Power Distribution and Utilization

(EE472-Power Group)

BY: Engr. Dr. Anzar Mahmood, SMIEEE,

Associate Professor, EE, MUST
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1 Types of D.C. Distributors
2 D.C. Distribution Calculations
3 D.C. Distributor Fed at one End – Concentrated Loading
4 Uniformly Loaded Distributor Fed at One End
5 Distributor Fed at Both Ends – Concentrated Loading
6 Uniformly Loaded Distributor Fed at Both Ends
7 Distributor with Both Concentrated and Uniform Loading
8 Ring Distributor
9 Ring Main Distributor with Interconnector
10 3-Wire D.C. System
11 Current Distribution in 3-Wire D.C. System
12 Balancers in 3-Wire D.C. System
13 Boosters
14 Comparison of 3-Wire and 2-Wire D.C. Distribution
15 Ground Detectors
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 Types of D.C. Distributors

D.C. distributors are classified as:

1. Distributor fed at one end
2. Distributor fed at both ends
3. Distributor fed at the centre
4. Ring distributor

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1. Distributor fed at one end:

1. The current in the various sections of the distributor away from

feeding point goes on decreasing.

2. The voltage across the loads away from the feeding point goes
on decreasing

3. Fault occurrence on any section of the distributor causes

disconnection from the supply mains
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2. Distributor fed at both ends:

1. In case of fault on any feeding the continuity of supply is

maintained from the other feeding point.

2. In case of fault on any section the continuity of supply is

maintained from the other feeding point.

3. The area of X-section required for a doubly fed distributor is

much less than that of a singly fed distributor.
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3. Distributor fed at the centre:

•It is equivalent to two singly fed distributors.

•Each distributor having a common feeding point and
length equal to half of the total length.

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4. Ring mains:

•It is equivalent to a straight distributor fed at both ends with

equal voltages, the two ends being brought together to form a
closed ring.

•The distributor ring may be fed at one or more than one point.
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 D.C. Distribution Calculations

A distributor may have:

1. Concentrated loading
2. Uniform loading
3. Both concentrated and uniform loading.

•Concentrated loads are those which act on particular points of

the distributor.

•Distributed loads are those which act uniformly on all points of

the distributor.

➢In d.c. distribution calculations:

•one important point of interest is the determination of
point of minimum potential on the distributor.
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D.C. Distributor Fed at one End—Concentrated Loading

Voltage drop in section AC = r1 (I1 + I2 + I3 + I4)

Voltage drop in section CD = r2 (I2 + I3 + I4)
Voltage drop in section DE = r3 (I3 + I4)
Voltage drop in section EF = r4 I4
Example 13.1,2,3,4 11
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Intentionally Left Blank

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 Uniformly Loaded Distributor Fed at One End

Current at point C is = i ɭ − i x amperes = i (ɭ − x) amperes

Consider a small length dx near point C.

Its resistance is r dx and the voltage drop over length dx is

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 Uniformly Loaded Distributor Fed at One End

Total voltage drop in the distributor up to point C is

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The voltage drop upto point B

Putting x = ɭ in the expression (A).

Voltage drop over the distributor AB

Example 13.5,6,7,8,9
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Intentionally Left Blank

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 Distributor Fed at Both Ends — Concentrated Loading
The two ends of the distributor may be supplied with

1. Equal voltage
2. Unequal voltages.
1. Two ends fed with equal voltages.

Away from A, p.d. goes on decreasing.

It reaches the minimum value at some load point, assume E.
Starts rising and becomes V volts at other feeding point B.
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•A to E , currents tapped off will be supplied from the feeding point A

•B to E , currents tapped off will be supplied from the feeding point B.

•E itself will be partly supplied from A and partly from B.

•If these currents are x and y respectively, then

I3 = x + y
conclusion
At the point of minimum potential, current comes from
both ends of the distributor. 25
Point of minimum potential:
It is generally desired to locate the point of minimum potential.
Method:

•Suppose that current supplied by feeding end A is IA.

IAC = IA ICD = IA − I1 IDE = IA − I1 − I2 IEB = IA − I1 − I2 − I3

•Voltage drop between A and B = Voltage drop over AB

V −V = IA RAC + (IA − I1) RCD + (IA − I1 − I2) RDE + (IA − I1 − I2 − I3) REB

From this equation, the unknown IA can be calculated as the

values of other quantities are generally given. 26
2. Two ends fed with unequal voltages:

The point of minimum potential can be found by following

the same procedure as discussed :

Voltage drop between A and B = Voltage drop over AB

Or
V1−V2 = Voltage drop over AB

Example 13.10,11,12,13
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Intentionally Left Blank

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 Uniformly Loaded Distributor Fed at Both Ends
There can be two cases:
1. Distributor fed at both ends with equal voltages
2. Distributor fed at both ends with unequal voltages

AB length= ɭ meter
Resistance= r ohms per meter run
Uniform loading = i amperes per meter run 33
1. Distributor fed at both ends with equal voltages
Total current supplied to the distributor= i ɭ
Current supplied from each feeding point= i ɭ /2
Current at point C = (i ɭ /2) – ix
= i (ɭ /2 – x)

Consider a small length dx near point C

Resistance of length dx = r dx
Current in length dx= i (ɭ /2 – x)

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 Voltage drop over length dx
dv= (current in dx) * ( resistance of dx)
dv= i (ɭ /2 – x) * r dx
dv= i r (ɭ /2 – x ) dx

Voltage drop upto point C

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Maximum voltage drop will occur at mid-point , where x = ɭ /2

iɭ=I
rɭ=R

Minimum voltage

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2. Distributor fed at both ends with unequal voltages
Point of minimum potential C is situated at a distance x metres
Current supplied by the feeding point A = i x Voltage drop over the
distributor
Voltage drop in section AC = i r x2/ 2 (volts)
Distance of C from feeding point B = (ɭ - x)
current fed from B = i (ɭ - x)
Voltage drop in section BC= i r (ɭ - x) 2/2 (volts)

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Voltage at point C

From equations 1 and 2

Solving the equation for x, as minimum potential at C

Vc=?

Example 13.14,15,16,17,18 38
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Distributor with Both Concentrated and Uniform Loading

The total drop over any section of the

distributor is equal to the sum of drops
due to concentrated and uniform loading
in that section.

Example 13.19,20,21
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 Ring Distributor

A distributor arranged to form a closed loop and fed at one or more

points is called a ring distributor.

A is the feeding point and tapings are taken from points B and C.

It is equivalent to a straight distributor fed at

both ends with equal voltages.

Example 13.22,23
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 Ring Main Distributor with Interconnector
In order to reduce voltage drops in various sections, distant points of
the distributor are joined through a conductor called interconnector.

❑The points B and D of the ring distributor are joined through

an interconnector BD.

❑Solution of such a network can be readily obtained by

applying Thevenin’s theorem.
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=DCE5803 48
PROCEDURE:
1. Consider the interconnector BD to be disconnected and find
the potential difference between B and D. This gives
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit voltage E0.(voltage between B
and D).
2. Calculate the resistance viewed from points B and D of the
network composed of distribution lines only. This gives
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit series resistance R0.
3. If RBD is the resistance of the interconnector BD.

Current distribution in each section and the voltage of load points

can be calculated.
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Example 13.24,25
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Intentionally Left Blank

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 3-Wire D.C. System

It consists of two outers and a middle or neutral wire which is earthed

at the generator end.

❑The potential of the neutral

wire is half-way between the
potentials of the outers (for
balanced loads).

❑The current in the neutral

wire will depend upon the
loads applied to the two sides

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 1. For balanced loads, the current in the neutral wire will be zero. The potential of
the neutral will be exactly half-way between the potential difference of the outers

2. I1 > I2, then out of balance current I1 − I2 will flow in the neutral wire. The potential of
neutral wire will no longer be midway between the potentials of the outers.

3. I2 >I1, then out of balance current I2 − I1 will flow in the neutral. The neutral potential
will not remain half-way between that of the outers.

4. As the neutral carries only the out of balance current which is generally small,
therefore, area of X-section of neutral is taken half as compared to either of the outers.

It is desirable that voltage between any outer and the neutral

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should have the same value.
 Current Distribution in 3-Wire D.C. System

120 A enters the positive outer

130 A comes out of the negative outer
130 − 120 = 10 A must flow in the neutral at point N.

❑Direction of current in the section NJ is known

❑Directions and magnitudes of currents in the other sections
of the neutral can be easily determined
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Load-point voltages
Knowing the currents in the various sections of the outers and
neutral, the voltage at any load point can be determined provided
resistances are known.

calculate the voltage across load CJ:

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the loop ACJNA.

[Algebraic sum of voltage drops] + [Algebraic sum of e.m.f.s.] = 0

[− drop in AC − voltage across CJ + drop in NJ] + [250] = 0

Voltage across CJ = 250 − drop in AC + drop in NJ

Example 13.26,27,28,29,30,31 61
 ASSIGNMENT ONE
FIVE NUMERICALS; DUE DATE: 28-11-2023

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Thank You

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