.95   120 
2g  2g

80  145.95
5.772
2


pP
232.2 
pP
 4.496 ft


ZMA/S21819 29
30