CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
The S R Construction Co. has a glorious history in the development of the state since pre

independence. The department is mainly entrusted with construction and maintenance of Roads,

Bridges and Govt. buildings. The department also acts as Technical Advisor to the State

Government in these matters. Initially, Irrigation, Public Health engineering were units of SRCC.

Subsequently these units were given separate entities to handle increased scope of work in the

respective field. Since the inception of the Department, it has strived through its continuous quest

for excellence and putting milestones in the feat of Engineering.

1.2 Mission
• To adopt latest technology for constructing affordable housing and developing
related Infrastructure for all segments of the society.
• To continuously learn and practice the contemporary trends in Construction and
Infrastructure Development Industry.
• To involve all employees as partners in organizational growth.
• To ensure safety of employees.
• To provide opportunities for personnel growth.
• To continuously upgrade annual bench marks for higher Turnover, Profitability
and Cost Effectiveness
1.3 Residential Projects
Mahatma Gandhi Residential projects are architecturally well-planned and structurally detailed
to perfection. Our projects have been deeply appreciated for their archetypical aspects that make
everyday living a soothing experience. Best professionals with their expertise are constantly
engaged in delivering innovations which is exemplified by our presence in major cities like
Bikaner, Rajasthan. And the residential project is

1
1.4 Mahatma Gandhi Residential Project Highlights
• Perfectly planned with essential household amenities:
• Environment Friendly Surroundings
• Proper Transaction services
• Educational Facilities
• Accessibility to key Landmarks
• Well-Designed Villas, Flats, Homes & other Residential Apartments
• Suitable for major needs and Comfortable Budget
• High-Class Service with Lifelong Commitment

1.5 Commercial Projects

Commercial projects require great deal of expertise and experience; something that
comes along with the Mahatma Gandhi Group. Mahatma Gandhi elaborate commercial
projects owe their success to the efficient use of resources and assets that the area has to
offer. Mahatma Gandhi proficiency in Commercial projects is reflected strongly in.
 Mahatma Gandhi Square- Salt Lake
 Mahatma Gandhi Chambers- off EM Bypass Bikaner, Rajasthan

2
CHAPTER-2
ABOUT THE PROJECT

Figure 1. Site plan

Name of the Project: Residential Building

Location: Vivek Vihar
Work: Residential Construction

Client: Private Ltd.

Contractor: S R Construction Co.

AEN: Mr. Aditya Malwani

Duration of Project: 18 Months
Cost of Project: Rs. 03cr.
Total Area of Project: 500 Sq. Y.
3
2.1 Overview
Mahatma Gandhi project DRL housing project with boundless opportunities and
possibilities. The soul Phase I and Phase II offers 702 most spacious 2 BHK, 3 BHK & 4
BHK apartments spread over 6.89 Acres (approx.) land area. The area of 2BHK apartment is
497sq ft and 2 BHK has 3 variants – 2 BHK standard with an area of 610 sq ft, 3BHK
premium with an area of 931sq ft and 4BHK is 1041sq ft.
The apartments are smartly designed to offer a comfortable& joyful living. The project will
be fully equipped with all the modern amenities like club house, swimming pool, indoor &
outdoor games etc. Mahatma Gandhi will surely prove to be an enchanted paradise with lush
green surroundings, beautiful landscapes and serene environment.

2.2 Floor Plan

Figure 2. Floor plan

4
2.3 Project’s AmenitiesIES
• Value Homes of 2 BHK easy marketable sizes ensures timely execution of
project.
• Most promising and futuristic location of Bikaner, Rajasthan on 200 feet road.
• Surrounding location – Inhabitant and Developed (Already more than 10000 +
family residing in 5 km vicinity are other social anilities)
• Zero Negative Area (Maximum utilization of usable zone)
• Trusted name in Realty industry have experience more than 26 year and trusted
value of 3000+ family.
• No Monthly Maintenance for one year for unit from date of completion
certificate.
• Benefits under stamp act, Interest Subsidy, Service Tax etc. are subject to
applicable provision of state.
• Club Membership included in the price.
• Large seating area in the centre and easy access to all dwelling unit.
• Beautiful landscape rich in shades gives you cool environment in summer.
• A grand designer entrance leading to central green area.
• Periphery road for easier vehicular movement and easy approach.
• Enough stilt and covered basement parking.
• Specifications
• Acrylic emulsion paint
• Tile Flooring
• Rain water harvesting
• Earthquake resistant structure
• Well ventilated rooms
• Fire safety system
• Passenger life
• Tele security system with intercom facility
• TV & Telephone point in all rooms
• Efficient modular switches & fitting of reputed brand Designer entrance lobby
& reception area.
5
2.4 Site Photographs are as follows

Figure 3. Block-A & podium

Figure 4. Block-B Tower-1 to Tower-4

6
 Figure 5. podium Block

Figure 6. Block-C Tower-9 & Tower-10

7
Figure 7. Tower-6 & Tower- 7

2.5 Areas covered during Internship

• Understanding the key roles of site engineer on site.
• Understanding the key concepts of project planning and its importance.
• Performing material testing on site.
• Key points for supervising and measuring work.
• Estimating cost of different materials and equipment used on site.
• Understanding the importance of quantity survey and estimating the requirements of
different materials on site.
• General information about materials used on site.

8
CHAPTER-3
Buildings
A building to be a structure constructed using any type of material (s) and for whatever purpose,
be it for residential, commercial, industrial or other. The structures that fall under the definition
of a building are as follows:

 Foundations, plinths or pedestals, walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, plumbing/drainage

structures, fixed structures, etc.
 Verandahs or atriums, balconies, cornices, projections in the building which extend
beyond its exterior walls, etc.

3.1Types of buildings

There are various types of building are:

 Residential Buildings
 Educational Buildings
 Institutional Buildings
 Assembly Buildings
 Business Buildings
 Mercantile Buildings
 Industrial Buildings
 Storage Buildings

3.2 Residential Buildings

These are buildings which are used for normal residential purposes and should facilitate
activities such as sleeping, living and cooking. The building must include one or more family
residencies, apartments, flats and private garages.

3.3 Educational Buildings

These are buildings housing educational institutions such as schools or colleges which are
affiliated and recognized by an appropriate board, university or any similar affiliation authority.
The building should promote the aggregation of instructional, educational and recreational
activities pertaining to educational purposes. Further, it is mandatory for the building to have
proper residential facilities for essential staff who need to reside within the campus. Apart from
this, the institution.

9
3.4 Institutional Buildings

These types of buildings consist of buildings that are constructed by the government, semi-
government organizations or registered trusts for specific purposes. Those specific purposes
include medical treatment purposes such as treatment of physical or mental illness, children’s
hospitals, old age homes, centers for the care of orphans or abandoned women, auditoriums or
complexes meant to be used for cultural or allied activities, religious accommodation facilities
such as dharmshalas, jails, etc.

3.5 Assembly Buildings

These are defined as buildings or parts of them which houses public gatherings congregated with
the intent of amusement, recreation, social, religious, patriotic, civil, travel or other similar
purposes. Buildings such as movie houses, drama theatres, drive-in theatres, assembly halls,
clubhouses, town halls, auditoriums, exhibition halls, museums, mangal karyalayas,
gymnasiums, sports complexes, restaurants, boarding houses, dance clubs, gymkhanas, places of
worship, bus stops, taxi stands, railway stations, airports, piers, etc. are categorized as assembly
buildings.

3.6 Business Buildings

If a building or a part of it is primarily used for keeping records of business transactions,

maintaining accounts, bookkeeping purposes or managing other types of records then it can be
classified as a business building. Buildings under this category include offices, banks,
courthouses and other professional establishments serving the aforementioned purposes.

3.7 Industrial Buildings

Buildings used to manufacture, assemble or process products or materials are termed as

industrial buildings. They include manufacturing units, assembly plants, factories, mills, power
plants, oil refineries, gas plants, dairy plants, laboratories, etc.

3.8 Storage Buildings

If a building or a part of it is used for the storage of commodities, goods, merchandise, etc. then
it is categorized as a storage building. They comprise buildings such as warehouses, cold
storages, grain storage units, barns, stables, freight depot, transit shed, hangars, truck terminals,
public garages, etc.

10
CHAPTER-4

GENERAL INSTRUCTION OF MATERIALS

4.1 Concerte
The following grades of concrete shall be used as per IS:456

• Grades are as:

M30-Foundation, Beams, Slabs, Lintels, Staircase, Retaining Walls

M30- S.T.P, U.G. Tank, O.H.W. Tank

M40, M30- Columns, Shear Walls

• Characteristics strength of concrete refers to 28 days compressive strength.

• Concrete tests shall be done as per IS: 456 requirements.
• Minimum clear cover of concrete to requirement should be as under:

Slabs 20mm
Staircase 20mm
Beams 25mm
Lintels 25mm
Shear Walls 25mm
Retaining Wall 30mm (outer face &
25mm (inner face)
Column 40mm
Foundation 50mm
Table.1 Concrete Grades

4.2 Foundation
• Suitable Chairs and Edge U bars were provided to hold the top bars of footing (if
applicable) reinforcement in position (minimum 16mm bar for raft).
• Pockets of loose/weak soil in foundation were removed shall be removed and
filled with PCC of grade 1:4:8
11
 • Ground was well consolidated before laying leveling course.
• All foundation should rest on firm soil strata on virgin soil. If any filled strata
were found during execution the matter should be discussed with
consultant/Architect.

4.3 Reinforcement Detailing:

• Not more than 50% bars shall be lapped at any section of column. Laps were
staggered and avoided at the points or maximum bending.
• No splicing of bar was done within a distance of 2d from the nearest support, d is
depth of member, stirrups spacing on the lap did not exceed 150mm.
• Minimum 3 ties were provided in the column at the junction of beam and
column.
• Wherever reinforcing bars of columns were changing from one floor to another
larger area of reinforcement was extended to other storey up to a development
length/middle zone.
• Column ties were provided as special confining steel above and below the beams
as per typical section of the column, these ties were provided through the
junction as well.
• Wherever junction is confined by beams on all the floor side, spacing of the ties
within the junction was doubled.
• In case of difficulty in providing lose ties (stirrups) U ties was provided.
• Wherever necessary horizontal bars were left in the columns for lintels and the
other similar members.
• Only ties of columns were continued through beam column junction.
• Provision of ductile reinforcement was as per IS: 13920-2016.
 12

4.4 Brickwork

Figure 8. Brick Work

Type of Bond in Brickwork is Stretcher Bond or Running Bond.

All walls were 110mm thick. “Band” is provided in the wall to prevent the cracks in the
walls. As the walls were made only from Fly Ash Bricks, the bonding between the
bricks is not so strong so there is higher chance of cracks emerging in the walls. These
Bands made of reinforced cement concrete prevent the transfer of cracks in the walls.

4.5 Calculation of Brickwork

Tower 1
DIMENSION OF BRICK IN METER

LENGTH 0.23
BREADTH 0.11
HEIGHT 0.07

VOLUME OF ONE BRICK IN M^3 0.001771

NO. OF BRICKS IN ONE APARTMENT 5271
TOTAL NO. OF BRICKS ON ONE FLOOR 105420
Table 2. Calculation of Brickwork
13
 4.6 Calculation of PCC in Retaining Wall & Foundation Work

Total Wet Volume of PCC required 798.81

Dry Volume 1254.1317

Required Qty of cement 138919.204

No of cement bags required 2778.38407

cement bag required per cubic meter 3.47815385

Sand 385.886677
Sand in kg 740902.42
Volume of Aggregate 771.773354
Aggregate in kg 1234837.37
Table 3. Calculation of PCC in Retaining wall & foundation

4.7 Calculation of Steel required in Foundation work

Sr. Diameter of steel reinforcement (in mm) Weight (in metric ton)

No.
1 8 0.04
2 10 1.91
3 12 2.71
4 16 58.62
5 20 6.29
6 25 6.85
Total steel required 76.42
Table 4. Calculation of Steel required in Foundation work

14
4.8 Calculation of Excavation Work
Tower 1 (M^3) 7839.48125
Tower 2 (M^3) 7869.79375
Middle portion (M^3) 2808.825
Total Area(M^3) 18518.1
Total Area(FT^3) 653966.702
Cost(area in feet *3.66) 2393518.13
Table 5. Calculation of Excavation Work
4.9 Rates of Materials & Items Used
The rate of all the item mentioned below were according to the requirement of those
items in construction of one floor of the tower.
Cost of any material= slab area of one floor * rate of item.

The rate of these items includes all the labor charges and electricity charges and
equipment costs required in those works.
Example: The slab area of one floor of tower 1= 15894 sq feet

So, the cost of brickwork on tower one would be = 15894x 88= Rs.13, 98,672.

Sr. No. Item Rate in Rs.

1 Excavation 5
2 Footing up to Plinth Level 67
3 Slab Casting with Column 285
4 Brick work 85
5 Wooden door frame Fixing 14
6 Internal Plaster 53
7 External Plaster 34
8 Balcony & Staircase Railing 8
9 Outer Development 1346
Total Amount for Civil Shell & Core Works 567
Table 6. Rates of Materials & Items Used
15

4.10 Finishing Works

 Sr. No. Flooring Rate in Rs.
1 Inside the Flats, Balcony, Stilt 67
2 Wall Tile 24
3 Lift Facia, Kitchen 4
4 Staircases, Corridors Flooring 14
Total Amount 110
Table 7. Finishing Works

Sr. No. Water Proofing Rate in Rs.

1 Toilet & Balcony Water Proofing 2
2 Terrace Waterproofing 2
3 Water Tank, STP etc. 11
4 Podium Water Proofing 2
Total Amount 7
Table 8. Water Proofing

Sr. No. Door Window Rate in Rs.

1 Flush Door with Paint 30
Aluminum Window, Ventilator, Sliding 38
2 Door, Shaft etc.

Total Amount 68
Table 9. Door Window
Sr. No. Painting Work Rate in Rs.
1 POP Work 24
2 Internal Paint 29
3 External Paint 19
4 Extra Texture Paint 2
Total Amount 74
Total Amount of Finishing work 278

Table 10. Painting Work

16
CHAPTER-5
MATERIAL ARE USE IN CONSTRUCTION
5.1 Cement
The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This paste first sets
i.e. it becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical reaction, called hydration, between the
cement and water. On setting & hardening, the cement binds the aggregate together into a stone
like hard mass & thus provides strength, durability & water-tighten to the concrete. Quality of
cement is based on grade of cement.

Figure 9. Cement
 The grades of cement are as-
o 33 Grade
o 43 Grade
o 53 Grade
 At the site Portland cement of 53 grade is used.
 The initial setting time of cement = 30 minutes (1/2 hr.)
 The final setting time of cement = 10 hrs.
17

5.2 Aggregates
Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes. Neat cement is very
rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too much and become cracks on
setting. Moreover, it will be costly to use neat cement in construction work. Therefore, cement is
mixed with some inert strong & durable hard materials. They also reduce the cost of concrete
because they are comparative much cheaper as cement.
5.2.1 TYPES OF AGGREGATES
 Fine Aggregate
 Coarse Aggregate

 FINE AGGREGATE (SAND): The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, I.S. sieve
and entirely retain on 75 micron (.075mm) I.S. sieve is known as fine aggregate.

Figure 10. Fine Aggregate (sand)

18

 FUNCTION OF FINE AGGREGATE

 The function of using fine aggregate in a concrete mix is to fill up the voids existing in
the coarse aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong concrete with less quantity of
cement and increase the workability of the concrete mix.It acts as a filler.The fineness
modulus varies from 2-3.5.

 COARSE AGGREGATE
The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 4.75 I.S. sieve
is known as coarse aggregates. At the site the coarse aggregate was 10mm & 20mm
Figure 11. Coarse Aggregate

 FUNCTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE: The coarse aggregates are used in

preparing concrete mix. It is mixed with cement, sand and water. These aggregates
reduce the volume changes resulting from setting and hardening process and from
moisture changes in cement paste. They resist the action of applied loads, abrasion etc.
The fineness modulus varies from 5.5-8

19

5.2.2 Grading of Concrete

The art of doing gradation of an aggregate as determined by sieve analysis is known as

grading of aggregate. The grade of concrete is depending on size of aggregates.

The principle of grading is that the smaller particles will fill up the voids between large
particles. This results in the most economical use of cement paste for filling the voids &
binding together the aggregate in the preparation of concrete.
Thus, proper grading of fine & coarse aggregate in concrete mix produces a dense concrete
with less quantity of cement.
5.3 Reinforcement
The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its strength is
reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear, bending moment, torsion and
compression

Figure 12. Reinforcement

5.3.1 Function of Reinforcement

Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete is strong in compression and
week in tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the concrete members. At the site
contractor using the high strength steel bars and T.M.T

20

5.3.2 REINFORCEMENT BAR

Concrete is much weaker in tension than in compression. Its tensile strength is approximately
10% of its compressive strength. Therefore, concrete is generally used in conjunction with steel
reinforcement, which provides the tensile strength in a concrete member. The use of plain
concrete without steel reinforcement is limited to pavements and some slabs-on-ground. Steel is
the ideal material to complement concrete because the thermal expansion of both materials is the
same. In other words, when heated or cooled, both steel and concrete expand or contract equally.
Consequently, no stress is caused by differential expansion or contraction. Composite materials
that expand differentially are subjected to such stresses. Steel also bonds well with concrete. In a
composite material, the bond between two materials is necessary for it to function as a single
material.

5.4 Water
It is an important ingredient of concrete because it combines with cement and forms a
binding paste. The paste thus formed fills up the voids of the sand and coarse aggregate
bringing them into close adhesion.
In this project source of water is a tube well which is closely spaced to the building. The quality
of water is good and can be used for drinking purpose also.

5.5 Reinforced Cement Concrete

Though plain cement concrete has high compressive strength and its tensile strength is relatively
low. Normally, the tensile strength of a concrete is about 10% to 15% of its compressive
strength. Hence if a beam is made up of plain cement concrete, it has a very low load carrying
capacity since its low tensile strength limits its overall strength. It is, there reinforced by placing
steel bars in the tensile zone of the concrete beam so that the compressive bending stress is
carried by concrete and tensile bending stress is carried by steel reinforcing bars. Generally in
simply supported and Cantilever beams the tension zone occurs at bottom and top of beam
respectively

21

CHAPTER-6
MAJOR EQUIPMENT
6.1 Concrete Batching Plant

Figure 13. Concrete Batching Plant

6.2 The concrete batch plants can be classified into 4 sections

1. Cement feeding
2. Aggregate feeding
3. Water
4. Admixture for blending the materials, transport, and storage.

22

6.3 Operation / working of concrete batching plant

1. Stationary version is preferred by customers who want to product concrete at a
single place and portable version is preferred by people who want to shift sites more
often.
2. Working principle of concrete batching plant is dependent on five primary functions
as below:
3. Aggregate feeding – Aggregates and sand have to be fed into the individual feeder
bins.
4. Powder feeding – Powder here refers to cement, fly ash and additives. These are
important components for binding of material.
5. Water – Water will help cement bind evenly with aggregates. Specific quantity of
water is must for any ready mix.

6. Storage and conveyance – Storage and conveyance here refer to storage of cement,
fly ash, etc. They have to hold up quantity in bulk and transfer small quantity by
screw conveyor to the weighing hoppers.
7. Control system – Control system is very critical for any advanced machine. It makes
operation fast and accurate.

Concrete batching plant process flow will start from the feeding of aggregates into
individual bins. Size wise aggregates have to be fed into individual bins. These
aggregates will be weighed individually as per the design set in the control panel. After
weighing they will be transferred to the mixing unit. Above the mixing unit there are
weigh hoppers for cement, additive and water. The job of the weigh hopper is to weigh
and then transfer the contents into the mixing unit below. Cement is transferred to the
weigh hopper by means of screw conveyor. Water is pumped up into the weigh hopper.
After mixing for a specific time as set in the mixing unit, the mixer will discharge the
contents into transit mixer or a concrete pump.

23
 6.4 Cement Concrete Mixing Machine

Figure 14. Cement Concrete Mixing Machine

The innovative design of the plant with pan mixer and also reversible type provides
easy and low-cost transportation and mobility for the complete unit. Automatic batch
mix plants employ computer-aided control to assist in speedy, precise measurement of
input elements as well as tie together the various parts and accessories for coordinated,
secure performance for longer functional life.
The sturdy construction of the concrete processing equipment helps in maintaining low
cost of production and least usage of labour requirement by our clients. With automatic
batching plant, you can effectively get rid of the unexpected construction problems and
sudden cost overruns that could delay your project start-up dates and raise the planned
budget. The batch mix plant is pre-assembled and factory tested before shipment; thus,
the guaranteed way to rapid on site set up and start up.
24
CHAPTER-7
TESTING OF MATERIALS & BRICKS

7.1 Cement
7.1.1 Colour of Cement:
The colour of cement should be uniform. An ideal colour of cement is grey with a light
greenish shade. Cement colour gives an indication of excess clay or lime. Check for lumps:
Lumps are formed due to the presence of moisture in cement. Cement undergoes a chemical
reaction when it is reacted with the atmospheric moisture this process is termed as
hydration. Moisture is a big enemy for cement. Cement becomes useless once it is hydrated
with water (liquid form or vapour form).
7.1.2 Rubbing Test
Take a pinch of cement rub within your fingers, it should feel smoothwhile rubbing. If it is
rough, it indicates that cement is mixed with sand.
7.1.3 Float test of cement
Take a handful of cement and throw it in water, a good quality of Cement should sink and
should not float on water.
7.1.4 Hand insertion
Insert your hand into the cement bag. It must give you a cool feeling. It implies that the no
hydration reaction taken place in cement bag.

7.2 Concrete
7.2.1 Slump Test
The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets. It is
performed to check the workability of freshly made concrete, and therefore the ease with
which concrete flows. It can also be used as an indicator of an improperly mixed batch. The
test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure. The slump test is
used to ensure uniformity for different loads of concrete under field conditions
Slump Height = 5.75cm.

Required Slump Height = 5-7cm

25
 Figure 15. Slump test

7.2.2 LIMITATIONS OF CONCRETE SLUMP TEST:

 The slump test is limited to concretes with the maximum size of aggregate less than 38
mm.
 The test is suitable only for concretes of medium or high workabilities (i.e having slump
values of 25 mm to 125 mm).
 For very stiff mixes having zero slumps, the slump test does not show any difference in
concretes of different workability’s

7.3 Fly-Ash Bricks:

Fly ash brick (FAB) is a building material, specifically masonry units, containing class C
or class F fly ash and water. Compressed at 28 MPa (272 atm) and cured for 24 hours in
a 66 °C steam bath, then toughened with an air entrainment agent, the bricks can last for
more than 100 freeze-thaw cycles. Owing to the high concentration of calcium
oxide in class C fly ash, the brick is described as "self-cementing". The manufacturing
method saves energy, reduces mercury pollution in the environment, and often costs 20%
less than traditional clay brick manufacturing.

26
 Figure 16. Fly Ash brick

 We took 3 samples of fly-ash bricks.

Sr. No. Maximum Load in KN Area of Specimen in mm
Sample 1 234 25530
Sample 2 233 25530
Sample 3 208 25764
Table 11. fly-ash bricks

 Considering above data, compressive strength of fly-ash bricks is 8.784 N/mm2.

 The bricks are obtained by molding clay in rectangular block of uniform size and then
drying and burning these blocks. Brick masonry easy to construct compare stone
masonry. It is less time consuming and there is no need of skilled labour to construct it.
The bricks do not require dressing and the arty of laying bricks is so simple
7.4 CLASS OF BRICK
On the basis of quality and performance of brick is classified in three parts-
CLASS A
CLASS B
CLASS C

27
 At this site class A brick is used.

Figure 17. Brick wall

7.5 Size and Weight of Bricks

The bricks are prepared in various sizes. On the basis of size, BIS bricks are categories
in

BIS recommends two parts-

(1) MODULAR BRICKS:

standard size of brick which is 190mm*90mm*90mm. With mortar thickness, size of
such a brick become 200mm*100mm*100mm.

28
 (2) TRADITIONAL BRICKS:
The brick of which size varies and not standardized known as traditional brick.

7.5.1 Weight of Brick:

It is found that the weight of 1 cubic meter brick earth is about 1800 kg. Hence the
average weight of a brick will be about 3 to 3.5 kg.

7.6 Structure of Brick

7.6.1 Stretcher
If brick laid along its length, then front view of brick is known as stretcher.
7.6.2 Header
If brick laid along its width, then front view of brick is known as header.
7.6.3 Frog
It is top of brick. It provides strong bonding between two courses of masonry by filling
the mortar. It also consists the name of company.
7.6.4 Queen Closer
This is obtained by cutting the bricks longitudinally in two equal parts.
7.6.5 Bat
This is piece of brick, considered in relation to the length of brick as half bat, three
quarter bat, etc.

7.7 Types of Brick Masonry

Brick work is classified according to quality of mortar, quality of brick and thickness of
joints. They type of brick work as follows-

(1) BRICK WORK IN MUD MORTAR:

In this type of brick work mud is used to fill up the joints. Mud is mixer of sand and
clay. The thickness of mortar joint is 12mm.

29
 (2) BRICK WORK IN LIME MORTAR:
In this type of brick work, lime mortar is used to fill up the joints. Lime mortar is mixer
of lime and sand the thickness of joints does not exceed 10mm.

(3) BRICK WORK IN CEMENT MORTAR:

In this type of brick work, cement mortar is used to fill up the joints. Cement mortar is
mixer of cement and sand in certain ratio. The ratio of cement and sand varies
according to construction as in brick masonry it generally kept 1:6. The thickness of
joint does not exceed 10mm. The brick work with cement mortar provides high adopted
in building construction.

7.8 Tools Used in Brick Masonry

The tools used in brick masonry are trowel, spirit level, plumb bob, square, hammer,
straight edge.

7.9. Bonds In Brick Work

There various bonds which provided in brick work to increase the stability of walls.
Various types of bonds are as follows-
(1) Stretcher Bond
(2) Header Bond
(3) English Bond
(4) Flemish Bond

7.9.1STRETCHER BOND:
The bricks are laid along its length in all courses. A half and three-quarter bat is used in
alternative courses to break the verticality of joints.

30
 Figure 18. Bonds In Brick Work

7.9.2 HEADER BOND:

The bricks are laid along its width in all courses. A half and three-quarter bat is also
used in alternative courses to break the verticality of joints.

7.9.3 ENGLISH BOND:

This bond is widely used in practice. It is considering the strongest bond. Alternate
courses consist of stretcher and header. A queen closer is put next to quoin header to
break the verticality of joints. Generally, such types of bonds are provided in walls
width is 9 inches.

7.9.4 FLEMISH BOND:

This is also widely used because it gives better appearance to English bond. It also
provides good strength. Stretcher and header is provided in each course alternatively. A
queen closer is put next to quoin header in each alternate course to break the verticality
of joints.
31
7.10 Procedure of Brick Masonry
In frame structure brick work starts after construction of foundation, column, beam, and
slabs. Following procedure is adopt to construct the brick masonry-
• Initially clean and wet the surface on which brick wall is be constructed.
• Set a straight alignment by using threads in both side of a wall.
• Prepare the cement mortar.
• At this site cement sand ratio is 1:6 for all walls.
• Mortar is laid on surface base and then bricks are laid over it.
• Prepare a course and then again laid the mortar on existing course and provides
bricks in such a way that the vertical joint should not stand in a line.
• To break the verticality of joints generally English or Flemish bond is adopted.
• Use the plumb bob to check the verticality at regular interval.
• Also use square to check the wall is constructing straight or not.
• After each 1meter height of wall provide a layer of reinforced cement concrete
of 1.5 to 2 inches.
• It will increase the strength of structure.

32
 Suggestions

1. There should not be shortage of materials and labour on site. There must be regular
inspection of materials available and the requirement of materials on site.
2. Materials should be properly stored on site. Materials like cement and gypsum should be
stored below shelters which can be easily viewed from site engineer office. It will
prevent mis usage and theft of materials.
3. Timely payment to contractors is necessary to complete the project on time.
4. There should be proper inspection and supervision of works performed on site. Lack of
inspection leads to mismanagement on site.
5. Safety nets must be used on site to prevent accidents and loss of lives on site.
6. Proper training of workmen should be done to manage the materials and equipment on
site.
7. Proper safety equipment’s must be provided to the laborers and employees on site and
they must be encouraged to wear those equipment’s

33
 CONCLUSION

It was wonderful learning experience at PS Project DRL Site of DRL Pvt.

Ltd. group for 45 days in Vivek Vihar, Rajasthan. I gained a lot of insight
regarding almost every aspect of site. I was given exposure in execution
department at the DRL the soul site. The friendly welcome from all the
employees is appreciating, sharing their experience & giving their peace of
wisdom which they have gained in long journey of work. I hope this
experience will surely help me in my future & also in shaping my career.

34
 REFERENCES

 https://SRCCbkn.in/
 https://www.civilengineeringx.com
 M L Gambhir, 5th Edition, Advanced Concrete Technology Basic information – Wikipedia
 N. Subramaniam, Textbook, Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure

35