Mathematics Answers

Answers 805
Working with unfamiliar problems: Part 1 10 a 11 b 28 c 20 d

3
2
11 640
1 x6+ 6x5y
+ 15x4y2+ 20x3y3
+ 15x2y4
+ + 6xy5 y6 12 P to R: 145°, 1606 m; R to S: 295°, 789 m; S to Q: 51°,
2 99 1542 m; Q to P: 270°, 1400 m
Answers
3 a x = 15 b x = 450 c x=6 1 1
13 y = x2 − x + 1 or y = (x − 4) 2 − 1
1 8 8
4 , $56 y
8
5 24 cm
6 a i 11.8 seconds ii 6.5 seconds x=4
1 1 1
b , ,
4 2 4 1 (4, 1)
7 XY = 5.6 cm x
8 35 O 1.2 6.8
9 72 (4, −1)
10 Charlie 23 years, Bob 68 years y = −3
D
11
2
1
12 b = 1
3 14 a Hours 1st and 6th 2nd and 5th 3rd and 4th
13 k = 11
14 V = 27 cm3, TSA = 54 cm2 % change
6.7% 18.3% 25%
WWUP1
15 4 cm < third side < 20 cm. Its length is between the addition from equation
and subtraction of the other two sides. % change
16 785 from ‘rule of 8.3% 16.7% 25%
17 n + 1 thumb’
18 10
The percentage change per hour for the ‘rule of thumb’
19 3 : 5
is 1.6 points higher for the 1st and 6th hours, 1.6 points
lower in the 2nd and 5th hours and the same in the middle
two hours. Overall, this is quite an accurate ‘rule of thumb’.
Working with unfamiliar problems: Part 2 b The proportion of tide height change
1
= ⇌ [ cos(30t1) − cos(30t2) ]
(3)
x 4 5 2
P = 3 × 45 ×
1 a i or P = 3x ;
35 1 + √5
15 , 1.618034
x 2
P = 3 × 4n ×
3n
4 (3)
√3 2 √3 x 2
ii A =
4
x +3× + Chapter 1
4 ( 32 ) 4 ( 33 )
2
√3 x √3 x 2 1A
3×4× + 3 × 42 ×
Building understanding
4 ( 3n )
√3 x 2
Area change = 3 × 4 n−1 ×
1 C
(3)
4 n
b The perimeter increases indefinitely as 3x → ∞ as 2 D
1 7
n → ∞. The area approaches a finite value as area change 3 a 1 b −4 c − d −
5 3
4 (9)
√3 2 3 4 n 4 a yes b yes c no
x × → 0 as n → ∞.
4 5 a 9 b −8 c −8 d −9
2 77 cm, 181 cm
3 2k(2√3 − 3)
Now you try
4 22°
1 Example 1
5 y=3 a 17a b 3ab2 c 2xy + 6x2y
4
6 x = 0.9, y = 3.3 Example 2
7 16 √10 cm b
a 18ab b −10x3y2 c −
8 20 students; 6 with 100%, 7 with 75%, 7 with 76%, 2
Example 3
mean = 82.85%.
a 3x + 6 b −2x2 + 2xy c −4x + 9
1
9 9 units
8
Essential Mathematics for the ISBN 978-1-108-77346-1 © Greenwood et al. 2020 Cambridge University Press
Australian Curriculum Year 10 & 10A 3ed Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party. Updated June 2022
806 Answers
Example 4 e True f False, 3 − (2 − 1) ≠ (3 − 2) − 1

a 2(x − 5) b 3x(x + 3) g True h False, 8 ÷ (4 ÷ 2) ≠ (8 ÷ 4) ÷ 2
Example 5 x+y y
12 a or x +
13 2 2
b It could refer to either of the above, depending on
Exercise 1A
Answers
interpretation.
1 a i 14a ii 5a c ‘Half of the sum of a and b’ or ‘a plus b all divided by 2’.
( 2) ( 4)
b i 2a2b ii x2y π π 2
13 a P = 4 + x + 2, A = 1 + x +x
c i xy + 5xy2 ii 4ab + 6ab2
( 2) ( 4)
2 a 10a b 15d c 0 π π 2
b P= 6+ x − 6, A = 3 − x − 3x
d 5xy e 4ab f 9t
( 2)
g 9b h −st2 i −3m2n π 2
c P = 2πx, A = 1+ x
j −0.7a2b k 2gh + 5 l 12xy − 3y
m 3a + 7b n 8jk − 7j o ab2 + 10a2b
p 2mn − m2n q 5st − s2t r 3x3y4 + 2xy2 1B
3 a 12ab b 25ab c −6ad
d −10hm e 30ht f 30bl
g 12s2t h −21b2d5 i 8a2b4 5 3
1 a 1 b c 2 d
j 24p3q k −18h5i5 l 63m2pr 6 4
a 2 3 7t b 2c
m x n 3ab o − 2 a b c − d −
3 3 7a 4xy 8x2a
ab a 1
p − q 2b r −3x 3 a 5x b 4x c d
1A
4 4 3a
y a
s − t −
2 2 Now you try
4 a 5x + 5 b 2x + 8
c 3x − 15 d −20 − 5b Example 6
e −2y + 6 f −7a − 7c a 3ab b 1 − 2x
g 6m + 18 h 4m − 12n + 20 Example 7
i −2p + 6q + 4 j 2x2 + 10x a+1
k 6a2 − 24a l −12x2 + 16xy a b 6
2a
m 2
15y + 3yz − 24y n 36g − 18g2 − 45gh
o −8ab + 14a2 − 20a p 14y2 − 14y3 − 28y Exercise 1B
q −6a3 + 3a2 + 3a r −5t4 − 6t3 − 2t 1 a i 3ab ii 2xy
s 6m4 − 2m3 + 10m2 t x4 − x b i 1 − 2x ii 1 − x
u 4
3s − 6st 2 a 5x b −2x c −9b d −2y
5 a 5x + 23 b 10a + 26 1 4 3x 6b
c 21y + 3 d 15m + 6 e − f − g − h
2p 9st y 7
e 10 f 11t − 1
3 a x+2 b a−5 c 3x − 9 d 1 − 3y
g 3x2 + 15x h 15z − 7
e 1 + 6b f 1 − 3x g 3−t h x−4
i −11d3 j 9q4 − 9q3
1 + 2a
6 a 3(x − 3) b 4(x − 2) c 10(y + 2) i x+2 j 3 − 2x k a−1 l
3
d 6(y + 5) e x(x + 7) f 2a(a + 4) x−1 x+4
g 5x(x − 1) h 9y(y − 7) i xy(1 − y) 4 a b c −4
2x 5x
j x2y(1 − 4y) k 8a2 (b + 5) l ab(7a + 1) 4 5a
m −5t(t + 1) n −6mn(1 + 3n) o −y(y + 8z) d e 5 f
9 2
7 a −32 b 7 c 61 d 12 1
1 13 7 g 2 h 15 i −
e − f g − h 1 2
2 5 5 18
8 a 2x2 + 6x b x2 − 5x 5 a 3 b 3 c
5
9 a P = 4x − 4, A = x2 − 2x − 4 3 4 1
b P = 4x + 2, A = 3x − 1 d e f
4 3 25
c P = 4x + 14, A = 7x + 12 5 2 1
10 a (−2) (−2) = 4, negative signs cancel g − h i −
3 5 3
b a2 > 0 ∴ −a2 < 0
6 a x+1 b 2 c 4
c (−2) 3 = (−2) (−2) (−2) = −8
4 x+3
11 a True b False, 1 − 2 ≠ 2 − 1 7 a 3x b c
3a 5
1 2
c True d False, ≠ 4 4 2b2
2 1 d e f
x 7x b−1
Answers 807
10 3x 3(x + 2) 4b − 21 27 − 14y
8 a b c e f
x+3 1−x 2 14b 18y
10x x−1 35x2 −12 − 2x −27 − 2x
d e f g h
3 2x (2 − x) (x − 1) 3x 6x
9 a x−1 b 3(x + 2) c 2(x − 3) 9x + 23 7x + 11 3x + 1
4 a b c
Answers
4 −5 20 12 4
d e f 4(x − 1)
x+2 1−x 4x + 9 8x − 1 8x + 3
d e f
10 a–c Factorise and cancel to 1. 9 6 10
11 a 1 − x = −(x − 1) 7x + 2 5x − 1 x+1
g h i
−7 −12 7 24 5 14
b i ii iii x+5 6x + 5
3 x 2 5 a b
x+2 1 6 12
12 a b x c −2x + 38 3x − 23
2 3 c d
3 1 15 14
d e 4(a + 1) f 14x − 8 18x − 9 6x − 3
2(x + 2) (a + 1) (a − 3) e f =
21 6 2
x−y (y + 2) x + 14 −14x − 7
g h g h
xy x 30 15
−3x + 10
i
1C 4
7x + 22 7x − 13
Building understanding 6 a b
(x + 1) (x + 4) (x − 7) (x + 2)
1B
1 a 2x − 4 b −x − 6 c −6x + 12 3x − 1 x − 18
c d
5 17 5 17 (x − 3) (x + 5) (x + 3) (x − 4)
2 a b c d
6 15 14 6 −21 14x − 26
e f
3 a 12 b 6 c 14 d 2x (2x − 1) (x − 4) (x − 5) (3x − 4)
41 − 7x 3x + 17
g h
Now you try (2x − 1) (x + 7) (x − 3) (3x + 4)
14 − 17x
Example 8 i
(3x − 2) (1 − x)
5 − 2a 3a + 8
a b 7 a i a2 ii x2
6 4a
2a − 3 a2 + a − 4 3x + 14
Example 9 b i ii iii
a2 a2 4x2
5x − 4 13x − 6
a b x−2
6 10 8 The 2 in the second numerator needs to be subtracted, .
6
Example 10 9 a −(3 − 2x) = −3 + 2x (−1 × (−2x) = 2x)
x + 19 2 2x x+3
b i ii iii
(x − 5) (x + 1) x−1 3−x 7−x
5a + 2 3x + 5
Exercise 1C 10 a −1 b c
a2 (x + 1) 2
3x − x2 21x − 9x2 yz − xz − xy
1 − 2a 3 − 2a d e f
1 a i ii xyz
4 10 (x − 2) 2 14(x − 3) 2
a+6 3a + 35 11 a 2 b 1
b i ii
3a 7a
1D
3a + 14 4a + 3
2 a b
21 8 Building understanding
3 − 15b 4x + 6
c d 1 a no b no c yes d yes
10 15
1 − 6a 2a 2 a true b false c false
e f 3 a false b true c true
9 15
3x 11b 4 a 5 b 8 c −3 d 4
g h
20 14
Now you try
2a + 15 3a + 8
3 a b
3a 4a Example 11
7a − 27 16 − 3b 2
c d a x=3 b x=−
9a 4b 3
Example 12
a x = 11 b x = −1 c x = −7
808 Answers
Exercise 1D 1E
1 a i 3 ii 5 Building understanding
b i −3 ii −5
5 11 1 1 a 3, 6, 10 (Answers may vary.)
2 a b c − b −4, −3, −2 (Answers may vary.)
2 4 3
Answers
11 3 c 5, 6, 7 (Answers may vary.)

d − e −4 f d −8.5, −8.4, −8.3 (Answers may vary.)
6 2
9 4 2 a B b C c A
g − h − i −2
2 3 3 11, 12 or 13 rabbits
11
j 7 k −2 l Now you try
9
23 Example 13
3 a 1 b 9 c
2 a x<2 b −4 < x ⩽ −1
5 9 2
d − e − f
6 11 3 Example 14
g 1 h 2 i 4 a x>3 b x ⩾ −6
j 7 k −9 l 5 x x
m 19 n 23 o 1 2 3 4 −7 −6 −5
4 a 10 b 13 c −22 d 4 c x<1
e −5 f 6 g 16 h 4
i −9 j 8 k 6 l −7 x
m 20 n 15 o −9 p 5 0 1 2
1D
5 a x + 3 = 7, x = 4 b x + 8 = 5, x = −3
c x − 4 = 5, x = 9 d 15 − x = 22, x = −7 Exercise 1E
5
e 2x + 5 = 13, x = 4 f 2(x − 5) = −15, x = − 1 a i x>3 ii x ⩽ 5
2 b i −2 ⩽ x < 1 ii 0 ⩽ x < 3
g 3x + 8 = 23, x = 5 h 2x − 5 = x − 3, x = 2
2 a x⩾1 b x<7
7 27
6 a 1 b 0 c −17 d e c x⩽4 d x > −9
2 23 e −2 < x ⩽ 1 f 8 < x ⩽ 11
28 13 2 86
f g h i g −9 < x < −7 h 1.5 ⩽ x ⩽ 2.5
5 14 5 19 i −1 ⩽ x < 1
7 a 1 b 6 c 2 d 25 3 a x<4
8 17 cm
x
9 17 and 18 4
10 24 km b x⩾5
11 a $214
x
b $582
5
c i 1 ii 10.5 iii 21
c x⩾4
12 a 41 L
b 90 s = 1 min 30 s x
c 250 s = 4 min 10 s 4
13 a 6 b 4 c −15 d 20 e 3 d x ⩽ 10
f 6 g 1 h −26 i −10 x
14 x = 9. Method 2 is better, expanding the brackets is 10
unnecessary, given 2 is a factor of 8. e x⩽2
a 5
15 a 5−a b c x
6 a
2
2a + 1 3a + 1 c−b
d e f f x>3
a a a
c b 1 x
16 a a = b a= c a= 3
b+1 b+1 c−b
b bc g x>6
d a= e a = −b f a=
b−1 b−c x
ab abc 6
17 a 6a b c
a+b b−a h x⩽6
x
6
Answers 809
i x < −18 c −9 ⩽ x < −7

x x
−18 −9 −7
j x > 32 3
d − ⩽x⩽2
x 2
Answers
32 x
10 3 2
k x⩽ −
9 2
x 7
e −3 ⩽ x ⩽
10 3
9
x
3 −3 7
l x<− 3
8
x f −4 ⩽ x ⩽ −2
3 x
−
8 −4 −2
2 g 11 ⩽ x ⩽ 12
4 a x⩾− b x<2 c x ⩽ −5
5
x
d x ⩽ −7 e x < −8 f x⩾4 11 12
g x ⩾ −10 h x < −21
15
5 h 1⩽x<
5 a x>6 b x⩽2 c x< 4
2
x
1E
1 11
d x ⩾ 10 e x⩽ f x< 1 15
16 4 4
5 19
6 a 2x + 7 < 12, x < 13 a x ⩾ 23 b x< c x⩽1
2 5
x
b 4 − ⩾ −2, x ⩽ 12
2 1F
1
c 3(x + 1) ⩾ 2, x ⩾ − Building understanding
3
d x + (x + 2) ⩽ 24, x ⩽ 10 since x must be even
1 a y = −2x + 5, m = −2, c = 5
e (x − 6) + (x − 4) + (x − 2) + x ⩽ 148, x ⩽ 40
b y = 2x − 3, m = 2, c = −3
7 a i C < $1.30 ii C > $2.30
c y = x − 7, m = 1, c = −7
b i less than 9 min ii 16 min or more
2x 3 2 3
11 11 d y = − − ,m = − ,c = −
8 a x < −5 b x⩾ c x⩾ 5 5 5 5
4 29 21
2 a i 3 ii 6 iii
14 27 1 2
d x⩽ e x⩾ f x<
5 29 2 8
b i 2 ii 6 iii
9 a An infinite number of whole numbers (all the ones greater 3
3 a A b D c B d C e E f F
than 8).
4 a x=2 b y=2
b 1, 3 is the only whole number.
10 a x ⩾
a+3 Now you try
10
Example 15
b x < 2 − 4a if a > 0 and x > 2 − 4a if a < 0
a yes b no
7 a−7 7
c x<1− or x < if a > 0 and x > 1 − or Example 16
a a a
a−7 a Gradient = 3, y - intercept = −1
x> if a < 0.
a y
11 a −4 ⩽ x < 5 b −9.5 < x ⩽ −7 c x = 10
12 a 3 ⩽ x ⩽ 9 (1, 2)
x
3 9 x
O
b −7 ⩽ x ⩽ 3
−1
x
−7 3
810 Answers
3 c y
b Gradient = − , y - intercept = 1
4
y
x
1 O (3, −1)
Answers
x
O
(4, −2)
Exercise 1F
Example 17 1 a i yes ii no
a
y b i no ii yes
2 a yes b yes c no
d no e yes f no
3 a m = 5, c = −3
x y
O 2
y = 5x −3
−4
(1, 2)
1F
b x
y O
−3
−5
x
O b m = 2, c = 3
−2 y
(1, 5) y = 2x + 3
3
Example 18 x
O
a y
x c m = −2, c = −1
O
y
−1
y = −2x −1
b y
x
−1 O
(1, −3)
x
O 2
Answers 811
d m = −1, c = 2 i m = 0.5, c = −0.5

y y
y = 0.5x − 0.5
y = −x + 2
2 (1, 1)
Answers
O (2, 0.5)
x x
O −0.5
e m = 1, c = −4 j m = −1, c = 1
y y
y=x−4 y=1−x
1 1
x x
O O
(1, −3)
−4
3 2
1F
f m=− ,c=1 k m= ,c=3
2 3
y y
2
y= 3x +3
y= − 32 x+1 (3, 5)
3
1 x
x O
O
(2,−2)
4 l m = −0.2, c = 0.4
g m = , c = −2
3 y
y
y = 0.4 − 0.2x
y = 43 x −2 (0.4)
(1, 0.2)
(3, 2) x
O
x
O
−2
4 a m = −3, c = 12
7 y
h m=− ,c=6
2
y
12
6 y = −3x + 12 (1, 9)
y= − 72 x +6
x
O
x
O (2, −1)
812 Answers
5 g m = −4, c = −8
b m = −5, c =
2 y
y
x
O
Answers
2.5
x y = −4x − 8
O
(1, −2.5) −8
5
y = −5x + 2 (1, −12)
c m = 1, c = −7
1 1
y h m = − ,c =
2 4
y
x
O
y=x−7
0.25
x
O (2, −0.75)
(1, −6)
−7
y = − 12 x + 14
1F
d m = 1, c = −2
y 5 a x = 2, y = −6
y
y=x−2
x 2 x
O (1, −1) O
−2
y = 3x − 6
−6
4 b x = −2, y = 4
e m = , c = −3
3 y
y
4
y= 3x −3 y = 2x + 4
4
(3, 1)
O
x −2 x
−3 O
c x = −2.5, y = 10
1
f m = −1, c = − y
3
y
1 y = 4x + 10
y = −x − 3 10
x −2.5
O x
− 13 (1, − ) 4
3
O
Answers 813
4 i x = −8, y = 6
d x = , y = −4
3 y
y
y = 34 x + 6
6
y = 3x − 4
Answers
O x
4 x
−8 O
3
−4
j x = 5, y = 2.5
y
e x = 3.5, y = 7
y
y = − 12 x + 5
2
y = −2x + 7
7 2.5
x x
O 3.5 O 5
1F
7 7
k x = ,y =
3 4
f x = 8, y = 4 y
y
y = − 34 x + 74
y = − 12 x + 4
1.75
x
O 7
4 3
x
O 8
12
l x = −6, y =
g x = 4, y = 6 5
y y
y = − 32 x + 6
6 2 12
2.4 y = 5x + 5
x
−6 O
4 x
O
h x = 5, y = 2
y 6 a y
y = − 25 x + 2
y = −4
2 x
O
x
O 5
−4
814 Answers
b y g y
(1, 4)
y=1
1 y = 4x
x
Answers
O
x
O
c y
x=2 h y
2 y = −3x
x
O
x
O
d y
(1, −3)
1F
x = − 52
x i y
−2.5 O
y = −13x
x
O
e y (3, −1)
y=0 j y
x
O
(2, 5)
y = −52 x
x
O
f y
x=0 k y
x
O y = −x
x
O
(1, −1)
Answers 815
l y 121 32
d sq. units e sq. units
5 3
y=4
4 1G
x Building understanding
O
Answers
1 a 2 b 3 c 0
d −4 e −3 f undefined
2 a c=8 b c = −6 c c = 12
7 a C = 2n + 10
b y Now you try
35 Example 19
(10, 30)
30 7
−
25 C = 2n + 10 5
20 Example 20
15 y = 2x + 1
10
Example 21
5 5
x y = − x + 12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4
c i $28 ii 23.5 kg Exercise 1G
1F
8 a V = 90 − 1.5t −6
b 1 a −2 b
y 5
1 5
90 2 a b 2 c d 3
4 2
80
5
70 e 0 f 0 g −1 h
2
60 5 3 3
V = 90 − 1.5t i − j undefined k l −
50 7 2 2
40 3 a y =
x+3 b y=x−2 c y = 3x + 6
30 d y =
−3x + 4 e y=4 f y = −7x − 10
20 4 a y =
2x + 4 b y = 4x − 5 c y=x−4
10 d y =
−2x + 12 e y = −3x − 4 f y = −3x − 2
x 5 a y =
3x + 5 b y = −2x + 4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
1 3
c i 82.5 L ii 60 hours c y= x− d y = −2x − 2
2 2
9 a $7 per hour b P = 7t 6 a A = 500t + 15 000
10 a $0.05/km b C = 0.05k b 15 000
c C = 1200 + 0.05k c 4 years more, i.e 10 years from investment
11 a m = 25, 25 km per hour i.e. speed d $21 250
b The cyclist started 30 km from home. 7 a y
c (0, 30)
1 110
12 a y = x + , gradient = 1
2 100
b y = 0.5x + 1.5, y-intercept = 1.5 90
C = 10t + 20
c y = −3x + 7, gradient = −3 80
1 1 70
d y = x − 2, gradient =
2 2 60
3 7 50
13 a gradient = , y-intercept =
a a
40
b gradient = a, y-intercept = −b
30
a 3
c gradient = − , y-intercept = 20
b b
d d a 10
14 a b c − x
a b b 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
121
15 a 12 sq. units b 9 sq. units c sq. units b C = 10t + 20
4
c i $10 per hour ii $20 up-front fee
816 Answers
8 a i V = 4t ii V = 3t 3
7 a gradient = − , y-intercept = 1
iii V = t + 1 iv V = 1.5t + 2 2
b 1 L, 2 L y
c Initially the flask contains b litres and it is losing 1 litre per
minute. 4
−5 3
Answers
9 a m= = −1 2
5 y = − −32 x + 1
1
5
b m= = −1 x
−5 O
−4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4
c It doesn’t matter in which pair of points is (x1, y1) and (2, −2)
−2
which is (x2, y2).
−3
4
10 a − −4
3
4x 13
b y=− + b x-intercept = −3, y-intercept = −2
3 3
4x 13 y
c y=− +
3 3 4
d The results from parts b and c are the same (when 3
simplified). So it doesn’t matter which point on the line 2
is used in the formula y − y1 = m(x − x1). 1
1 2 x
11 a i = 0.02 ii = 0.04 O
50 50 −4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4
1G
b i y = 0.02x + 1.5 ii y = 0.04x + 1.5 −2 −2x − 3y = 6

c The archer needs m to be between 0.02 and 0.04 to hit the −3
target. −4
Progress quiz c, d, e
y
1 a 9a2b + 2ab + 8b b −12x3y c 13m + 14
4
7−x cy=3
2 a 4k b a−4 c 3
2
2
m+3 9a 5
d e f 1
3m 2 2
O x
6+m 4x − 15 −4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4
3 a b
8 6x 3x
−2 ey=−4
d x = −2
14 − 3a 3m − 13 −3
c d (4, −3)
24 (m − 1) (m − 3) −4
3 9
4 a x=5 b k=− c m = 30 d a=−
2 2 8 a m = 3, y - intercept = −2
5 a a>3 3
b m = − , y - intercept = 3
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 3
9 a y = 2x + 3 b y=− x+8 c x=5
2
b x ⩾ −4
1H
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0
c m<4 Building understanding
( 2)
9
1 a 4 b 5 c √41 d 3,
0 1 2 3 4 5
2 a 4 b 4
d a ⩾ −2 c √32 = 4√2 d (0, −3)
11
3 a 2 b or 5.5
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
c 3 d −4
6 a (−3, 2) is not on the line.
b (−3, 2) is on the line.
Answers 817
Now you try 1I

Example 22 Building understanding
a √5 b √89 3 8
1 a 4 b −7 c − d
Example 23 4 7
(2 )
1 1 1 8 9
Answers
, −4 2 a − b c − d
3 2 7 4
Example 24 3 a 5 b 4 c y = 5x + 4
a = 4 or a = 10 4 a true b false
Exercise 1H Now you try
1 a i √5 ii √20 Example 25
b i √130 ii √90 a perpendicular b neither c parallel
2 a √29 b √58
Example 26
c √37 d √65 3
a y = −3x + 8 b y=− x+2
e √37 f 15 2
g √101 h √193
3 a (1, 6.5) b (1.5, 2.5) c (−0.5, 1) Exercise 1I
d (−1, 4.5) e (1, −1.5) f (−3.5, 3)
g (−3, −0.5) h (2, 2.5) i (−7, 10.5) 1 a perpendicular b parallel c neither
4 B and C are both 5 units away from (2, 3). 2 a parallel b parallel c neither d neither
1H
5 a a = 3, b = 5 b a = −4, b = 5 e perpendicular f perpendicular g parallel
c a = −2, b = 2 d a = 11, b = 2 h parallel i perpendicular j perpendicular
6 a 3, 7 b −1, 3 c −1, 9 d −6, 0 3 a y=x+4 b y = −x − 6
2
7 a 1478 m b 739 m c y = −4x − 1 d y= x−6
8 a (−0.5, 1) b (−0.5, 1) 3
4 1
c These are the same. The order of the points doesn’t e y=− x+7 f y=− x+6
5 2
matter since addition is commutative (x1 + x2 …) 1 3
(x1 + x2 = x2 + x1). g y= x−2 h y=− x+5
4 2
d 5 e 5 3 7
i y=− x−5 j y = x + 31
f The order of the points doesn’t matter (x − y) 2 = (y − x) 2, 4 2
as (−3) 2 = (3) 2. 4 a x=6 b x=0 c y = 11 d y = 8.4
9 a = −4, 0 2 4
e y=3 f y = −3 g x= h x=−
y 3 11
2 5 54
5 a y= x+5 b y=− x+
3 y=3 3 7 7
2 16
(−4, 3) c y= x+ d y = 7x + 20
d = √20 3 3
3 7 28
x 6 a y=− x+5 b y= x+
O 2 5 5
3 1 10
(−2, −1) c y=− x+1 d y=− x−
2 7 7
2 5
7 The second line has equation y = − x − . It cuts the x-axis
5 3 3
at x = − .
(2 ) ( 3 3) (3 3)
1 1 4 4 8 2
10 a ,2 b − , c , a 1 b
8 a m b − c − d
m a
( 5) ( 4 ) ( 5)
16 3 8 b
d 2, e − ,1 f 0, 9
9 a 14 b −2 c 5 d
7
11 a √(x − 7) 2 + y2 10 a y = 2x + b − 2a b y = mx + b − ma
b √(x − 7) 2 + (x + 3) 2 1 a
c y=x+b−a d y=− x+b+
c i 721 m ii 707 m m m
iii 721 m iv 762 m 11 a i 1 ii −1 iii 1 iv −1
d x=2 b AB is parallel to CD, BC is parallel to DA, AB and CD
e The distance will be a minimum when the dotted line are perpendicular to BC and DA; i.e. opposite sides are
joining Sarah to the fence is perpendicular to the fence parallel and adjacent sides are perpendicular.
(when it has gradient −1). The closest point is (2, 5). c rectangle.
818 Answers
4 3 1 (a − b) c(1 − b) 2c
12 a i ii − iii 0 e x= ,y = f x= ,y =
3 4 a − 2b a − 2b a(b + 1) b+1
b Right-angled triangle (AB is perpendicular to BC). ab a 2b ab b
g x= ,y = h x= ,y =
c 20 a2 + b a2 + b a2 + 1 a2 + 1
1 12 Answers may vary.
13 y = − x + 4, x-intercept = 8
2
Answers
1K
1J
1 a 0 b 0 c 0 d 0
1 a yes b yes c no d no e yes 2 a subtract b add c add d subtract
2 a i Joe’s: $60, Paul’s: $150 3 a 4x − 6y = 8 b 6x − 9y = 12
ii Joe’s: $0.20 per km, Paul’s: $0.10 per km c 8x − 12y = 16 d 20x − 30y = 40
iii Joe’s: C = 0.2k + 60, Paul’s: C = 0.1k + 150
iv 900 km
Now you try
b Joe’s Car Rental
c Paul’s Motor Mart Example 29
x = 3, y = 1
Now you try Example 30
a x = 1, y = 3 b x = 3, y = −2
Example 27
a (2, −2) b (−1, 3)
1I
Exercise 1K
Example 28
(2, −1) 1 a x = 3, y = 2 b x = 4, y = 3
2 a x = 2, y = 5 b x = 2, y = 3
Exercise 1J c x = 4, y = 2 d x = 2, y = 2
e x = 1, y = 1 f x = 2, y = 1
1 a x = 2, y = −3 b x = −1, y = 3 g x = 2, y = −1 h x = 2, y = 2
2 a x = 2, y = 7 b x = 2, y = 5 i x = 1, y = 2 j x = 2, y = 1
c x = 3, y = 1 d x = 2, y = 1 k x = 2, y = 1 l x = −1, y = 2
e x = 1, y = 1 f x = 1, y = 1 3 a x = 1, y = 1 b x = 4, y = 2
g x = 5, y = 1 h x = 10, y = 4 c x = 2, y = 1 d x = 4, y = −3
i x = 1, y = 2 j x = 9, y = 2 1 1 1
3 a x = 2, y = 10 b x = 1, y = −5 e x = ,y = 1 f x = − ,y = −
2 2 2
c x = −3, y = 3 d x = 13, y = −2 4 a x = 4, y = −3 b x = 1, y = 1
e x = 3, y = 1 f x = 2, y = 1 c x = 3, y = 4 d x = 2, y = 2
g x = 1, y = 4 h x = 1, y = 3 1 1
4 a i E = 20t ii E = 15t + 45 e x = , y = −1 f x = −3, y =
2 3
b t = 9, E = 180 5 799 and 834
c i 9 hours ii $180 6 $0.60
5 a i V = 62 000 − 5000t ii V = 40 000 − 3000t 7 A = $15, C = $11
b t = 11, V = 7000 8 Should have been (1)–(2), to eliminate y : −2y − (−2y) = 0.
c i 11 years ii $7000 The correct solution is (1, −1).
6 18 years
1 13 1
7 197 600 m2 9 a x = , y = −1 b x= ,y=
a 3 3b
8 a no b no c yes d yes
e no f yes g yes h no −2 2 a+b a−b
c x= ,y= d x= ,y=
a b 2a 2b
3
9 a −4 b c 12 c c
2 e x= ,y=
a+b a+b
(3 3 ) (2 2)
k 2k k k
10 a , b ,− 10 The two lines are parallel, they have the same gradient.
2 2 2 1
( 3 )
−2k − 1 −2k − 4 11 a − b −
c (−1 − k, −2 − k) d , x−1 x+1 2x − 3 x + 2
3
b b2 −b a 3 2 3 2
11 a x = ,y= b x= ,y= c − d +
a− b a−b a+b a+b 3x + 1 2x − 1 3x − 1 x + 2
a −a b b2 1 1 1 3
c x= ,y = d x= ,y = e + f −
1+ b 1+b b−a b−a x+3 x−4 7(2x − 1) 7(4 − x)
Answers 819
1L Now you try

Building understanding Example 33
a y
1 a x + y = 16, x − y = 2
b x + y = 30, x − y = 10
Answers
c x + y = 7, 2x + y = 12
d 2x + 3y = 11, 4x − 3y = 13 x
O
2 l = 3w, 2l + 2w = 56 or l + w = 28 2
3 a 5x dollars
b 15y dollars −5
c 3d + 4p dollars
Now you try

b y
Example 31
Tim is 14, Tina is 6.
Example 32 6
A coffee is $4 and a muffin is $3.
Exercise 1L x
O
2
1 Nikki is 16, Travis is 8.
1L
2 Cam is 33, Lara is 30.
3 Bolts cost $0.10, washers cost $0.30.
4 There were 2500 adults and 2500 children.
5 Thickshakes cost $5, juices cost $3. Example 34
6 There are 36 ducks and 6 sheep. y
7 43
8 $6.15 (mangoes cost $1.10, apples cost $0.65)
6
9 70
10 1 hour and 40 minutes
7–
1 3
(1, 3)
11 of an hour
7 x
12 200 m − 7– O
2 2
4
13 L
17
210
14 L
19
1M Exercise 1M
Building understanding 1 a i y
1 a no b yes c no
d no e no f yes
2 a B b C c A
3 a–d x ⩾ −1, y ⩽ 4 x
O 1
y 2
−1
x≥1
y≤4 (0, 4)
(−1, 0)
x
O
820 Answers
ii y b y < 3x − 6
2
−4
x y < 3x − 6
Answers
O
x
O
2
−6
b i y c y > 2x − 8
y
3 y > 2x − 8
3
x
O
x
O 4
−8
1M
ii y
d y ⩽ 3x − 5
6 y
3 y ≤ 3x − 5
x
O
x
O 5
3
−5
2 a y⩾x+4
e y < −4x + 2
y
y
4 y < − 4x + 2
y≥x+4
x 2
−4 O x
O 1
2
Answers 821
f y ⩽ 2x + 7 j x>3
y y
7 x>3
Answers
y ≤ 2x + 7
3
x x
O O
−72
g y < 4x k x < −2
y y
x < −2
4
x x
O 1 −2 O
1M
y < 4x
h y > −3x + 6 l y⩾2

y y
6
y≥2
2
x x
O 2 O
y > 6 − 3x
i y ⩽ −x
3 a yes b no c no d yes
y
4 a no b yes c no d no
5 a y
x 3
O
x
O 9
y ≤ −x
822 Answers
b y f y
1.5
Answers
x x
O 1 −3 O
−3
g y
c y
4 −5
x
O
x
O 2 −2
1M
h y
d y
x
9 O
x −9
O
−4
−6
6 a y⩽x+3 b y ⩾ −2x + 2
e y 3 2
c y<− x−3 d y> x−2
2 5
7 a y
5
−2.5
x 4
O
2
x
O (4, 0)
Answers 823
b y g y
(0, 3) (4, 3)
Answers
4 2
x
O 1
x
−8 O 6
c y h y
6
2.5 (1, 3)
2 x
O 3
x
−5 O 2
(0, −2)
1M
8 a y
d y
y≥0
(0, 1)
x
(0, 0) O (2, 0) x≥0
x y ≤ − 12 x + 1
O 1 5
(0, −3)
b y
e y y ≥ 2x − 4
(0, 0)
x
O (2, 0) x≥0
4 (0, −4)
2
x y≤0
O 3 4
(6, −2)
c y
(0, 15)
f y y ≥ 14 x + 4
(4, 5)
10 (0, 4)
x≥0
x
O
(5, 5) y≤ − 54 x + 15
2.5
x
−5 O 10
824 Answers
d y 3 5
4 The gradient of AC is and the gradient of AB is − . So
y>− 2x +2 5 3
5
(−2.5, 3) △ ABC is a right-angled triangle, as AC is perpendicular to AB.
(2, 3)
Can also show that side lengths satisfy Pythagoras’ theorem.
x<2 (2, 1.2) y<3
x 4840 9680
O 5 The missiles are travelling at km/h and km/h.
Answers
9 9
6 The distance between the two points and (2, 5) is 5 units.
7 The diagonals have equations x = 0 and y = 3. These
e y lines are perpendicular and intersect at the midpoint (0, 3)
of the diagonals. It is not a square since the angles at the
7 x≤0 corners are not 90°. In particular, AB is not perpendicular to
( mBC )
y<x+7 −1
BC mAB ≠ .
(−5.4, 1.6) 8 x = 2, y = −3, z = −1

x 9 24 units2
−7 −3 −2O 2x + 3y ≥ −6 10 24, 15 years
Short-answer questions
3
1 a 5xy + 6x b 12a2b x c
2
f y d 3b + 21 e −2m2 + 12m f x+2
1M
2 3
2 a 3x − 1 b c
x+2 4
y ≥ 12 x + 3 6 − 7a 5a + 18
3 a b
(−5.5, 14.5) 14 6a
7x + 26 11 − x
y ≤ −x + 9 (4, 5) c d
30 (x + 1) (x − 3)
(−1.43, 2.29)
3
x 4 a x = −3 b x=−
O 4
y ≥ −3x − 2 1
c x= d x=2
5
5 a x<1 b x ⩾ −4 c −1 < x ⩽ 3
6 a x>5 b x ⩾ 10
9 a y ⩾ 0, y < 2x + 4, y ⩽ −x + 7
2
1 c x > −3 d x⩽
b y > − x + 6, y ⩽ x + 3, x < 8 7
2
81 7 a V = 2 − 0.4t b 1.4 L
10 a 1 b 4 c 22 d
20 c 5 minutes d ⩽ 3.5 minutes
115 578
11 a i ii 8 a y
6 15
b Answers may vary; e.g. x > 0, x < 3, y > 0, y < 2 (3, 0)
x
O
Problems and challenges y = 3x − 9
1 0.75 km
6 (0, −9)
2
8
3 a The gradient from (2, 12) to (−2, 0) = the gradient from
(−2, 0) to (−5, −9) = −3.
b The gradient from (a, 2b) to (2a, b) = the gradient from
b
(2a, b) to (−a, 4b) = − .
a
Answers 825
b y g y
y = 4 − –x
4 2
(0, 5)
x
Answers
O 8
(2.5, 0)
x
O
y = 5 − 2x
h y
c y
3x
y = 3 − ––
8
3
3 y=3 x
O 8
x
O
1 5
9 a y= x+3 b y= x+5
2 2
d y
Ch1 Review
3 15
c y=− x+ d y = 2x − 3
2 2
3 3 34
10 a m = − b y=− x+
5 5 5
x 11 a M = (4, 8), d = √52 = 2√13
O x=5
(2 )
11
b M= , 1 , d = √61
(2 2)
1 5
c M= , − , d = √18 = 3√2
12 a y = 3x − 2 b y = −1
e y 1
c y=− x+5 d y = 3x − 1
2
13 a a = 7 b b = −8 c c = 0 or 4
y = 2x 14 a (−3, −1) b (−8, −21)
15 a (−3, −1) b (0, 2)
16 A regular popcorn costs $4 and a small drink costs $2.50.
(1, 2)
(0, 0) 17 a
x y
O
x
f y O 4
3
y = −5x −4
(0, 0)
x b y
O
(1, −5)
8
3
x
−4 O
826 Answers
18 The point of intersection is (4, 0). Chapter 2

y
2A
2
Answers
1 triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon,

x nonagon, decagon
O 4
2 a false b true c true
d true e false f false
6 g true h false i true
3 a b b c c d d a
4 a a = 110 (angles on a line), b = 70 (vertically opposite)
Multiple-choice questions b a = 140 (angles in a revolution)
1 E 2 D 3 B 4 C c a = 19 (complementary)
5 D 6 B 7 C 8 A d a = 113 (cointerior angles in ‖ lines), b = 67 (alternate
9 C 10 D 11 E 12 B angles in ‖ lines), c = 67 (vertically opposite to b)
13 A 14 A 15 D 16 C e a = 81 (isosceles triangle), b = 18 (angles in a triangle)
f a = 17 (angles in a triangle), b = 102 (angles at a line)
Extended-response questions
Now you try
1 a i h = 4t + 25 ii h = 6t + 16
b 16 cm Example 1
Ch1 Review
c Shrub B because its gradient is greater. a x = 70 b x = 100

d y
Example 2
90 (12, 88) a a = 108 b a = 80
80 Shrub B Exercise 2A
70 (12, 73)
60 1 a 45 b 110
Shrub A
50 2 a 72 b 60 c 56
40 3 a 60 (equilateral triangle)
30 b 60 (exterior angle theorem)
20 c 110 (isosceles, angles in a triangle)
10 d 80 (angles in a triangle)
x e 10 (exterior angle theorem)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 f 20 (isosceles, angles in a triangle)
e After 4.5 months g 109 (angles on a line)
f i 1.24 m ii 26.25 months h 28 (diagonals meet at a right angle in a rhombus)
iii Between 8.75 and 11.25 months i 23 (angles in a triangle)
2 a A(0, 0), B(8, 6), C(20, 0) j 121 (vertically opposite to cointerior angle in ‖ lines)
y k 71 (isosceles, cointerior angles in ‖ lines)
l 60 (isosceles, cointerior angles in ‖ lines)
4 a 50 (angle sum in a quadrilateral)
B (8, 6) b 95 (angle sum in a quadrilateral)
c 125 (angle sum in a pentagon)
D (14, 3) d 30 (angle sum in a pentagon)
A (0, 0) e 45 (angle sum in a hexagon)
x f 15 (angle sum in a quadrilateral)
O C (20, 0)
5 a 108° b 135° c 144°
6 a 95 (alternate + cointerior)
b 113 (2 × alternate)
b 43.4 km
c 85 (alternate + cointerior)
c The drink station is at (14, 3).
d 106 (cointerior)
3 1
d i y= x ii y = − x + 10 iii y=0 e 147, (cointerior, angles in a revolution)
4 2
f 292, (angles in a revolution, alternate + cointerior)
3 1
e y ⩾ 0, y ⩽ x, y ⩽ − x + 10 7 a 176.4° b 3.6°
4 2
4 80
f y=− x+
3 3
Answers 827
8 a 12 b 20 c 48 b ∠ABC = ∠DEF (given) A

9 x = 36, y = 144 ∠BAC = ∠EDF (given) A
10 115, equilateral and isocles triangle 60 + 55 BC = EF (given) S
S + 360 ∴ △ABC ≡ △DEF (AAS)
11 a Expand the brackets. b n=
180 2 a AB = DE (given) S
Answers
S 180(n − 2) 360 ∠ABC = ∠DEF (given) A
c I= = d E = 180 − I =
n n n BC = EF (given) S
12 a ∠BCA = 180° − a° − b° (angles in a triangle) ∴ △ABC ≡ △DEF (SAS)
b c° = 180° − ∠BCA = a° + b° (angles at a line) b ∠FED = ∠CBA = 90° (given) R
13 a alternate angles (BA‖CD) FD = CA (given) H
b ∠ABC + ∠BCD = 180° (cointerior), so a + b + c = 180. FE = CB (given) S
c Angle sum of a triangle is 180°. ∴ △FED ≡ △CBA (RHS)
14 ∠ACB = ∠DCE (vertically opposite), so c AC = DF (given) S
∠CAB = ∠CBA = ∠CDE = ∠CED (isosceles) since BC = EF (given) S
∠CAB = ∠CED (alternate) AB‖DE. AB = DE (given) S
15 Answers may vary. ∴ △ACB ≡ △DFE (SSS)
16 a 15 (alternate angles in parallel lines) d ∠EDF = ∠BAC (given) A
b 315 (angle sum in an octagon) ∠DFE = ∠ACB (given) A
17 Let M be the midpoint of AC. Then ∠AMB = 60° EF = BC (given) S
(△ABM is equilateral). ∠BMC = 120° (supplementary). ∴ △EDF ≡ △BAC (AAS)
Therefore, ∠MBC = 30° (△MBC is isosceles). So
3 a x = 7.3, y = 5.2
∠ABC = ∠ABM + ∠MBC = 60° + 30° = 90°.
b x = 12, y = 11
2A
18 Let ∠AOB = x and ∠COD = y. 2x + 2y = 180° (angles at a
c a = 2.6, b = 2.4
line). So ∠BOD = x + y = 90°.
d x = 16, y = 9
4 a AD = CB (given) S
2B DC = BA (given) S
Building understanding AC is common; S
∴ △ADC ≡ △CBA (SSS)
1 a SAS b SSS c AAS b ∠ADB = ∠CBD (given) A
d SAS e RHS f RHS ∠ABD = ∠CDB (given) A
2 a 5 b 4 c 3 d 5 BD is common; S
∴ △ADB ≡ △CBD (AAS)
Now you try c ∠BAC = ∠DEC (alternate, AB‖DE) A
Example 3 ∠CBA = ∠CDE (alternate, AB‖DE) A
a AB = DE (given) S BC = DC (given) S
∠ABC = ∠DEF (given) A ∴ △BAC ≡ △DEC (AAS)
BC = EF (given) S d DA = DC (given) S
∴ △ABC ≡ △DEF (SAS) ∠ADB = ∠CDB (given) A
b ∠ABC = ∠DEF (given) A DB is common; S
∠BAC = ∠EDF (given) A ∴ △ADB ≡ △CDB (SAS)
AC = DF (given) S e OA = OC (radii) S
∴ △ABC ≡ △DEF (AAS) OB = OD (radii) S
AB = CD (given) S
Example 4
∴ △OAB ≡ △OCD (SSS)
a ∠A = ∠C = 90° (given) R
f ∠ADC = ∠ABC = 90° (given) R
BD is common H
AC is common; H
AB = CB (given) S
DC = BC (given) S
∴ △ABD ≡ △CBD (RHS)
∴ △ADC ≡ △ABC (RHS)
b △ABD ≡ △CBD so AD = CD
5 a OA = OC (radii) S
c CD = 4 m
∠AOB = ∠COB (given) A
Exercise 2B OB is common; S
∴ △AOB ≡ △COB (SAS)
1 a AB = DE (given) S b AB = BC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
∠BAC = ∠EDF (given) A c 10 mm
AC = DF (given) S
∴ △ABC ≡ △DEF (SAS)
828 Answers
6 a BC = DC (given) S 9 a OA = OB (radii) S
∠BCA = ∠DCE (vertically opposite) A OM is common; S
AC = EC (given) S AM = BM (M is midpoint) S
∴ △ABC ≡ △EDC (SAS) ∴ △OAM ≡ △OBM (SSS)
b AB = DE (corresponding sides in congruent triangles) ∠OMA = ∠OMB (corresponding angles in congruent
Answers
c ∠ABC = ∠CDE (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)

triangles). ∠OMA and ∠ OMB are supplementary.
∠ABC and ∠CDE are alternate angles. ∴ AB‖DE. ∴ ∠OMA = ∠OMB = 90°
d 5 cm ∴ OM ⟂ AB
7 a AB = CD (given) S
b OA = OB (radii of same circle) S
AD = CB (given) S
CA = CB (radii of same circle) S
BD is common; S
OC is common; S
∴ △ABD ≡ △CDB (SSS)
∴ △OAC ≡ OBC (SSS)
b ∠DBC = ∠BDA (corresponding angles in congruent
∠AOC = ∠BOC (corresponding angles in congruent
triangles)
triangles)
c ∠DBC and ∠BDA are alternate angles (and equal).
c ∠CAB = ∠CBA = x (△ABC is isosceles)
∴ AD‖BC.
x
8 a CB = CD (given) S ∠EAB = ∠DBA =
2
∠BCA = ∠DCE (vertically opposite) A ∴ △AFB is isosceles, so AF = BF.
CA = CE (given) S
∴ △BCA ≡ △DCE (SAS) 2C
∠BAC = ∠DEC (corresponding angles in congruent
2B
triangles) Building understanding

∴ Alternate angles are equal, so AB‖DE.
1 a rectangle b parallelogram
b ∠OBC = ∠OBA = 90° (given) R
c square d rhombus
OA = OC (radii) H
2 a rectangle, square b rectangle, square
OB is common; S
c parallelogram, rhombus, rectangle, square
∴ △OAB ≡ △OCB (RHS)
d rhombus, square e rhombus, square
AB = BC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
3 a A trapezium does not have both pairs of opposite sides
∴ OB bisects AC.
parallel.
c AB = CD (given) S
b A kite does not have two pairs of opposite sides parallel.
AC is common; S
AD = CB (given) S Now you try
∴ △ACD ≡ △CAB (SSS)
Example 5
∠DAC = ∠BCA (corresponding angles in congruent
A
triangles)
∴ Alternate angles are equal, so AD‖BC.
d AB = AE (given) S D B
∠ABC = ∠AED (△ABE is isosceles) A
ED = BC (given) S
∴ △ABC ≡ △AED (SAS)
AD = AC (corresponding sides in congruent triangles) C
e OD = OC (given) S AB = AD (given) S
∠AOD = ∠BOC (vertically opposite) A BC = DC (given) S
OA = OB (given) S AC is common S
∴ △AOD ≡ △BOC (SAS) ∴ △ABC ≡ △ADC (SSS)
∠OAD = ∠OBC (corresponding angles in congruent
∴ ∠ABC = ∠ADC (corresponding angles in congruent triangles)
triangles)
f AD = AB (given) S Example 6
∠DAC = ∠BAC (given) A AB = CD (given) S
AC is common; S BC = DA (given) S
∴ △ADC ≡ △ABC (SAS) AC is common S
∠ACD = ∠ACB (corresponding angles in congruent ∴ △ABC ≡ △CDA (SSS)
triangles) ∴ ∠BAC = ∠DCA so AB‖CD
∠ACD = ∠ACB are supplementary. and ∠ACB = ∠CAD so BC‖DA
∴ ∠ACD = ∠ACB = 90° ∴ ABCD is a parallelogram
∴ AC ⟂ BD
Answers 829
Exercise 2C 8 D C
1 a ∠BAC = ∠DCA (alternate angles)

∠BCA = ∠DAC (alternate angles)
AC is common.
A B
∴ △ABC ≡ △CDA (AAS)
Answers
b As △ABC ≡ △CDA, AD = CB, AB = CD As ABCD is a parallelogram, ∠BDC = ∠DBA (alternate
(corresponding sides). angles) and ∠DBC = ∠BDA (alternate angles).
2 a ∠ABE = ∠CDE (alternate angles) BD is common.
So △CBD ≡ △ADB (AAS).
∠BAE = ∠DCE (alternate angles)
So ∠BAD = ∠DCB = 90°.
AB = CD (opposite sides of parallelogram)
Similarly, ∠ADC = ∠180° − ∠BAD (cointerior angles)
∴ △ABE ≡ △CDE (AAS)
= 90° and similarly for ∠ABC.
b AE = CE (corresponding sides), BE = DE
9 D C
(corresponding sides).
3 a AB = CB (given) E
AD = CD (given)
BD is common.
∴ △ABD ≡ △CDB (SSS) A B
b ∠ABD = ∠ADB = ∠CBD = ∠CDB (equal angles in First, prove △AED ≡ △BEC (SAS).
congruent isosceles triangles). Therefore, BD bisects Hence, corresponding angles in the isosceles triangles are
∠ABC and ∠CDA. equal and △CED ≡ △BEA (SAS).
4 a AE = CE (given)
2C
Hence, corresponding angles in the isosceles triangles are
BE = DE (given) equal.
∠AEB = ∠CED (vertically opposite angles) So ∠ADC = ∠DCB = ∠CBA = ∠BAC, which sum to 360°.
∴ △ABE ≡ △CDE (SAS) Therefore, all angles are 90° and ABCD is a rectangle.
b ∠ABE = ∠CDE (corresponding angles), ∠BAE = ∠DCE 10 G C F
(corresponding angles). Therefore, AB‖DC (alternate
angles are equal). ∠ADE = ∠CBE (corresponding
angles), ∠DAE = ∠BCE (corresponding angles).
D B
Therefore, AD‖BC (alternate angles are equal).
5 a AD = CB (given)
∠DAC = ∠BCA (alternate angles)
AC is common. H A E
∴ △ABC ≡ △CDA (SAS) First, prove all four corner triangles are congruent (SAS).
b ∠BAC = ∠DCA (corresponding angles), therefore So EF = FG = GH = HE, so EFGH is a rhombus.
AB‖DC (alternate angles are equal).
6 a △ABE ≡ △CBE ≡ △ADE ≡ △CDE (SAS) 2D
b ∠ABE = ∠CDE (corresponding angles), ∠BAE =
∠DCE (corresponding angles), therefore AB‖CD. Building understanding
∠ADE = ∠CBE (corresponding angles), ∠DAE = ∠BCE
1 a Y
es, both squares have all angles 90° and all sides of
(corresponding angles), therefore AD‖CB.
equal length.
Also, AB = AD = CB = CD (corresponding sides).
b 3 c 15 cm
Therefore, ABCD is a rhombus.
8 4 3
7 a D C 2 a 2 b c d
5 3 2
3 a A b ∠C c FD d △ABC ⫴ △EFD
E
Now you try
A B
Example 7
∠CAB = ∠ACD and ∠CAD = ∠ACB (alternate angles).
EH FG
So ∠ECB = ∠ECD since △ABC and △ADC are a ABCD ⫴ EFGH b =
AD BC
isosceles. c 2 d 6 e 4
DC = BC (given)
EC is common. Exercise 2D
∴ △CDE ≡ △CBE (SAS) EH FG
1 a ABCD ⫴ EFGH b =
So ∠CED = ∠CEB = 90°. AD BC
b From part a, ∠ECD = ∠ECB. c 2 d 8 e 4
830 Answers
AB DE Example 9
2 a ABCDE ⫴ FGHIJ b =
FG IJ a ∠BAC is common A
3 3 4 ∠ABC = ∠ADE (corresponding angles in parallel lines) A
c d cm e cm
2 2 3 ∴ △ADE ⫴ △ABC (AAA)
EF GH b DE = 1 m
3 a ABCD ⫴ EFGH b =
Answers
AB CD
4
c d 12 m e 10.5 m Exercise 2E
3
DE 4
4 a 1.2 b 12.5 c 4.8 1 a = = 2 (ratio of corresponding sides) S
d 3.75 e 11.5 f 14.5 AB 2
5 1.7 m EF 2
= = 2 (ratio of corresponding sides) S
6 a 1.6 b 62.5 cm BC 1
7 a 2 b 1 c 1.875 d 4.3 ∠ABC = ∠DEF (given corresponding angles) A
8 a BC b △ABC ⫴ △EDC ∴ △ABC ⫴ △DEF (SAS).
c 1 d 4.5 b ∠ABC = ∠DEF (given corresponding angles) A
9 a true b true c false d false ∠ACB = ∠DFE (given corresponding angles) A
e false f false g false h false ∴ △ABC ⫴ △DEF (AAA).
i true j true 2 a ∠ABC = ∠DEF = 65°
10 Yes, the missing angle in the first triangle is 20° and the missing ∠BAC = ∠EDF = 70°
angle in the second triangle is 75°, so all three angles are equal. ∴ △ABC ⫴ △DEF (AAA).
3 DE 2
11 a b = = 2 (ratio of corresponding sides)
2 AB 1
2D
b i 4 ii 9 EF 6
= = 2 (ratio of corresponding sides)
c i 8 ii 27 BC 3
d ∠ABC = ∠DEF = 120°
Cube Length Area Volume
∴ △ABC ⫴ △DEF (SAS).
Small 2 4 8
DF 10
Large 3 9 27 c = = 2 (ratio of corresponding sides)
CA 5
3 9 27 DE 8
Scale factor (fraction) = = 2 (ratio of corresponding sides)
2 4 8 CB 4
e Scale factor for area = (scale factor for length) 2; ∠ABC = ∠FED = 90°
Scale factor for volume = (scale factor for length) 3. ∴ △ABC ⫴ △FED (RHS).
b2 b3 AB 28
f i ii d = = 4 (ratio of corresponding sides)
a 2 a3
DE 7
12 Answers may vary. BC 16
EF 4
2E AC 32
DF 8
Building understanding ∴ △ABC ⫴ △DEF (SSS).
1 a E b ∠C 3 a 1.5
c AB d △ABC ⫴ △DEF b 19.5
2 a ∠D (alternate angles) b ∠A (alternate angles) c 2.2
c ∠ECD d CA e △ABC ⫴ △EDC d a = 4, b = 15
3 a SAS b AAA c SAS d SSS e x = 0.16, y = 0.325
f a = 43.2, b = 18
4 a ∠ABC = ∠EDC (alternate angles)
Now you try ∠BAC = ∠DEC (alternate angles)
Example 8 ∠ACB = ∠ECD (vertically opposite angles)
DE ∴ △ABC ⫴ △EDC (AAA).
a = 1.5 (ratio of corresponding sides) S b ∠ABE = ∠ACD (corresponding angles)
AB
DF ∠AEB = ∠ADC (corresponding angles)
= 1.5 (ratio of corresponding sides) S
AC ∠BAE = ∠CAD (common)
∠BAC = ∠EDF (given) A ∴ △ABE ⫴ △ACD (AAA).
∴ △ABC ⫴ △DEF (SAS) c ∠DBC = ∠AEC (given)
b ∠ABC = ∠DEF (given) A ∠BCD = ∠ECA (common)
∠ACB = ∠DFE (given) A ∴ △BCD ⫴ △ECA (AAA).
∴ △ABC ⫴ △DEF (AAA)
Answers 831
d
AB
=
3
= 0.4 Progress quiz
CB 7.5
EB 2 1 a x = 78 (exterior angle of a triangle)
= = 0.4 (ratio of corresponding sides)
DB 5 b w = 89 (angle sum of a quadrilateral)
∠ABE = ∠CBD (vertically opposite angles) c x = 120 (interior angle of a regular hexagon)
Answers
∴ △AEB ⫴ △CDB (SAS). d x = 35 (alternate angles in parallel lines)
5 a ∠EDC = ∠ADB (common) e x = 97 (cointerior angles in parallel lines, vertically
∠CED = ∠BAD = 90° opposite angles equal)
∴ △EDC ⫴ △ADB (AAA). f w = 94 (angle sum of an isosceles triangle)
4 2 a AB = QB (given)
b cm
3 ∠ABC = ∠QBP (vertically opposite)
6 a ∠ACB = ∠DCE (common) ∠CAB = ∠PQB (alternate angles AC‖PQ)
∠BAC = ∠EDC = 90° ∴ △ABC ≡ △QBP (AAS)
∴ △BAC ⫴ △EDC (AAA). b CB = PB corresponding sides of congruent triangles and
b 1.25 m B is the midpoint of CP.
7 1.90 m 3 Let ABCD be any rhombus with diagonals intersecting at P.
8 4.5 m AB = BC (sides of a rhombus equal)
9 a Yes, AAA for both. ∠ABP = ∠CBP (diagonals of a rhombus bisect the interior
b 20 m angles through which they cross)
c 20 m
∴ △ABP ≡ △CBP (SAS)
d Less working required for May’s triangles.
and ∠APB = ∠BPC (corresponding angles of congruent
10 The missing angle in the smaller triangle is 47°, and the
triangles).
2E
missing angle in the larger triangle is 91°. Therefore the two
And ∠APB + ∠BPC = 180° (straight line)
triangles are similar (AAA).
∴ diagonal AC ⟂ diagonal DB.
11 a ∠AOD = ∠BOC (common)
∠OAD = ∠OBC (corresponding angles) A B
∠ODA = ∠OCB (corresponding angles)
So △OAD ⫴ △OBC (AAA).
OC 3 P
= = 3 (ratio of corresponding sides), therefore
OD 1
OB
=3
OA D C
OB = 3OA
4 A B
b ∠ABC = ∠EDC (alternate angles)
∠BAC = ∠DEC (alternate angles)
∠ACB = ∠ECD (vertically opposite)
So △ABC ⫴ △EDC (AAA).
CE CD 2 AC + CE 1 + 2 7
= = , therefore = = .
AC BC 5 AC 5 5 D C
AE 7 7 Let ABCD be any parallelogram with opposite sides parallel.
But AC + CE = AE, so = and AE = AC.
AC 5 5 AC is common.
12 a ∠BAD = ∠BCA = 90° ∠BAC = ∠ACD (alternate angles AB‖CD)
∠ABD = ∠CBA (common) ∠BCA = ∠DAC (alternate angles AD‖CB)
So △ABD ⫴ △CBA (AAA). ∴ △ABC ≡ △CDA (AAS)
AB BD and AB = DC as well as AD = BC (corresponding sides in
Therefore, = .
CB AB congruent triangles).
2
AB = CB × BD 5 a △ABE ⫴ △ACD (all angles equal)
b ∠BAD = ∠ACD = 90° b 2.5
∠ADB = ∠CDA (common) c x = 7.5
So △ABD ⫴ △CAD (AAA).
6 a ∠CAB = ∠FDE (given)
AD BD
Therefore, = . AC AB 1
CD AD = = (ratio of corresponding sides)
DF DE 3
AD2 = CD × BD
∴ △CAB ⫴ △FDE (SAS)
c Adding the two equations:
b ∠BAO = ∠CDO (alternate angles AB‖DC)
AB2 + AD2 = CB × BD + CD × BD
∠AOB = ∠DOC (vertically opposite)
= BD(CB + CD)
∴ △ABO ⫴ △DCO (AAA)
= BD × BD
= BD2
832 Answers
7 a ∠D is common Since CD = AB and E and F are midpoints (from theorem 3)

∠ABD = ∠ECD (corresponding angles equal since then CF = BE (S).
AB‖EC) Also OC = OB (radii) H
∴ △ABD ⫴ △ECD (AAA) Also ∠OFC = ∠OEB = 90° (from theorem 3) R
b 3 cm ∴ △OCF ≡ △OBE (RHS).
Answers
8 ∠A is common, ∴ OF = OE
as Q and P are both midpoints.
AP 1 AQ 1 Exercise 2F
= and =
AB 2 AC 2 1 a OF = 4 cm (using chord theorem 2)
∴ △AQP ⫴ △ACB (SAS) b AM = 3 m
QP 1 ∠AOM = 50° (using chord theorem 3)
and = (corresponding sides in the same ratio).
CB 2 2 a ∠DOC = 70° (chord theorem 1)
1 b OE = 7.2 cm (chord theorem 2)
∴ QP = CB
2 c XZ = 4 cm and ∠XOZ = 51° (chord theorem 3)
3 The perpendicular bisectors of two different chords of a circle
2F intersect at the centre of the circle.
4 a 3.5 m b 9m c 90° d 90°
Building understanding 5 a 140
d b 40 c 19
1 a–e d 72 e 30 f 54
6 6m
7 3 + √128 mm = 3 + 8 √2 mm
chord
Ch2 Progress quiz
8 a Triangles are congruent (SSS), so angles at the centre of

the circle are corresponding, and therefore equal.
centre minor
sector b Triangles are congruent (SAS), so chords are
radius corresponding sides, and therefore equal.
9 a Triangles are congruent (SSS), so the angles formed by
the chord and radius are corresponding, and therefore
equal. Since these angles are also supplementary, they
major sector must be 90°.
b Triangles are congruent (SAS), so the angles formed by
2 a 55° b 90° the chord and radius are corresponding, and therefore
c 75° d 140° equal. Since these angles are also supplementary, they
3 a 85° each must be 90°.
b ∠AOB = ∠COD (chord theorem 1) 10 A
c 0.9 cm each
d OE = OF (chord theorem 2)
4 a 1 cm each O
b 52° each
B C
c AM = BM and ∠AOM = ∠BOM (chord theorem 3)
First, prove △OAB ≡ △OAC (AAS), which are isosceles.

Now you try
So AB = AC, corresponding sides in congruent triangles.
Example 10 11 a AD = BD (radii of same circle)
a 2 m (chord theorem 2) AC = BC (radii of same circle)
b 3 m, 60° (chord theorem 3) CD is common.
Example 11 ∴ △ACD ≡ △BCD (SSS).
b AC = BC (radii of same circle)
D
∠ACE = ∠BCE (corresponding angles in congruent
F
triangles)
C CE is common.
∴ △ACE ≡ △BCE (SAS).
O
c Using the converse of chord theorem 3 since
B ∠ACE = ∠BCE, CD ⟂ AB.
E
A
Answers 833
2G 13 ∠AOB = 180° − 2x° (△AOB is isosceles)

∠BOC = 180° − 2y° (△BOC is isosceles)
Building understanding ∠AOB + ∠BOC = 180° (supplementary angles),
therefore (180 − 2x) + (180 − 2y) = 180
1 a ∠ADC b ∠ADC c ∠ADC
360 − 2x − 2y = 180
d ∠AFC e ∠AEC f ∠AEC
Answers
2x + 2y = 180
2 a ∠AOB b ∠ACB c 80° d 61°
2(x + y) = 180
3 a 180° b 90° c 60° d 7°
x + y = 90
Now you try
Example 12 2H
a 50 b 25 Building understanding
Example 13
60° 1 a ∠ACD b ∠ACD c ∠ACD
2 a ∠ABD and ∠ACD b 85°
Exercise 2G c ∠BAC and ∠BDC d 17°
3 a Supplementary angles sum to 180°.
1 a 70 b 30 b 117°
2 a 50 b 40 c 80 c 109°
d 60 e 250 f 112.5 d Yes, 117° + 109° + 63° + 71° = 360°
g 38 h 120 i 18
3 a 70 b 25 c 10
2G
4 a ∠ABC = 72°, ∠ABD = 22°
Now you try
b ∠ABC = 70°, ∠ABD = 45° Example 14
c ∠ABC = 72°, ∠ABD = 35° a 37 b a = 80, b = 95
5 a ∠ADC = 75°, ∠ABC = 75°
b ∠ABC = 57.5°, ∠ADC = 57.5°
c ∠AOD = 170°, ∠ABD = 85°
Exercise 2H
6 a 100° b 94.5° c 100° 1 a 60 b a = 84, b = 40
d 119° e 70° f 66° 2 a x = 37 b x = 20 c x = 110
7 a 58° b 53° c 51° d x = 40 e x = 22.5 f x = 55
d 45° e 19° f 21° 3 a x = 60 b x = 90 c x = 30
8 a 70° b 90° d x = 88 e x = 72, y = 108 f x = 123
c The angle in a semicircle is 90°. 4 a 72 b 43 c 69
d Theorem 2 is the specific case of theorem 1 when the d 57 e 52 f 48
angle at the centre is 180°. g 30 h 47 i 108
9 a i false ii true iii true iv false 5 a a = 30, b = 100 b a = 54, b = 90
b i false ii true iii true iv false c a = 105, b = 105, c = 75 d a = 55, b = 70
10 a 2x° b 360 − 2x e a = 118, b = 21 f a = 45, b = 35
11 a ∠AOC = 180° − 2x° (△AOC is isosceles) 6 a 80° b 71°
b ∠BOC = 180° − 2y° (△BOC is isosceles) c ∠CBE + ∠ABE = 180° (supplementary angles)
c ∠AOB = 360° − ∠AOC − ∠BOC = 2x° + 2y° ∠CBE + ∠CDE = 180° (circle theorem 4)
d ∠AOB = 2(x° + y°) = 2∠ACB ∴ ∠CBE + ∠ABE = ∠CBE + ∠CDE.
12 a ∠BOC = 180° − 2x° (△BOC is isosceles). ∴ ∠ABE = ∠CDE
∠AOB = 180° − ∠BOC = 180° − (180° − 2x°) = 2x° ∠ACD = ∠ABD = x° and ∠DAC = ∠DBC = y° (circle
7 a
b ∠AOC = 180° − 2x° (△AOC is isosceles) theorem 3)
∠BOC = 180° − 2y° (△BOC is isosceles) b Using angle sum of △ACD, ∠ADC = 180° − (x° + y°).
Reflex ∠AOB = 360° − ∠AOC − ∠BOC c ∠ABC and ∠ADC are supplementary.
= 360° − (180° − 2x°) − (180° − 2y°) 8 a i 80° ii 100° iii 80°
= 2x° + 2y° = 2(x + y)° = 2∠ACB. b ∠BAF + ∠DCB = 180°, therefore AF‖CD (cointerior
c ∠OBC = x° + y° (△OCB is isosceles) angles are supplementary).
∠COB = 180° − 2(x + y)° 9 a ∠PCB = 90° (circle theorem 2)
∠AOB = 180° − 2x° − (180° − 2(x + y)°) b ∠A = ∠P (circle theorem 3)
= 2y° a
c sin P =
2r
a a
d As ∠A = ∠P, sin A = , therefore 2r = .
2r sin A
834 Answers
2I 2J
Building understanding Building understanding
1 a Once b 90° c 5 cm 1 a 3 b 6 c 7 d 8
2 a ∠BAP b ∠BPX c ∠ABP d ∠APY 21 5 33 27
Answers
2 a b c d
3 a 180° b 360° 2 2 7 7
3 a AP × CP = BP × DP b AP × BP = DP × CP
Now you try c AP × BP = CP2
Example 15 Now you try

a 10 b 30
Example 17
Example 16
4 39 5
a 50° b 70° a b c
5 5 2
Exercise 2I Exercise 2J
1 a 20 b 20 3 83 9
1 a b c
2 a a = 19 b a = 62 c a = 70 2 6 4
3 a a = 50 b a = 28 c a = 25 112
2 a 5 b 10 c
4 a 50° b 59° 15
5 a a = 73, b = 42, c = 65 143 178 161
3 a b c
2I
b a = 26, b = 83, c = 71 8 9 9
c a = 69, b = 65, c = 46 32 16 35
4 a b c
6 a 5 cm b 11.2 cm 3 3 2
7 a a = 115 b a = 163 c a = 33 5 a √65 b √77
d a = 28 e a = 26 f a = 26 64 209 81
6 a b c
g a = 36 h a = 26 i a = 30 7 10 7
8 a a = 70 b a = 50 c a = 73 74 153
d e f √65 − 1
d a = 40 e a = 19 f a = 54 7 20
9 4 cm 7 a x(x + 5) = 7 × 8, x2 + 5x = 56, x2 + 5x − 56 = 0
10 a OA and OB are radii of the circle. b x(x + 11) = 10 × 22, x2 + 11x = 220,
b ∠OAP = ∠OBP = 90° x2 + 11x − 220 = 0
c ∠OAP = ∠OBP = 90° c x(x + 23) = 312, x2 + 23x = 961, x2 + 23x − 961 = 0
OP is common 8 For this diagram, the third secant rule states:
OA = OB AP2 = DP × CP and BP2 = DP × CP, so BP = AP.
∴ △OAP ≡ △OBP (RHS) 9 AP × BP = DP × CP
d AP and BP are corresponding sides in congruent AP × BP = AP × CP since AP = DP.
triangles. BP = CP
11 a ∠OPB = 90° − x°, tangent meets radii at right angles 10 a ∠A = ∠D and ∠B = ∠C (circle theorem 3)
b ∠BOP = 2x°, using angle sum in an isocles triangle b ∠P is the same for both triangles (vertically opposite), so
c ∠BAP = x°, circle theorem 1 △ABP ⫴ △DCP (AAA).
12 ∠BAP = ∠BPY (alternate segment theorem) AP BP

c =
∠BPY = ∠DPX (vertically opposite angles) DP CP
∠DPX = ∠DCP (alternate segment theorem) AP BP
d = , cross-multiplying gives AP × CP = BP × DP.
∴ ∠BAP = ∠DCP, so AB‖DC (alternate angles are equal). DP CP
11 a ∠B = ∠C (circle theorem 3)
13 AP = TP and TP = BP, hence AP = BP.
b △PBD ⫴ △PCA (AAA)
14 a Let ∠ACB = x°, therefore ∠ABC = 90° − x°.
AP CP
Construct OP. OP ⟂ PM (tangent). ∠OPC = x° c = , so AP × BP = DP × CP.
DP BP
(△OPC is isosceles). Construct OM.
12 a yes
△OAM ≡ △OPM (RHS), therefore AM = PM.
b alternate segment theorem
∠BPM = 180° − 90° − x° = 90° − x°.
c △BPC ⫴ △CPA (AAA)
Therefore, △BPM is isosceles with PM = BM. BP CP
Therefore, AM = BM. d = , so CP2 = AP × BP.
CP AP
b Answers may vary.
13 d = √4r1r2 = 2 √r1r2
Answers 835
Problems and challenges d ∠ABD = ∠DBC (given)

∠DAB = ∠CDB = 35° (angle sum of triangle)
1 21 units2 ∴ △ABD ⫴ △DBC (AAA)
2 BD = 5 cm, CE = 19 cm
100
3 ∠ADE = ∠ABE, ∠EFD = ∠BFA, ∠DEB = ∠DAB, x=
7
∠DFB = ∠EFA, ∠CDB = ∠CAE, ∠DAE = ∠DBE,
Answers
6 a 65 (chord theorem 1)
∠ADB = ∠AEB, ∠ABD = ∠AED = ∠CBD = ∠CEA
b 7 (chord theorem 2)
4 42.5%
c 6 (chord theorem 3)
5 Check with your teacher.
7 a a = 25
6 a ∠FDE = ∠DFC = ∠ABC (alternate and corresponding
b a = 50, b = 40
angles in parallel lines)
c a = 70
∠FED = ∠EFB = ∠ACB (alternate and corresponding
d b = 54
angles in parallel lines)
e a = 115
∠DFE = ∠BAC (angle sum of a triangle)
f a = 30, b = 30
△ABC ⫴ △FDE (AAA)
8 a x = 26, y = 58, z = 64
b i 4 :1 ii 16 : 1
b a = 65, b = 130, c = 50, d = 8
c 4n−1 : 1
c t = 63
40
9 a 5 b 6 c
3
1 a 65 b 120 Multiple-choice questions
c x = 62, y = 118 d 46
Ch2 Problems and challenges

2 a 148° b 112° 1 C 2 B 3 B 4 C 5 B
3 a AB = DE (given) 6 A 7 E 8 C 9 D 10 B
∠ABC = ∠DEF (given)
∠BAC = ∠EDF (given) Extended-response questions
∴ △ABC ≡ △DEF (AAS).
b AB = AD (given) 1 a ∠BAC = ∠BDE = 90°
∠BAC = ∠DAC (given) ∠B is common.
AC is common. ∴ △ABC ⫴ △DBE (AAA).
∴ △ABC ≡ △ADC (SAS). b 1.2 km
c AB = CD (given) AC 3
c i =
AD = CB (given) DE 2
BD is common. AB 3 (ratio of corresponding sides in
∴ =
∴ △ABD ≡ △CDB (SSS). DB 2 similar triangles)
4 a AB = CD (given) x+1 3
∠BAC = ∠DCA (alternate angles) =
x 2
AC is common.
∴ 2(x + 1) = 3x
∴ △ABC ≡ △CDA (SAS).
b ∠BCA = ∠DAC (alternate angles), therefore AD‖BC ii 2
(alternate angles are equal). d 44.4%
DE 10.5 2 a i 106.26° ii 73.74°
5 a = = 1.5 b 12 cm c 25 cm d 70 cm
AB 7
EF 14.7
= = 1.5 (ratio of corresponding sides)
BC 9.8
∠ABC = ∠DEF (given) Chapter 3
∴ △ABC ⫴ △DEF (SAS)
3A
x = 19.5
b ∠EAB = ∠DAC (common) Building understanding
∠EBA = ∠DCA (corresponding with EB‖DC)
1 a irrational b root
∴ △ABE ⫴ △ACD (AAA)
c non-recurring d rational number
x = 6.25 2 a 4 b 25
c ∠BAC = ∠EDC (given) c 16 d 36
∠ACB = ∠DCE (vertically opposite)
∴ △ABC ⫴ △DEC (AAA)
x = 8.82
836 Answers
Now you try 7 a √12 b √32 c √50 d √27

e √45 f √108 g √128 h √700
Example 1 i √810 j √125 k √245 l √363
a irrational 8 a 15 √3 b 13 √7 c 19 √5 d 31 √3
b rational 9 a 4 √2 m b 2 √30 cm c 4 √15 mm
c rational
Answers
10 a radius = 2 √6 cm, diameter = 4 √6 cm

b radius = 3 √6 m, diameter = 6 √6 m
2
− 5 −40% 7 c radius = 8 √2 m, diameter = 16 √2 m
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 11 a 2 √5 cm b 3 √5 m c √145 mm
d √11 m e √11 mm f 2 √21 cm
2
−√5 ≈ −2.2, −40% = −0.4, ≈ 0.29 12 √72 = √36 × 2 (i.e. 36 is highest square factor of 72)
7
= 6 √2
Example 2
13 a 9, 25, 225 b 15 √2
5√5
a 2√5 b 20√3 c 2√3 d 14 a Draw triangle with shorter sides length 1 cm and 3 cm.
4 b Draw triangle with shorter sides length 2 cm and 5 cm.
Example 3
a √18 b √75 c d
1 2
√6 √22 1
Exercise 3A
1
1 a irrational b rational c rational 1
6 2
− 2
3A
7 150% 4
15 Check with your teacher.
−2 −1 0 1 2
6 3B
−√2 ≈ − 1.4, 150% = 1.5, ≈ 0.86
7
2 a irrational b rational
c rational d rational 1 a yes b no c no d yes
e rational f irrational e yes f no g yes h yes
g irrational h irrational 2 a 6x b −5x c 17a d t
−1.24 0.18 5 2 3 3 a 4 √3
−2 −1 0 2 3 4 b i 5 √3 ii −3 √3 iii 17 √3
− 2 2
1 57 π
5
Now you try
3 a yes b yes c no d no
Example 4
e no f yes g yes h no
a 5√5 b √7 + 7√3
4 a 2 √3 b 3 √5 c 2 √6 d 4 √3
e 5 √3 f 10 √5 g 7 √2 h 3 √10 Example 5
i 8 √2 j 6 √10 k 9 √2 l 4 √5 a 5√2 b 2√3
5 a 6 √2 b 6 √5 c 16 √3 d 6 √7
e 21 √2 f 20 √5 g √5 h √7 Exercise 3B
√6 √6 √5 √11
i j k l 1 a i 5√7 ii 9√3
2 4 5 6
b i 2√5 + 5√3 ii 2√5 + 8√11
2 √17
m 3 √11 n 2 √2 o 2 √2 p 2 a 6 √5 b 3 √3 c 4 √2
7
d 3 √2 e 11 √5 f √3
3 √3 2 √3 3 √3
q r 4 √6 s t g 6 √10 h 5 √2 i −2 √21
2 3 2
j −6 √11 k −√13 l −7 √30
2 √2 2 √3 3 √2 √11 3 a √3 + 5 √2 b 3 √6 + 7 √11 c 4 √5 − 7 √2
6 a b c d
3 7 5 5 d −2 √2 + √5 e 4 √3 f 0
√10 √3 √13 1 g −3 √2 − 3 √10 h −2 √5 + 3 √15
e f g h
3 6 4 √2 4 a √2 b 5 √2 c 4 √3 d √5
√5 3 √3 √5 √14 e 7 √2 f 12 √3 g 8 √11 h 3 √2
i j k l
3 2 2√2 √19 i 5 √6 j √5 k 32 √2 l 20 √2
Answers 837
5 a 13 √2 b 9 √6 Exercise 3C
c 2 √5 − √7 d 5 √5 + 6 √7
e √6 − 3 √2 f 2 √3 + 11 √5 − 5 √2 1 a i √42 ii √55
g 9 √3 + 2 √2 h 11 − 9 √3 b i 10√21 ii 6√35
i 9 + 18 √2 j −9 √2 + 15 √5 c i 12 ii 45
2 a √15 b √21 c √26
Answers
5 √3 7 √5 √2
6 a b c d √35 e −√30 f −√30
6 12 30
g √66 h √6 i √70
√7 −√2 13 √3 3 a √10 b √6 c −√3
d e f
6 10 14 d √5 e √3 f √10
13 √5 −7 √3 −11 √10 g √5 h −√13 i −√5
g h i
18 30 24 4 a 3 b 5 c 9
7 a 4 √3 + 2 √5 cm b 14 √2 cm d 7 √2 e 2 √11 f 3 √6
c √10 + 3 √2 cm d 2 √10 + 4 √5 cm g 5 √2 h 4 √6 i 10
e 4 √3 + √30 m f 12 √3 cm 5 a 10 √3 b 21 √2 c 12 √14
8 a √20 = 2 √5 d −50 √3 e −18 √3 f 15 √5
b 3 √72 = 18 √2, √338 = 13 √2 g 42 √6 h −60 √10 i −20 √10
9 a 5 √3 − 6 √3 + √3 = 0 j 42 √2 k 24 √30 l 216 √7
b √6 + 2 √6 − 3 √6 = 0 6 a 11 b 13 c 12
c 6 √2 − 8 √2 + 2 √2 = 0 d 125 e 147 f 162
d 2 √2 − 3 √2 + √2 = 0 √5
7 a 2 √2 b 3 √6 c
e 4 √5 − 7 √5 + 3 √5 = 0 2
3B
f 3 √2 − 6 √3 − 5 √2 + 6 √3 + 2 √2 = 0 −4 −1 2 √5
10 a 6 √3 − 3 √2, unlike surds d e f
√13 3 √7 3
b 8 √2 + 2 √5, unlike surds
8 a √6 + √15 b √14 − √10 c − √55 − √65
c 5 √2 − 6 √5, unlike surds
d −2 √15 − 2 √21 e 6 √26 − 3 √22 f 20 − 20 √2
d 10 √10 + 10 √3, unlike surds
g 30 √2 + 15 √30 h −12 √3 + 12 √2 i 42 + 63 √2
e 20 √2 + 30 √3, unlike surds
j 90 √3 − 24 √10 k −16 + 24 √10 l 42 √2 + 30
f 4 √5 − 6 √6, unlike surds
9 a 28 b 18 c −75
7 √2 2 √3 √5 −3 √2
11 a b c d d √2 − √6 e 3 √3 + 4 f − √10 + √5
15 3 12 4 g 2 h 8 √2 i √2 − 6
√3 −7 √7 29 √6 10 a 2 √6 b √30 c 6
e f g −√2 h
2 15 28 3 2
11 a cm b 2 √6 cm
6 √6 29 √5 4
i 0 j 8 √3 k l
35 42 12 a √6 × √6 = √6 × 6 = √36 = 6
b − √8 × √8 = − √8 × 8 = − √64 = −8
3C c − √5 × − √5 = + √5 × 5 = √25 = 5
Building understanding 13 a Simplify each surd before multiplying.
b Allows for the multiplication of smaller surds, which is
1 a
√153 = √5 b
√427 = √6 c
simpler.
i 3 √2 × 3 √3 = 9 √6
c √6 × 5 = √30 d √11 × 2 = √22 ii 2 √6 × 2 √5 = 4 √30
2 a 6 b 7 c 5 iii 5 √2 × 3 √5 = 15 √10
3 a 2x + 6 b 10x − 5 c 30 − 24x iv 3 √6 × 5 √3 = 45 √2
v 6 √2 × 4 √3 = 24 √6
Now you try vi 6 √3 × − 10 √5 = −60 √15
vii −12 √3 × − 2 √7 = 24 √21
Example 6
viii 7 √2 × 10 √3 = 70 √6
a √15 b 24√3 c 63
ix 12 √2 × 12 √5 = 144 √10
Example 7 14 a 3 b 2 c −9
a −√3 b 2√2 1 2
d − e f 3
Example 8 5 5
a 5√6 − √14 15 a 54 √2 b 375 √3 c 162 √3
b 30√2 − 45 d 25 e 9 f 128 √2
g −120 √5 h −108 √2 i 720
838 Answers
27 √2 81 2 √3 + √42 5 √2 + 2 √5 √30 − 5 √2
j 14 √7 k l g h i
2 6 10 5
m 100 √3 n 144 o −96 √15 8 √3 − 15 √2 3 √2 + 2 √5 6 √5 + 5 √6
j k l
81 √3 5 9 √6 6 2 2
p q r
25 3 √3 2 5 √3 2 2 2
7 a cm b m
Answers
16 a 19 − 2 √6 b 16 3 3
c 2 √15 − 85 d 10 √3 − 37 √10 + √15
c mm2
e 30 − 10 √2 f 0 10
g 4 √3 − 14 h 47 √2 − 10 √30 + 11 2 √3 + 3 √2 6 √5 + 5 √2 9 √7 − 14 √3
8 a b c
6 10 21
3D 5 √3 − 2 √2 2 √2 + 5 √3 9 √5 + 4 √3
d e f
6 12 30
Building understanding −2 √14 6 √30 + 4 √6 3 √10 − 2 √42
g h i
1 15 9 9
1 a 1 b c −2 d 6
2 √x
2 a √3 b 10 c √5 d √7 9 As is equal to 1.
3 a 0.377… b 2.886… c 16.31… √x
All pairs of numbers are equal. √21 + √7a √30 + √5a
10 a b
7 5
2 √3 + √6a
Now you try c d 1 − √3a
6
Example 9 e 1 − √5a f 1 − √7a
3C
3√2 4√21 √10 2√7 − 7 4 √10a + 5 √2 √6a + √2

a b c d g h
2 7 3 7 10 2
2 √14a + 7 √2
i
Exercise 3D 14
3√5 7√6 11 a i 14 ii 2 iii 47
1 a i ii b Each question is a difference of perfect squares, and each
5 6
answer is an integer.
2√15 3√10
b i ii
5 2 4 + √2
c
√21 √30 4 + √2
c i ii
5 21 12 + 3 √2 −3 √3 − 3
d i ii
√2 − 2 4√5 − 5 14 2
d i ii
2 5 −(6 + 2 √30)
√2 √7 3 √11 4 √5 iii 2 √2 + √6 iv
2 a b c d 7
2 7 11 5 5 √3 − 5
5 √3 √15 √14 12 a b 2 √3 + 2
e f 4 √2 g h 2
3 3 7 c 3 √5 + 6 d −4 − 4 √2
√6 √35 √66 √10 −3 − 3 √3 42 + 7 √7
3 a b c d e f
3 7 11 5 2 29
√21 √42 √30 √34 g −12 − 4 √10 h −14 − 7 √5
e f g h
3 7 3 2 2 √11 + 2 √2
4 √14 5 √6 3 √10 i j 2 √5 − 2 √2
4 a b c 9
7 3 2 √14 − √2
3 √42 7 √30 2 √105 k √7 − √3 l
d e f 6
7 10 15 6 + √6
m n √14 + 2 √2
4 √21 √6 √35 2 √2 5
5 a b c d
15 3 3 5 b √a − b√b
o 10 − 4 √5 p
2 √5 10 9 √2 3 √7 a−b
e f g h
15 9 2 2 a √a + a√b a + b − 2 √ab
q r
√3 + √6 3 √7 + √35 2 √5 − √15 a−b a−b
6 a b c
3 7 5 a − √ab a √b + b√a
√6 − √10 √35 + √14 √30 − √21 s t
d e f a−b a−b
2 7 3
Answers 839
3E 6 a x8 b x 2y 2 c x 6n 8 d xy2
9x8y2
e m f r 4s 7 g h 2y4
Building understanding 2
i 2a2b2 j 27m7n14 k −45a8b5 16 3
1 a 34 b 76 c 6x3 d 8a3b2 l f
3
2
Answers
x 4 3 2 1 0 m 2m6n3 n 21y3z2 o 1 p −6m2n7
2x 24 = 16 23 =8 22 =4 21 =2 20 =1 7 a −27 b −27 c 81 d −81
a30
3 a 22 × 23
=2×2×2×2×2 8 a x12 b a105 c
b15
= 25 9 a 13 b 18 c 81 d 64
x5 x × x × x × x × x e 1 f 1 g 9 h 8
b =
x3 x×x×x 10 He has not included the minus sign inside the brackets, i.e.
= x2 has only applied it afterwards. Need (−2) 4 not −24.
c (a2) 3 = a × a × a × a × a × a 11 a 3 b 4 c 1
= a6 d 3 e 4 f 1
d (2x) 0 × 2x0 = 1 × 2 12 a 9 b 2 c 162 d −18
=2 7
13 a ± 2 b 5 c 2 d
2
Now you try 14 a x = 2, y = 4 or x = 4, y = 2 or x = 16, y = 1
Example 10 b x = 8, y = 2 or x = 4, y = 3 or x = 64, y = 1,
or x = 2, y = 6
a x7 b 14a3b5
c x = 9, y = 2, or x = 3, y = 4 or x = 81, y = 1
3E
Example 11 d x = 1, y = any positive integer
1 2
a m2 b xy
2
Example 12
3F
4x6 Building understanding
a a6 b 27y9 c d 4x5y4
49y2z4
Example 13 1 a 2−2, 2−3, 2−4 b x−1, x−2, x−3
a 2 b 6 1 1 5 5 −2
2 a b c or d
32 52 42 24 33
Exercise 3E
1
3 a b ab
1 a i x7 ii x8 ab
b i 10 a3b3 ii 12 a4b5 1 1 4
4 a b c
2 a a9 b x5 c b6 25 27 49
d 14m5 e 6s7 f 2t16
p3 c7 9 2 Now you try
g h i s
5 6 25
j 6x3y3 k 15a3b6 l 18v9w2 Example 14
m 150x5y6 n 12r7s6 o 20m8n10 1 2y3
a b c 2x4
3 a x3 b a c q3 b3 x2
d b4 e y5 f d5 Example 15
g j h m6 i 2xy3 5 n8
a b
j 3r2s k 2p2 l 2m4x a 2b 4 3m7
1
m 5b3 n 4st o v2 Example 16
4
pq3 m7
1 x y2 a b
pa q − r − 2 16r5
2 3 2
4 a x10 b t6 c 4a6 d 5y15
e 64t6 f 4u4 g 27r 9 h 81p16 Exercise 3F
a4 x9 x 4y 6 u16w8 1 1
i j k l 1 a i ii
b6 y12 z 8 v8 b2 a5
27f 6 256p 8q12
9a4b2 at3 9
4y3 7y2
m n o p b i ii
125g3 4p2q6 27g 12 81r4 x x3
5 a 8 b 3 c 1 d 1 c i 2x2 ii 6x7
e 5 f 3 g −5 h 3
840 Answers
(2)
1 1 2 3 1 x
2 a b c d 13 Proof: = (2−1) x = 2−1×x = 2−x
x5 a4 m4 y7
3a2 4m3 10y5z 3z3 14 a −2 b −5 c −3 d −1
e f g h
e −2 f −3 g −3 h −4
b3 n3 x2 x 4y 2
i 0 j 0 k 1 l 2
q 3r d 2f 5 3u2w7 2b3 m −2 n 1 o −2 p 2
Answers
i j k l
3p2 5e4 8v6 5c5d2
3 a t x2 b 2y3 c 4m7 d 3b5 Progress quiz
4b4a3 5h3g3
e 2b4d3 f 3m2n4 g h 1 a 3.16227766… irrational b 3.142857 rational
3 2 c 3.141592653… irrational d 3.15 rational
2 3
4 a x b a3 c d 22
b4 y3 7 315% 10
π
1 4y2 6 18b4
e f g h
xy a3 a 5b 2 a2
a2 m2 x 4m 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17
i j k l
b2 n 2y 7n3 5 √2 5 √5
2 a 7 √2 b 10 √3 c d
a q p 4r3 2 4
m n o p
b3 p5 q 2r 3s2 3 √192
4 a 3 √3 b 6 √2 + 2 √5
2x 7d2 5 4
5 a b c d c 16 √3 d 17 √5 − 6 √3
3 10 3s3 3f 2 2
5 a −√15 b 35 √6 c d 6 e 52
3F
f5 1 wx5 5c5d4 3 √5
e f g h
g5 r 6s 2 2 4 6 66 √2
16 1 2 4 3 √7 2 √15 2 √3 − 3 √10
6 a b c d 7 a b c
x4 64 m6 x21 d6 7 5 2
9 5 81 −8 1 6 3
e f g h 8 a a5 b 12x3y4 c h4 d mn
2
t8 x4 x20 x15 4p8q6
y4 h12 e a6 f 9m10 g h 6
i j k 7j8 l 2t6 49r2t4
16 81 1 2b4 4
16p4 9 a b c 7m2 d
7 a a 7b 2 b c 54x7y10 x3 a 2c 3 5d2
9q2 16 a6 12m 4d5
e f g h
324r11 2y14 k8 8 a5 3c2
d 4a8b3 e f
s x3 a4 9x10d9
10 a b
m14 27x 5b5 8c13
g a2b18 h i
n8 2y
1 1 2 −5 3G
8 a b c d
25 64 49 81
1 Building understanding
e f 1 g 98 h −48
9
1 a 3 b 3 c 3 d 3
9 −64 1
i j k l 100 2 a 103 b 107 c 10−6 d 10−3
4 125 16
3 a 4 b 5 c 3
9 0.0041 cm
d −4 e −3 f −5
3 7 y
10 a i ii iii
2 5 2x
b Now you try
b
a
Example 17
11 The negative index should only be applied to x not to 2: a 20 480 b 0.000047
2
2x−2 = Example 18
x2
a 7.94 × 106 b 2.71 × 10−4
5 5 1
12 a b c
6 18 3 Exercise 3G
7 71 106
d − e f
12 48 9 1 a i 3126 ii 5 040 000
b i 0.0028 ii 0.00000591
Answers 841
2 a 3120 b 54 293 Now you try

c 710 500 d 8 213 000
e 59 500 f −800 200 Example 19
1 1 7 9 3
g −10 120 h 9 990 000 a 112 b 32 x2 c 2x4 d 72
i 210 500 000 j −55 000
Answers
k 2 350 000 000 l 1 237 000 000 000 Example 20
3 3 3
3 a 0.0045 b 0.0272 a √5 b (√11) 2 or √121
c 0.0003085 d 0.00783 Example 21
e −0.000092 f 0.265 1
a 5 b 3 c
g 0.0001002 h −0.000006235 2
i 0.98 j −0.000000000545
k 0.000000000003285 l 0.000000875 Exercise 3H
1 1
4 a 6.24 × 103 b −5.73 × 105 c 3.02 × 104 1 a i 132 ii 192
d 4.24 × 105 e −1.01 × 104 f 3.50 × 107 1 3 1 7
g 7.25 × 104 h 3.56 × 10 5 i 1.10 × 108 b i 62 x2 ii 112 x2
5 2
j 9.09 × 105 k −4.56 × 10 6 l 9.83 × 109
c i 4x4 ii 7x3
5 a 2.42 × 10−3 b −1.88 × 10−2 c 1.25 × 10−4 3 3
d 7.87 × 10−3 e −7.08 × 10−4 f 1.14 × 10−1 d i 62 ii 132
g 6.40 × 10−6 h 7.89 × 10 −5 i 1.30 × 10−4 1 1 2 3
j 7.01 × 10−7 k 9.89 × 10 −9 l −5.00 × 10−4 2 a 292 b 353 c x5 d b4
1 1 1 7 1 2 1 1
6 a −2.4 × 104 b 5.71 × 106 c 7.0 × 108 e 22 a2 f 4 3 t3 g 105 t5 h 88 m2
d 4.88 × 103 e 1.9 × 10−3 f −7.05 × 10−4 5 7
3G
g 9.8 × 10−6 h −3.571 × 10 −1 i 5.00 × 10−5 3 a 7x2 b 6n3 c 3y3
7 a 7.7 × 106 km2 b 2.5 × 10 6 c 7.4 × 109 km 2 1 4 2 3 5
d 1 × 10−2 cm e 1.675 × 10−27 kg f 9.5 × 10−13 g d 5p3 r3 e 2a3 b3 f 2g4 h4
3 1 3 1 4 1
8 a 2.85 × 10−3 b 1.55 × 10−3 c 4.41 × 10−8
g 52 or 1252 h 72 or 3432 i 43 or 2563
d 6.38 × 10−3 e 8.00 × 10 7 f 3.63 × 108 5 7 3 10
g 1.80 × 10−3 h 3.42 × 10 15 i 8.31 × 10−2 4 a √2 b √8 c √6 d √11
3 3 5 7
9 328 minutes e √9 f √49 g √8 h √81
10 38 is larger than 10. 5 a 6 b 3 c 4 d 7
11 a 2.1 × 104 b 3.94 × 109 c 6.004 × 101 1 1
e 2 f 5 g h
d 1.79 × 10−4 e 2 × 103 f 7 × 10−1 3 2
g 1 × 107 h 6 × 106 i 4 × 10−3 1 1 1 1
i j k l
j 3.1 × 10−14 k 2.103 × 10−4 l 9.164 × 10−21 3 10 20 10
12 a 9 × 104 b 8 × 109 c 6.4 × 109 6 a 4 b 8 c 216 d 32
d 1.44 × 10−8 e 4 × 104 f 6.25 × 10−12 1 1 1 1
e f g h
g 2.25 × 10−6 h 1.25 × 107 i 1 × 10−5 8 9 16 125
j 1.275 × 10−4 k 1.8 × 10−1 l 2 × 102 1 1 1
i 125 j k l
m 8 × 10−1 n 4 × 10−14 o 2.5 × 104 16 81 100
1
13 3 × 10−4 = 3 ÷ 10 000
7 a a2 b m3 c x d b2
14 a i 9 × 1017 J ii 2.34 × 1021 J 1
6 1
iii 2.7 × 1015 J iv 9 × 1011 J a2
e s7 f y9 g 1 h
b i 1.11 × 108 kg ii 4.22 × 10−1 kg b
iii 9.69 × 10−13 kg iv 1.89 × 10−19 kg 8 a 5s2 b 3t2 c 2t2 d 5t4
c 5.4 × 1041 J e x f b4 g t3 h m2
i 4ab4 j 6m2n k 2x2y3 l 7r3t2
5 2x 2
3H m n o p 10x
7 3 x2
9 a Method B
b i 32 ii 216 iii 128 iv 81
1 a 3, 2 b 5, 5 c 4, 4 d 5, 5 1 32 81
v 625 vi vii viii
2 a 3 b 11 c 3 d 4 27 3125 10 000
e 2 f 3 g 2 ih 10 10 It equals 2 since 26 = 64.
3 a 1.91, 1.91 11 a i −3 ii −10 iii −2 iv −3
b 1.58, 1.58 b i no ii yes iii yes iv no
c 1.43, 1.43 c y is a real number when n is odd, for x < 0.
842 Answers
3I 10 a i 0.25 ii 0.125
iii 0.001 iv 0.0016
Building understanding b i 5−2 ii 2−4
iii 2−1 iv 5−4
1 a i 4 ii 8 iii 16 iv 32
11 a −4 b −6 c −5
b i 3 ii 5 iii 6
Answers
1 3 3
2 a 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 d e − f −
b 81, 243, 729, 2187, 6561 2 2 4
c 64, 256, 1024, 4096 3
12 a 1 b −1 c 8 d −
d 125, 625, 3125 2
e 216, 1296 5 2
e − f −2 g 3 h
3 a 32 b 53 c 35 2 3
d 2 7 e 36 1
i j 2 k 0 l −2
5
Now you try

3J
Example 22
3 Building understanding
a x=3 b x = −3 c x=
2 1 a
Example 23 x −2 −1 0 1 2
x=1 1 1
y 1 3 9
9 3
3I
Exercise 3I b y
1 a i x=2 ii x = 3 10
b i x = −2 ii x = −3 8
3 3 6 y = 3x
c i x= ii x =
2 2 4
2 a 3 b 3 c 2 d 2 2
e 3 f 3 g 4 h 3 x
i 4 j 5 k 4 l 3 −2 −1 O 1 2
3 a −2 b −2 c −2
d −4 e −5 f 3 2 a asymptote b 1
g 2 h 6 i 3 c y - axis d x - axis
3 4 3 3
4 a b c d 1 1
2 3 2 2 3 a a−2 = ≠ − a2 b False since 3−2 = .
1 1 1 1 a2 32
e f g h 1
2 3 5 4 c 5−3, 3−2, 2−1 d −9, −125, −
4
3 3
i −2 j −4 k − l −
2 2
5 a 1
Now you try
b i 2 ii 32 iii 260 iv 21440 Example 24
c i 3 min ii 8 min iii 10 min y (1, 5) b y = 5x
1
6 a b 1 c 3 d 1
2
3 6
e f 2 g 9 h
4 7
15 11 3 (1, 2) a y = 2x
i j − k 4 l − 1
4 2 2
7 1 cent doubled every second for 30 seconds. Receive x
O
230 cents, which is more than 1 million dollars.
8 a i 1 ii 1 iii 1
b No solutions. If a = 1, then ax = 1 for all values of x.
2 3
9 a 2 b 1 c d
3 4
5 1 3 1
e f g h −
4 3 10 2
Answers 843
Example 25 4 y
y
O x
a y = 2x −1
(1, −2)
Answers
(−1, 2) (1, 2) (1, −3) a
1 c y = 2−x c
x (1, −5)
O b
−1
(1, −2) b y = −2x 5 y
b c
a
(1, 12 )
1 (1, 13 )
x
Example 26 O
(3, 27) (1, 16 )
Exercise 3J
( 3)
1 y 1
6 a i (0, 1) ii −1,
3J
(1, 6) iii (0, 1) iv (2, 9)
b a
( 2)
1
b i (4, −16) ii −1, −
(1, 2) iii (0, −1) iv (2, −4)

1
( 4)
1
x c i 1, ii (−3, 64)
O
( 4)
1
iii (0, 1) iv 1,
2 y
7 a (2, 4) b (2, 9) c (1, −4)
d (−3, 8)
c
(1, 5) 8 a 1000
(1, 4) a b i 2000 ii 8000
b c i 2 years ii 4 years
(1, 2) 9 a N = 2t b N = 210 = 1024 c 14 seconds
1 10 x = 2.322
x 11 a C b A c D
O d E e F f B
12 Substitute (2, 5) into the equation y = 22 = 4 ≠ 5.
y 13 y = 1
3
y
c a
(–1, 2) 1 y=1
(1, 2)
1 (1, 12 ) O
x
x
–1
b 14 It is the asymptote.
(1, –2)
15 a y
8
6
4
2
x
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
They are the same graph.
844 Answers
(3) (5) (10 )

1 x 1 x 1 x 5 a V = 15 000 × 0.94t
b i y= ii iii y =
b i 12 459 L ii 9727 L
c i y = 4−x ii y = 7−x iii y = 11−x c 769.53 L d 55.0 hours
(a)
1 1 x 6 a V = 50 000 × 1.11n
d = a−1, thus = (a−1) x = a−x as required (or b i $75 903.52 ii $403 115.58
a
similar)
Answers
c 6.64 years
7 a 3000
b i 7800 ii 20 280 iii 243 220
3K c 10 hours 11 minutes
8 a D = 10 × 0.875t, where t = number of 10 000 km
travelled
1 a $50 b $1050 c $52.50 b 90 000 c yes
d $55.13 e $1276.28 9 a T = 90 × 0.92t
2 b i 79.4°C ii 76.2°C
2 a 4.9 kg b , 0.98 c 4.52 kg
100 c 3.22 minutes ≈ 3 minutes 13 seconds
3 a growth b decay c growth d decay 10 a i $1610.51 ii $2143.59 iii $4177.25
b i $1645.31 ii $2218.18 iii $4453.92
11 a $2805.10 b $2835.25 c $2837.47
Now you try
12 a i 90 g ii 72.9 g iii 53.1 g
Example 27 b 66 years
a A = 50 000(1.16) n b P = 10 000(0.91) n 13 a 60 L b 22.8 minutes
14 0.7%
Example 28
3J
a V = 400 000(1.07) n
3L
b i $428 000 ii $490 017.20
c 3.3 years Building understanding
Exercise 3K 1 a $50 b $550 c $55 d $605 e $605
2
1 a V = 6000(1.12) n b P = 2000(0.92) n 2 4200 210 4410
A = amount of money at any time, n = number of years of
2 a 3 4410 220.50 4630.50
investment 4 4630.50 231.53 4862.03
A = 200 000 × 1.17n
5 4862.03 243.10 5105.13
b A = house value at any time, n = number of years since
initial valuation 3 a $1102.50 b $1102.50
A = 530 000 × 0.95n c $1157.63 d $1157.63
c A = car value at any time, n = number of years since 4 a 700(1.08) 2 b 1000(1.15) 6 c 850(1.06) 4
purchase
A = 14 200 × 0.97n Now you try
d A = size of oil spill at any time, n = number of minutes
Example 29
elapsed
$4502.19
A = 2 × 1.05n
e A = litres in tank at any time, n = number of hours elapsed Example 30
A = 1200 × 0.9n 5
a n = 60, r = b n = 12, r = 3.5
f A = cell area at any time, n = number of minutes elapsed 12
A = 0.01 × 2n Example 31
g A = population at any time, n = number of years since $8964.49
initial census
A = 172 500 × 1.15n Exercise 3L
h A = mass of substance at any time, n = number of hours 1 $6312.38
elapsed 2 a $5105.13 b $11 946.33
A = 30 × 0.92n c $13 652.22 d $9550.63
3 a 1.1 3 a $106 000 b $112 360 c $119 101.60
b i $665 500 ii $1 296 871.23 iii $3 363 749.97 d $133 822.56 e $179 084.77 f $239 655.82
c 7.3 years 4 a 6, 3% b 60, 1% c 52, 0.173%
4 a 300 000 d 14, 2.625% e 32, 3.75% f 120, 0.8%
b i $216 750 ii $96 173.13 iii $42 672.53 5 a $2254.32 b $87 960.39 c $1461.53
c 3.1 years d $789.84 e $591.63 f $1407.76
Answers 845
6 a $5075 b $5228.39 c $5386.42 b i interest is doubled

7 $11 651.92 ii no change
8 a i $3239.42 ii $3348.15 iii $3446.15 iii interest is doubled
iv $3461.88 v $3465.96 6
Overall
b $226.54 Principal Rate Period Interest Amount
time
Answers
9 a P = 300, n = 12, r = 7%, R = 14%, t = 6 years
b P = 5000, n = 24, r = 2.5%, R = 30%, t = 2 years $7000 4.56% annually 5 years $1750 $8750
c P = 1000, n = 65, r = 0.036%, R = 0.936%, t = 2.5 years $7000 8.45% annually 5 years $3500 $10 500
d P = 3500, n = 30, r = 0.0053%, R = 1.9345%, t = 30 days 8% fornightly 2 years $1559.00 $10 559.00
$9000
e P = 10 000, n = 10, r = 7.8%, R = 7.8%, t = 10 years
f P = 6000, n = 91, r = 0.22%, R = 5.72%, t = 3.5 years $18 000 8% fornightly 2 years $3118.01 $21 118.01
10 5.3% compounded bi-annually 7 a 8.45% b 8.19% c 8.12%
11 a i approx. 6 years ii approx. 12 years The more frequently the interest is calculated, the lower the
iii approx. 9 years iv approx. 5 years required rate.
v approx. 7 years vi approx. 4 years 8 a i 4.2% ii 8.7%
b same answer as part a c yes b It increases by more than the factor.
3M Problems and challenges
Building understanding 1 3n
(9)
4 x
1 B 2 a 5 b
3L
2 P = 750, r = 7.5, n = 5 1
3
3 I = 225, P = 300, r = 3, t = 25 5
4 $240 4 a −8 b 22−a
5 length = 10 √2 cm, width = 10 cm
Now you try −3 − √2 + 7 √3
6
Example 32 7
x−y
a $4764.06 b $4720 7 a b √xy(x − y)
xy
Exercise 3M 8 12 + 8 √2
9 x = 3.5
1 a $8516.57 b $8400
2 a i $7146.10 ii $6955.64 iii $6858.57 Short-answer questions
iv $7260 v $7916.37
b $6000 at 5.7% p.a., for 5 years 1 a 2 √6 b 6 √2 c 30 √2 d 12 √6
3 a i $7080 ii $7080 iii $7428 2 2 √2 2 √5
e f g 5 √7 h
iv $7200 v $7710 7 3 5
b 6000 at 5.7% p.a., for 5 years 2 a 4 + 7 √3 b 2 √5 + 2 √7 c 5 √2
4 a i I $240, $240 II $480, $494.40 d 4 √3 + 2 √2 e 2 √30 f −12 √5
III $1200, $1352.90 IV $2400, $3163.39
√7
ii I $240, $243.60 II $480, $502.04 g 2 √5 h i 0
3
III $1200, $1375.67 IV $2400, $3224.44
3 a 2 √6 + 4 √2 b 12 √5 − 6
iii I $240, $246.71 II $480, $508.64 c 11 d 48
III $1200, $1395.40 IV $2400, $3277.59
√6
b compound interest c compound interest 4 a b 5 √2 c 3 √6
6
5 a 3 √2 5 √2
Principal Rate Overall Interest Amount d 2 √14 e f
time 4 8
√10 + 2 √2 4 √6 − 3
$7000 5% 5 years $1750 $8750 g h
2 3
$7000 10% 5 years $3500 $10 500 5 a 25y6 b 6 c 20x7y10
$3300 10% 3 years $990 $4290 3x2 3y4 27
d e f
$8000 10% 3 years $2400 $10 400 y4 2x3 4b8
1 1 5 2
$9000 8% 2 years $1440 $10 440 6 a 212 b x3 c m3 d a5
8% 2 years 1 3 1 1 3 4
$18 000 $2880 $20 880
e 102 x2 f 2 3 a 3b 3 g 72 h 43
846 Answers
7 a 5 b 4 c
1 Chapter 4
2
d
1
e
1
f
1 4A
7 10 5
8 a i 3210 ii 4 024 000 Building understanding
Answers
iii 0.00759 iv 0.0000981 1 a 0.799 b 0.951 c 1.192 d 0.931

b i 3.08 × 10−4 ii 7.18 × 10−6 2 a sin θ b cos θ c tan θ
iii 5.68 × 106 iv 1.20 × 108 3 a 1.80 b 2.94 c 3.42
9 a V = 800 × 1.07t b V = 3000 × 0.82t d 2.38 e 22.33 f 12.47
10 a $1215.51 b $3519.60 c $5637.46
11 a 3 b 2 c 1 d 6
3 2 Now you try
e −2 f −3 g h
2 3 Example 1
i 4 j 3 k −4 l 0 a 2.74 b 25.03
12 a y
Example 2
a 11.65 b 26.27
(1, 4)
Exercise 4A
1
x 1 a 7.71 b 44.94
O 2 a 1.15 b 3.86 c 13.74 d 5.07
Ch3 Review
e 2.25 f 2.79 g 1.97 h 13.52

b y i 37.02 j 9.30 k 10.17 l 13.11
3 a 8.55 b 4.26 c 13.06 d 10.04
e 5.55 f 1.52 g 22.38 h 6.28
x
O i 0.06 j 12.12 k 9.80 l 15.20
−1 4 a x = 2.5 cm, y = 4.33 cm
(1, −3) b x = 12.26 cm, y = 6.11 cm
c x = 0.20 m, y = 0.11 m
5 a 125 m b 327 m
6 1.85 m
c y
7 22.3 m
8 7.54 m
9 28.5 m
10 26.4 cm
1 (1, 15 ) 11 a 4.5 cm b 8.5 mm
x 12 The student rounded tan 65° too early.
O
13 a 3.7 b 6.5 c 7.7
14 a i a = c sin θ ii b = c cos θ
a c sin θ sin θ
iii tan θ = iv tan θ = =
Multiple-choice questions b c cos θ cos θ
v Answers may vary.
1 C 2 D 3 B 4 E 5 A b i a = c sin θ
6 D 7 D 8 C 9 B 10 D ii b = c cos θ
11 C 12 D 13 C 14 D 15 B iii c2 = a2 + b2
iv c2 = (c sin θ ) 2 + (c cos θ ) 2
Extended-response questions c2 = c2 (sin θ ) 2 + c2 (cos θ ) 2
∴ 1 = (sin θ ) 2 + (cos θ ) 2
1 a 36 √15 + 3 √45 = 36 √15 + 9 √5 cm2
b 360 √3 + 144 √15 + 90 + 36 √5 cm3
4B
c 4 √3 + 1
d i 10000 cm2 ii 1.6% Building understanding
2 a V = 10 000 × 1.065n
1
b i $11 342.25 ii $13 700.87 1 a 60° b c 0.75
2
c 11.0 years
2 a 23.58° b 60° c 11.31° d 5.74°
d i $14 591 ii V = 14 591 × 0.97t
3 a tangent b cosine c sine
iii $12 917; profit of $2917
Answers 847
Now you try Exercise 4C

Example 3 1 1866.03 m
a 30° b 38.94° 2 320 m
Example 4 3 1509.53 m
4 32°
Answers
38.7°
5 a 1.17 m b 1.50 m
6 8.69 cm
Exercise 4B 7 299 m
1 a 30° b 54.31° 8 a 1.45° b 3.44° c 1.99°
2 a 60° b 45° c 48.59° 9 yes
d 30° e 52.12° f 32.74° 10 89.12 m
3 a α = 60°, θ = 30° b α = 45°, θ = 45° 11 a i 8.7 cm ii 5 cm
c α = 53.1°, θ = 36.9° d α = 22.6°, θ = 67.4° b i 17.3 cm ii 20 cm
e α = 28.1°, θ = 61.9° f α = 53.1°, θ = 36.9° c Answers may vary.
4 a 44.4°, 45.6° b 74.7°, 15.3° 12 321.1 km/h
c 58.3°, 31.7° d 23.9°, 66.1° 13 a i 18° ii 72° iii 36° iv 54°
e 82.9°, 7.1° f 42.4°,47.6° b i 0.77 m ii 2.38 m
5 70.02° iii 2.02 m iv 1.47 m
6 31.1° c 3.85 m d 4.05 m e Proof
7 47.1°
8 a 66.4° b 114.1° c 32.0° 4D
4B
9 a i 45° ii 33.7° b 11.3°
10 a Once one angle is known, the other can be determined by Building understanding
subtracting the known angle from 90°.
1 a 0°T b 45°T c 90°T d 135°T
b α = 63.4°, β = 26.6°
e 180°T f 225°T g 270°T h 315°T
11 a
2 a 050°T b 060°T c 139°T
45°
d 162°T e 227°T f 289°T
3 a 200°T b 082°T c 335°T d 164°T
45°
Now you try
x
b tan 45° = =1
x Example 7
c √2x a A is 060°T
x 1 1 B is 140°T
d sin 45° = = , cos 45° also equals .
√2x
√2 √2 C is 250°T
12 a θ = 30° b α = 60° c √3 D is 310°T
1 1 √3 b i 240°T ii 130°T
d i ii iii
2 2 2
Example 8
√3 √3
iv v vi √3 a 4.10 km b 19.28 km
2 3
( 2 )
1 √3 √3 + 1
e AB = x + x= x Exercise 4D
2 2
1 a A is 050°T
4C B is 150°T
C is 215°T
Building understanding D is 320°T
b i 230°T ii 140°T
1 ∠ABC and ∠DCB
2 a 220°T b 305°T c 075°T d 150°T
2 a B b C c A
3 a 1.7 km b 3.6 km
4 a 121°T b 301°T
Now you try 5 a 3.83 km b 6.21 km
6 a 14.77 cm b 2.6 cm
Example 5
7 a 217°T b 37°T
70.02 m
8 a 1.414 km b 1.414 km c 2.914 km
Example 6 9 a 1.62 km b 5.92 km c 2.16 km
27.98° 10 10.032 km
848 Answers
11 a i 045°T ii 236.3°T iii 26.6°T iv 315°T Now you try

b i 296.6°T ii 116.6°T iii 101.3°T iv 246.8°T
12 a i 2.5 km ii 2.82 km iii 5.32 km Example 10
b i 4.33 km ii 1.03 km iii 5.36 km 7.3
c i 45.2°T ii 7.6 km Example 11
Answers
13 a 229.7°, 18.2 km b 55.1°,12.3 km a 36.2° b 121.0°

14 a 212.98 m
b i 99.32 m ii 69.20 m Exercise 4F
c 30.11 m
15 a 38.30 km b 57.86 km c 33.50° 1 3.8
16 a 4.34 km b 2.07 km c 4.81 km 2 a 7.9 b 16.5 c 19.1
d 9.2 e 8.4 f 22.7
3 a 38.0° b 51.5° c 28.8°
4E
d 44.3° e 47.5° f 48.1°
Building understanding 4 a 1.367 km b 74° c 2.089 km
5 27.0°
1 3 6 131.0 m
2 a C b D
7 a ∠ABC = 80°, ∠ACB = 40° b 122 km
2√2 2√3 8 a ∠ABC = 80° b 61.3 km c 53.9 km
2 2 9 a 147.5° b 102.8° c 126.1°
d 100.5° e 123.9° f 137.7°
A C 10 Impossible to find θ as such a triangle does not exist.
4D
A 2 B 2√2
11 37.6° or 142.4°
c 35.3° d 45° 12 a 59.4° or 120.6°
b B B
Now You try
35° 3 35°
Example 9 3
a 31.896 m b 47.72° 120.6°
59.4° C
A 2 C A 2
Exercise 4E c 31.3°
d A triangle can only have one obtuse angle.
1 a 37.609 m b 45.47° e C
2 a 1.888 m b 43.35°
3 a 57.409 m b 57.91° 31.3°
4 a i 26.57° ii 11.18 cm 10
b 10.14° 120°
5 a 7.31 m b 6.87 m B
A 6
6 138.56 m
7 a i 2.25 m ii 2.59 m Progress quiz
b 49.03° c 3.43 m
1 a 12.58 b 38.14 c 15.44 d 6.59
8 a i 1.331 km ii 1.677 km
2 a 39° b 58° c 52°
b 0.346 km
8 2√5
9 a camera C b 609.07 m 3 a i √80 or 4√5 ii or
√80 5
10 a 5.5 m b 34.5° c 34.7° d 0.2°
4 √5
11 a 45° b 1.41 units c 35.26° d 1.73 units iii or
√80 5
12 a i 1.55 ii 1.27 iii 2.82
b 26.6°
b 34.34°
4 63°
13 22°
5 23.84 m
6 A 060° B 150° C 288°
4F 7 a 13.65 km b 048.4°
8 a 36.77 m b 61°
9 a √8 cm b 35°
a b c 10 a 8.7
1 = =
sin A sin B sin C b 66.7°
2 a 1.9 b 2.5
3 a 50.3° b 29.2°
Answers 849
4G 4 a x = 5.7 b x = 7.9 c x = 9.1

d x = 18.2 e x = 10.6 f x = 1.3
Building understanding 5 a 59.09 cm2 b 1.56 mm2 c 361.25 km2
6 a 35.03 cm 2 b 51.68 m 2 c 6.37 km2
1 a c2 = 32 + 42 − 2 × 3 × 4 × cos 105°
7 a 965.88 m2 b 214.66 m2 c 0.72 km2
b 72 = 52 + 92 − 2 × 5 × 9 × cos θ
Answers
8 a 17.3 m2 b 47.2 cm2 c 151.4 km2
2 a 9.6 b 1.5 c 100.3° d 36.2°
9 a Area = ab sin θ
Now you try 1 √3 2
b Area = a2 sin 60° = a
2 4
Example 12 1 1
c Area = a2 sin(180° − 2 θ ) = a2 sin 2 θ
4.29 m 2 2
10 a i 129.9 cm2 ii 129.9 cm2
Example 13
b They are equal because sin 60° and sin 120° are equal.
26.53°
c Same side lengths with included angle 140°.
Exercise 4G 11 a 65.4°, 114.6°
b B B
1 9.08 m
2 a 16.07 cm b 8.85 m c 14.78 cm 11 m
11 m
d 4.56 m e 2.86 km f 8.14 m 65.4° 114.6°
3 a 81.79° b 104.48° c 64.62° A 8m C
A 8m C
d 61.20° e 92.20° f 46.83°
4 310 m 12 a i 540° ii 108° iii 11.89 cm2
vi 19.24 cm2
4G
5 32.2°, 49.6°, 98.2° iv 8.09 cm v 72°, 36°
6 a 145.9° b 208.2° vii 43.0 cm2
7 383 km b 65.0 cm2 c Answers may vary.
8 7.76 m
9 a cosine rule b sine rule c sine rule 4I
d cosine rule e sine rule f cosine rule
a2 + b2 − c2
10 a cos c = b 121.9°
2ab 1 a quadrant 1 b quadrant 3
11 Obtuse, as cos of an obtuse angle gives a negative result. c quadrant 4 d quadrant 2
12 a AP = b − x 2 a quadrants 1 and 2 b quadrants 2 and 4
b a2 = x2 + h2 c quadrants 2 and 3 d quadrants 1 and 4
c c2 = h2 + (b − x) 2 e quadrants 1 and 3 f quadrants 3 and 4
d c2 = a2 − x2 + (b − x) 2 = a2 + b2 − 2bx
x 3
e cos C = θ 0° 90° 180° 270° 360°
a
f x = a cos C substitute into part d. sin θ 0 1 0 −1 0
cos θ 1 0 −1 0 1
4H
tan θ 0 undefined 0 undefined 0
4 a 0.139 b −0.530 c −0.799
1 a 3.7 b 48.0 d −0.259 e 0.900 f −1.036
2 a α b θ c β
3 a 56.44° or 123.56° b 45.58° or 134.42° Now you try

a 140° b 106° c 133°
Example 14 Example 17
30.1 cm2 a quadrant 4, s in θ is negative
Example 15 cos θ is positive
18.64 tan θ is negative
b quadrant 3, sin θ is negative
Exercise 4H cos θ is negative
tan θ is positive
1 5.4 m2
2 a 4.4 cm2 b 26.4 m2 c 0.9 km2 Example 18
d 13.7 m2 e 318.4 m2 f 76.2 cm2 a −sin 50° b −cos 54° c tan 80°
3 a 11.9 cm2 b 105.6 m2 c 1.6 km2
850 Answers
Exercise 4I b i sin 60° = cos 30° = 0.866,

sin 80° = cos 10° = 0.985,
1 a i 160° ii 105° sin 110° = cos (−20°) = 0.940,
b i 110° ii 138° sin 195° = cos (−105°) = −0.259
c i 145° ii 101° ii Their values are the same.
2 a 140° b 115° c 155° iii They add to 90°.
Answers
d 99° e 143° f 172° iv sin θ = cos (90° − θ )

3 a 30° b 86° c 70° v True for these values.
d 9° e 21° f 37° c Answers may vary.
4 a quadrant 2, sin θ positive, cos θ negative, tan θ negative
b quadrant 4, sin θ negative, cos θ positive, tan θ negative 4J
c quadrant 3, sin θ negative, cos θ negative, tan θ positive
d quadrant 1, sin θ positive, cos θ positive, tan θ positive Building understanding
e quadrant 4, sin θ negative, cos θ positive, tan θ negative
f quadrant 2, sin θ positive, cos θ negative, tan θ negative 1 a θ 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150°
g quadrant 3, sin θ negative, cos θ negative, tan θ positive sin θ 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5
h quadrant 3, sin θ negative, cos θ negative, tan θ positive
i quadrant 3, sin θ negative, cos θ negative, tan θ positive θ 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
j quadrant 1, sin θ positive, cos θ positive, tan θ positive sin θ 0 −0.5 −0.87 −1 −0.87 −0.5 0
k quadrant 4, sin θ negative, cos θ positive, tan θ negative
l quadrant 2, sin θ positive, cos θ negative, tan θ negative b sin θ
5 a −sin 80° b cos 60° c tan 40° d sin 40°
1
4I
e −cos 55° f −tan 45° g −sin 15° h −cos 58°

i tan 47° j sin 68° k cos 66° l −tan 57°
6 a 30° b 60° c 24°
d 40° e 71° f 76° θ
O 90° 180° 270° 360°
g 50° h 25° i 82°
7 a 42° b 47° c 34° d 9°
e 33° f 62° g 14° h 58° −1
8 a 0 < θ < 90° b 90° < θ < 180°
2 a θ 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150°
c 270° < θ < 360° d 180° < θ < 270°
9 cos θ 1 0.87 0.5 0 −0.5 −0.87
θ 2 150° 315° 350° 195° 235° 140° 100° 35° 55°
10 a quadrant 4 b quadrant 1 c quadrant 2 θ 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
d quadrant 2 e quadrant 1 f quadrant 3 cos θ −1 −0.87 −0.5 0 0.5 0.87 1
sin θ
11 As tan θ = and both sin θ and cos θ are negative over b cos θ
cos θ
this range, tan θ is positive in the third quadrant. 1
sin θ
12 As tan θ = and cos θ = 0 at 90° and 270°, the value of
cos θ
sin θ θ
and, hence, tan θ is undefined at these values. O
cos θ 90° 180° 270° 360°
13 a true b true c false d true
e true f false g true h false −1
i false j true k true l false
14 a i 0.17 ii 0.17 iii 0.59 iv 0.59 3 a i maximum = 1, minimum = −1
v 0.99 vi 0.99 vii 0.37 viii 0.37 ii 0°, 180°, 360°
b sin a = cos b when a + b = 90°. b i maximum = 1, minimum = −1 ii 90°, 270°
c i 90° − θ ii 90° − θ c i 90° < θ < 270° ii 180° < θ < 360°
d i 70° ii 5° iii 19° iv 38°
e i 90° − θ ii
b
iii
b Now you try
c c
2√5 Example 19
f
5 a ≈ −0.17 b ≈ 127° and 233°
15 a i Proof Example 20
ii True for these values. a false b true
Answers 851
Exercise 4J Problems and challenges

1 a ≈ − 0.77 1 a 120°, 60° b 8.7 cm
b ≈ 66° and 294° 2 225°
2 a i 0.82 ii −0.98 iii 0.87 iv −0.77 3 Use the cosine rule.
v −0.17 vi 0.26 vii −0.42 viii 0.57 4 514 m
Answers
b i 37°, 323° ii 53°, 307° iii 73°, 287° 5 a 2 hours 9 minutes b 308°
iv 84°, 276° v 114°, 246° vi 102°, 258° 6 17.93°
vii 143°, 217° viii 127°,233° 7 4.33 cm
3 a i 0.42 ii 0.91 iii −0.64 iv −0.77
v 0.34 vi −0.82 vii −0.64 viii 0.94 Short-answer questions
b i 37°, 143° ii 12°, 168° iii 17°, 163°
iv 64°, 116° v 204°, 336° vi 233°, 307° 1 a 14.74 b 13.17 c x = 11.55, y = 5.42
vii 224°, 316° viii 186°,354° 2 a 45.6° b 64.8°
4 a true b false c false d true 3 6.1 m
e false f true g true h true 4 a A = 115°, B = 315°, C = 250°, D = 030°
i true j false k true l true b i 295° ii 070°
5 a 110° b 60° c 350° d 260° 5 a 98.3 km b 228.8 km c 336.8°
e 27° f 326° g 233° h 357° 6 a 15.43 m b 52°
6 a 280° b 350° c 195° d 75° 7 a i 15.5 cm ii 135.0 cm2
e 136° f 213° g 24° h 161° b i 14.9 cm ii 111.3 cm2
7 a 30° b 60° c 15° d 70° 8 28.1 m
4J
e 55° f 80° g 55° h 25° 9 a 52.6° b 105.4°
i 36° j 72° k 63° l 14° 10 a 12.5 b 42.8°
8 a 17.5°, 162.5° b 44.4°, 135.6° 11 a i sin 60° ii −cos 30°
c 53.1°, 306.9° d 36.9°, 323.1° iii −tan 45° iv −sin 45°
e 191.5°, 348.5° f 233.1°, 306.9° b i negative ii positive
g 113.6°, 246.4° h 49.5°, 310.5° iii negative iv positive
i 28.7°,151.3° 12 a i 0.77 ii −0.97
9 a 0, the maximum value of sin θ is 1. b i 53°, 127 ii 197°, 343° iii no value
b 0, the minimum value of cos θ is −1. c i true ii true iii false
10 a
θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
Multiple-choice questions
1 √2 √3
sin θ 0 1
2 2 2 1 D 2 B 3 E 4 D 5 A
1 6 C 7 A 8 D 9 C 10 C
√3 √2
cos θ 1 0
2 2 2
1 1 √2
b i ii − iii − iv 0
2 2 2 1 a waterfall
1 √3 √2
v vi − vii 0 viii 3 km N
2 2 2
√3 1 √2 1
ix − x − xi − xii −
2 2 2 2
√2 √3 √3 √3
xiii − xiv xv − xvi
2 2 2 2 5 km
11 a 45°, 315° b 60°, 120° c 30°, 150°
d 210°, 330° e 120°, 240° f 150°, 210°
12 a Graph is reflected in the x-axis.
entrance
b Graph is reflected in the x-axis.
c Graph is dilated and constricted from the x-axis.
d Graph is dilated and constricted from the y-axis. 325°
e Graph is translated up and down from the x-axis.
f Graph is translated left and right from the y-axis. b 2.9 km west
c 7.7 km
d i 21.9 m ii 38.0°
2 a 33.646° b 3177.54 m2 c 41.00 m d 61.60 m
e i 65.66°, 114.34° ii 80.1 m, 43.1 m
852 Answers
Chapter 5 7 a 3 b 3 c 3 d 8 e 1 f 2
8 a 2x2 + 14x + 24 b 3x2 + 27x + 42
5A c −2x2 − 20x − 32 d −4x2 − 44x − 72
2
e 5x + 5x − 60 f 3x2 + 6x − 45
Building understanding g −3a2 + 15a + 42 h −5a2 + 30a + 80
Answers
1 a x2 + 2x b x2 + 4x + 3 c x2 + 8x + 16 i 4a2 − 36a + 72 j 3y2 − 27y + 60

x 2
k −2y + 22y − 48 l −6y2 + 42y − 72
2 a 6x b −20x c −4x2 d
2 2
m 12x + 48x + 45 n 18x2 + 12x − 48
e −3x f −18x g 5x h −13x o −6x2 − 10x + 56 p 2x2 + 12x + 18
q 4m2 + 40m + 100 r 2a2 − 28a + 98
Now you try 2
s −3y + 30y − 75 t 12b2 − 12b + 3
2
u −12y + 72y − 108
Example 1
3 9 a 2x2 + 10x + 11 b 2x2 + 20x + 44
a −2x + 8 b 20x − 5x2 c 6x + d 8x2 − 3x
5 c 2y2 − 4y + 5 d 2y2 − y − 43
Example 2 e −24a − 45 f b2 + 54b + 5
a x2 + 7x + 10 b x2 − 4x + 4 c 9x2 − 4 2
g x + 10x + 18 h x2 − 14x + 40
i −4x2 + 36x − 78 j −25x2 − 30x + 5
Example 3
10 a x2 − 12x + 36 cm2 b x2 + 10x − 200 cm2
a 6x2 + 19x − 7 b 3x2 − 15x + 12 c 11x − 9
11 a (a + b) (a − b) = a − ab + ba − b2 = a2 − b2
2
Exercise 5A b (a + b) 2 = (a + b) (a + b) = a2 + ab + ba + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
1 a i −4x + 4 ii −2x + 12 c (a − b) = (a − b) (a − b) = a2 − ab − ba + b2
2
5A
b i 6x − 3x2 ii 35x − 7x2 = a2 − 2ab + b2

8 7 d (a + b) − (a − b) 2 =
2
c i 12x + ii 14x − a2 + ab + ba + b2 − (a2 − ab − ba + b2) =
5 9
2ab + 2ab = 4ab
2 a 2x + 10 b 3x − 12 c −5x − 15
d −4x + 8 e 6x − 3 f 12x + 4 12 a 618 b 220 c 567 d 1664
g −10x + 6 h −20x − 15 i 2x2 + 5x e 1386 f 891 g 3960 h 3480
j 3x2 − x k 2x − 2x 2 l 6x − 3x2 13 a −x2 + 7x b 10a − 28
m −6x2 − 4x n −18x2 + 6x o −10x + 10x2 c 4x2 + 12x + 9 d 4x + 8
8 15 14 a x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 b x3 + 11x2 + 38x + 40
p −4x + 16x2 q 4x + r 6x − c x3 + 2x2 − 15x − 36 d 2x3 − 13x2 + 17x + 12
5 4 3 2
1 3 3 e 2x − x − 63x + 90 f 6x3 − 35x2 + 47x − 12
s −2x − t −2x + u −9x + 15 a 2ab b (a + b) 2 − c2
3 2 8
(a + 2 − c2 = 2ab
14 9 2 14 6 c b)
v −2x − w x + 6x x x − x2 c2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 − 2ab
9 4 5 5
c2 = a2 + b2
3 a 2x2 + 3x b 6x2 − 3x c 2x2 + 7x
d 8x2 + 7x e 2x2 − 2x f 25x − 12x2
4 a x2 + 10x + 16 b x2 + 7x + 12 5B
c x2 + 12x + 35 d x2 + 5x − 24
e x2 + x − 30 f x2 + x − 6
g x2 − 4x − 21 h x2 − 10x + 24 1 a 7 b −5 c 3a d −3xy
i x2 − 13x + 40 2 a If x(x − 1) = x2 − x, then x2 − x = x(x − 1).
5 a x2 + 10x + 25 b x2 + 14x + 49 b If 2(1 − x) = 2 − 2x, then 2 − 2x = 2(1 − x).
c x2 + 12x + 36 d x2 − 6x + 9 c If (x + 2) (x − 2) = x2 − 4, then x2 − 4 = (x + 2) (x − 2).
e x2 − 16x + 64 f x2 − 20x + 100 d If (3x − 7) (3x + 7) = 9x2 − 49, then
g x2 − 16 h x2 − 81 9x2 − 49 = (3x − 7) (3x + 7).
i 4x2 − 9 j 9x2 − 16
k 16x2 − 25 l 64x2 − 49
Now you try
6 a 6x2 + 13x + 5 b 12x2 + 23x + 10
c 10x2 + 41x + 21 d 9x2 − 9x − 10 Example 4
e 20x2 + 2x − 6 f 6x2 + 5x − 25 a −2(x + 4) b 5a(3a + 4) c (x + 2) (3 − a)
g 16x2 − 25 h 4x2 − 81
Example 5
i 25x2 − 49 j 14x2 − 34x + 12
a (x + 5) (x − 5) b (4a + 3b) (4a − 3b)
k 25x2 − 45x + 18 l 56x2 − 30x + 4
c 2(y + 7) (y − 7) d (x + 8) (x − 4)
m 4x2 + 20x + 25 n 25x2 + 60x + 36
o 49x2 − 14x + 1
Answers 853
( 3 )( 3) ( 2 )( 2)
Example 6 √2 √2 √3 √3
8 a x+ x− b x+ x−
a (x + √7) (x − √7) b (x + 4√2) (x − 4√2)
( 4 )( 4) ( 6 )( 6)
c (x − 5 + √2) (x − 5 − √2) √7 √7 √5 √5
c x+ x− d x+ x−
Example 7
(x − 2) (x + a) e (x − 2 + 2√5) (x − 2 − 2√5)
Answers
f (x + 4 + 3√3) (x + 4 − 3√3)
Exercise 5B g (x + 1 + 5√3) (x + 1 − 5√3)
h (x − 7 + 2√10) (x − 7 − 2√10)
1 a i −4(x + 3) ii −9(x + 4)
i (√3x + 2) (√3x − 2)
b i 10a(a + 4) ii 17a(a + 2)
j (√5x + 3) (√5x − 3)
c i (x + 2) (4 − a) ii (x + 5) (11 − a)
k (√7x + √5) (√7x − √5)
2 a 3(x − 6) b 4(x + 5) c 7(a + b)
l (√6x + √11) (√6x − √11)
d 3(3a − 5) e −5(x + 6) f −2(2y + 1)
m (√2x + 3) (√2x − 3)
g −3(4a + 1) h −b(2a + c) i x(4x + 1)
n (√5x + 4) (√5x − 4)
j x(5x − 2) k 6b(b − 3) l 7a(2a − 3)
o (√3x + √10) (√3x − √10)
m 5a(2 − a) n 6x(2 − 5x) o −x(2 + x)
p (√13x + √7) (√13x − √7)
p −4y(1 + 2y) q ab(b − a) r 2xy(xz − 2)
9 a (x + 2) (y − 3) b (a − 4) (x + 3)
s −12mn(m + n) t 3z2 (2xy − 1)
c (a + 5) (x − 2) d (y − 4) (x − 3)
3 a (x − 1) (5 − a) b (x + 2) (b + 3)
e (a − 3) (2x − 1) f (2a − 5) (x + 4)
c (x + 5) (a − 4) d (x + 2) (x + 5)
10 a 5(x + 2√6) (x − 2√6)
e (x − 4) (x − 2) f (x + 1) (3 − x)
b 3(x + 3√6) (x − 3√6)
g (x + 3) (a + 1) h (x − 2) (x − 1)
c 7(x + 3√2) (x − 3√2)
5B
i (x − 6) (1 − x)
d 2(x + 4√3) (x − 4√3)
4 a (x + 3) (x − 3) b (x + 5) (x − 5)
e 2(x + 3 + √5) (x + 3 − √5)
c (y + 7) (y − 7) d (y + 1) (y − 1)
f 3(x − 1 + √7) (x − 1 − √7)
e (2x − 3) (2x + 3) f (6a − 5) (6a + 5)
g 4(x − 4 + 2√3) (x − 4 − 2√3)
g (1 + 9y) (1 − 9y) h (10 − 3x) (10 + 3x)
h 5(x + 6 + 3√2) (x + 6 − 3√2)
i (5x − 2y) (5x + 2y) j (8x − 5y) (8x + 5y)
11 a 60 b 35 c 69 d 104
k (3a + 7b) (3a − 7b) l (12a − 7b) (12a + 7b)
e 64 f 40 g 153 h 1260
5 a 2(x + 4) (x − 4) b 5(x + 3) (x − 3)
c 6(y + 2) (y − 2) d 3(y + 4) (y − 4) 12 a 4 − (x + 2) 2 = (2 − (x + 2)) (2 + (x + 2)) = −x(x + 4)
e 3(x + 5y) (x − 5y) f 3(a + 10b) (a − 10b) b i −x(x + 6) ii −x(x + 8)
g 3(2x + 3y) (2x − 3y) h 7(3a + 4b) (3a − 4b) iii x(10 − x) iv (3 − x) (7 + x)
i (x + 9) (x + 1) j (x − 7) (x − 1) v (8 − x) (6 + x) vi (6 − x) (14 + x)
k (a + 5) (a − 11) l (a − 8) (a − 6) 13 a (x + a) 2 = x2 + 2ax + a2 ≠ x2 + a2
m (4x + 5) (2x + 5) n (y + 7) (3y + 7) b If x = 0, then (x + a) 2 = x2 + a2. Or if a = 0, then
o (3x + 11) (7x + 11) p 3x(3x − 10y) (x + a) 2 = x2 + a2 is true for all real values of x.
6 a (x + √7) (x − √7) b (x + √5) (x − √5) 4 1 1
14 x − = (9x2 − 4) = (3x + 2) (3x − 2)
2
c (x + √19) (x − √19) d (x + √21) (x − √21) 9 9 9
9 ( 3 )( 3)
4 2 2
e (x + √14) (x − √14) f (x + √30) (x − √30) 2
or: x − = x + x−
g (x + √15) (x − √15) h (x + √11) (x − √11)
i (x + 2√2) (x − 2√2) j (x + 3√2) (x − 3√2) 1 1
= (3x + 2) (3x − 2)
k (x + 3√5) (x − 3√5) l (x + 2√5) (x − 2√5) 3 3
m (x + 4√2) (x − 4√2) n (x + 4√3) (x − 4√3) 1
= (3x + 2) (3x − 2)
o (x + 5√2) (x − 5√2) p (x + 10√2) (x − 10√2) 9
q (x + 2 + √6) (x + 2 − √6) 15 a −(2x + 5) b −11(2y − 3)
r (x + 5 + √10) (x + 5 − √10) c 16(a − 1) d 20b
s (x − 3 + √11) (x − 3 − √11) e −12s f −28y
t (x − 1 + √7) (x − 1 − √7) g (5w + 7x) (−w − x) h (4d + 3e) (−2d + 7e)
u (x − 6 + √15) (x − 6 − √15) i 6f(2f + 6j) j 0
v (x + 4 + √21) (x + 4 − √21) 16 a x2 + 5y − y2 + 5x
w (x + 1 + √19) (x + 1 − √19) = x2 − y2 + 5x + 5y
= (x − y) (x + y) + 5(x + y)
x (x − 7 + √26) (x − 7 − √26)
= (x + y) (x − y + 5)
7 a (x + 4) (x + a) b (x + 7) (x + b)
b i (x + y) (x − y + 7)
c (x − 3) (x + a) d (x + 2) (x − a)
ii (x + y) (x − y − 2)
e (x + 5) (x − b) f (x + 3) (x − 4a)
iii (2x + 3y) (2x − 3y + 2)
g (x − a) (x − 4) h (x − 2b) (x − 5)
iv (5y + 2x) (5y − 2x + 3)
i (x − 2a) (3x − 7)
854 Answers
5C 5 a x+6 b x−3 c x−3

1 1 1
d e f
Building understanding x+7 x−5 x−6
2 x+4 x−7
1 a 9, 2 b 10, 2 c 5, −3 d 4, −3 g h i
x−8 3 5
e −8, 3 f −10, 3 g −2, −5 h −12, −3 5 x−3 2(x − 1) 4
Answers
6 a b c d
x − 10 x+6 3 x+5 x+5
2 a Possible answer: =1
x − 10 4 6 x+2 x−4
e f g h
3(x − 7) x+7 x−2 x−1 x+6
b Possible answer: =3
x−7 7 a x − √7 b x + √10 c x − 2√3
−5(x + 3) 1 1
c Possible answer: = −5 d e f √7x − √5
x+3 √5x − 3 √3x + 4
x+4 1 g x + 1 − √2 h x − 3 + √5 i x − 6 − √6
d Possible answer: =
3(x + 4) 3 2(x + 3) x−3 3
8 a b c
x 1 1 3(x − 5) 4 x−3
3 a b 3 c d
2 3 4 3 x−2 x+3
d e f
2 x−3 2 x+3 x−1
e f x+1 g x−2 h
3 2 t2 − 49 t2 − 5t − 24
9 × =
5t − 40 2t2 − 8t − 42
Now you try (t − 7) (t + 7) (t − 8) (t + 3) t+7
× =
Example 8 5(t − 8) 2(t − 7) (t + 3) 10
5C
a (x + 3) (x + 4) b (x − 6) (x − 4) 10 a x − 3 b x+1 c x−8
c 2(x − 3) (x + 2) d (x − 3) 2 6 4 x−7
d e f
Example 9 x−2 x+5 5
x+4 a2 + 2ab + b2 a2 − ab
a x−4 b 11 a ×
2 a2 + ab a2 − b2
(a + b) 2 a(a − b)
Exercise 5C = ×
a(a + b) (a + b) (a − b)
1 a i (x + 1) (x + 2) ii (x + 1) (x + 5) =1
b Answers may vary.
b i (x − 1) (x − 3) ii (x − 6) (x − 5)
a−b
c i 2(x − 5) (x + 1) ii 3(x − 5) (x + 2) 12 a b 1
a
d i (x − 2) 2 ii (x − 5) 2 (a + b) 2 (a + b) (a − b)
2 a (x + 6) (x + 1) b (x + 3) (x + 2) c d
(a − b) 2 a2
c (x + 3) 2 d (x + 5) (x + 2)
3x − 8 7x − 36
e (x + 4) (x + 3) f (x + 9) (x + 2) 13 a b
(x + 3) (x − 4) (x + 2) (x − 9)
g (x − 1) (x + 6) h (x + 3) (x − 2)
x − 12 3x − 23
i (x + 4) (x − 2) j (x − 1) (x + 4) c d
(x + 4) (x − 4) (x + 3) (x − 3) (x − 5)
k (x + 10) (x − 3) l (x + 11) (x − 2)
x − 14 14x + 9
m (x − 2) (x − 5) n (x − 4) (x − 2) e f
o (x − 4) (x − 3) p (x − 1) 2 (x − 3) (x + 2) (x − 6) (x + 3) (x + 4) (x − 8)
q (x − 6) (x − 3) r (x − 2) (x − 9) 9 − 3x 4x + 11
g h
s (x − 6) (x + 2) t (x − 5) (x + 4) (x + 5) (x − 5) (x − 1) (x − 1) 2 (x + 4)
u (x − 7) (x + 2) v (x − 4) (x + 3)
w (x + 8) (x − 4) x (x − 5) (x + 2) 5D
3 a 2(x + 5) (x + 2) b 3(x + 4) (x + 3)
c 2(x + 9) (x + 2) d 5(x − 2) (x + 1)
e 4(x − 5) (x + 1) f 3(x − 5) (x + 2) 1 Two numbers which multiply to
g −2(x + 4) (x + 3) h −3(x − 2) (x − 1)
ax2 + bx + c a ×c give a × c and add to give b
i −2(x − 7) (x + 2) j −4(x − 2) (x + 1)
k −5(x + 3) (x + 1) l −7(x − 6) (x − 1) 6x2 + 13x + 6 36 9 and 4
4 a (x − 2) 2 b (x + 3) 2 8x2 + 18x + 4 32 16 and 2
c (x + 6) 2 d (x − 7) 2
12x2 +x−6 −72 −8 and 9
e (x − 9) 2 f (x − 10) 2
g 2(x + 11) 2 h 3(x − 4) 2 10x2 − 11x − 6 −60 −15 and 4
i 5(x − 5) 2 j −3(x − 6) 2 21x2 − 20x + 4 84 −6 and −14
k −2(x − 7) 2 l −4(x + 9) 2
15x2 − 13x + 2 30 −3 and −10
Answers 855
2
2 a (x + 2) (x + 5) b (x − 7) (x − 2) 8 −12x − 5x + 3
c (3x − 4) (2x + 1) d (2x − 1) (4x + 3) = −(12x2 + 5x − 3)
e (x + 4) (5x − 2) f (2x − 1) (6x − 5) = −(3x − 1) (4x + 3)
= (1 − 3x) (4x + 3)
a (3 − 2x) (4x + 5) b (5 − 2x) (3x + 2)
Now you try c (4 − 3x) (4x + 1) d (3 − 4x) (2x − 3)
Answers
Example 10 e (2 − 7x) (2x − 5) f (3 − 5x) (3x + 2)
a (2x + 3) (3x + 1) b (4x − 1) (2x + 3) 9 Answers may vary.
9x + 2 5x + 15
Example 11 10 a b
(2x − 3) (4x + 1) (3x − 1) (2x + 5)
1
16x2 + 5x 7x − 12x2
c d
(2x − 5) (4x + 1) (3x − 2) (4x − 1)
Exercise 5D 8x − 5 11 − 3x
e f
1 a i (4x + 1) (2x + 3) ii (5x + 2) (2x + 3) (2x + 1) (2x − 1) (3x − 2) (3x + 5) (3x − 5) (3x − 2)
b i (2x + 5) (3x − 1) ii (4x + 3) (2x − 1) 2 12x + 3
g h
2 a (3x + 1) (x + 3) b (2x + 1) (x + 1) (2x − 5) (3x − 2) (5x − 2) (2x − 3) (2x + 7)
c (3x + 2) (x + 2) d (3x − 2) (x − 1)
e (2x − 1) (x − 5) f (5x − 3) (x + 1) 5E
g (3x + 1) (x − 4) h (3x + 1) (x − 1)
i (7x − 5) (x + 1) j (2x − 7) (x − 1) Building understanding
k (3x − 4) (x + 2) l (2x − 3) (x + 4)
m (2x + 1) (x − 5) n (13x + 6) (x − 1) 1 a 9 b 1 c 4
5D
o (5x − 2) (x − 4) p (4x − 5) (2x − 1) 25 81
d 16 e f
q (3x − 4) (2x + 3) r (5x − 2) (2x + 3) 4 4
s (3x + 2) (2x + 3) t (4x − 1) (x − 1) 2 a (x + 2) 2 b (x + 4) 2 c (x + 5) 2
u (4x − 5) (2x − 1) v (2x − 5) (4x − 3) d (x − 6) 2 e (x − 3) 2 f (x − 9) 2
w (3x − 2) (2x − 3) x (3x − 2) (3x + 5) 3 a (x + 1+ √5) (x + 1 − √5)
3 a (6x + 5) (3x + 2) b (4x + 3) (5x + 6) b (x + 4+ √10) (x + 4 − √10)
c (7x − 2) (3x + 4) d (5x − 2) (6x + 5) c (x − 3+ √11) (x − 3 − √11)
e (8x + 3) (5x − 2) f (7x + 2) (4x − 3)
g (6x − 5) (4x − 3) h (9x − 2) (5x − 4) Now you try
i (5x − 2) (5x − 8)
4 a 2(3x + 4) (x + 5) b 3(2x + 3) (x − 4) Example 12
( 2)
c 3(8x + 1) (2x − 1) d 4(4x − 5) (2x − 3) 81 9 2
a 36, (x + 6) 2 b , x−
e 8(2x − 1) (x − 1) f 10(3x − 2) (3x + 5) 4
g −5(5x + 4) (2x + 3) h 3(2x − 3) 2 Example 13
i 5(4x − 1) (x − 1) a (x + 3 + √10) (x + 3 − √10)
5 a 2x − 5 b 4x − 1 c 3x − 2 b (x − 2) 2 + 3 cannot be factorised.
2 2 4
d e f Example 14
3x + 2 7x − 2 2x − 3
( )( )
5 + √23 5 − √23
x+4 3x − 1 5x + 4 x+ x+
g h i 2 2
3x + 1 2x + 3 7x − 2
3x − 2 2x + 3 2x − 3
j k l
5x − 2 7x + 1 4x − 5 Exercise 5E
6 a (3x − 4) (x − 5)
1 a i 16, (x + 4) 2 ii 49, (x + 7) 2
b −10 m; the cable is 10 m below the water.
4 ( 2) 4 ( 2)
25 5 2 121 11
4 b i , x− ii , x−
c x = or x = 5
3
2 a 9, (x + 3) 2 b 36, (x + 6) 2
3x + 4 3x + 2 1−x
7 a b c
x−3 4 3 c 4, (x + 2) 2 d 16, (x + 4) 2
4x − 3 x+2 e 25, (x − 5) 2 f 1, (x − 1) 2
d e 125 f
5x + 1 5 g 16, (x − 4) 2 h 36, (x − 6) 2
(4x − 5) 2
4 ( 2) 4 ( 2)
g 1 h 25 5 2 81 9 2
i , x+ j , x+
(x − 3) 2
856 Answers
4 ( 2) 4 ( 2) ( 2 )( 2 )
49 7 2 121 11 2 3 + √5 3 − √5
k , x+ l , x+ 7 a 3 x+ x+
( 2) ( 2) ( )( )
9 3 2 49 7 2 3 + √37 3 − √37
m , x− n , x− b 5 x+ x+
4 4 2 2
( 2) ( 2) ( )( )
1 1 2 81 9 2 5 + √17 5 − √17
Answers
o , x− p , x− c 2 x− x−
4 4 2 2
( )( )
3 a (x + 2 + √3) (x + 2 − √3) 7 + √37 7 − √37
d 4 x− x−
b (x + 3 + √7) (x + 3 − √7) 2 2
( )( )
c (x + 1 + √5) (x + 1 − √5) 7 + √57 7 − √57
e −3 x + x+
d (x + 5 + √29) (x + 5 − √29) 2 2
(x − 4 + √3) (x − 4 − √3)
( )( )
e 7 + √65 7 − √65
f (x − 6 + √26) (x − 6 − √26) f −2 x + x+
2 2
g (x − 2 + √7) (x − 2 − √7)
( )( )
3 + √29 3 − √29
h (x − 4 + √21) (x − 4 − √21) g −4 x − x−
2 2
i (x + 7 + √43) (x + 7 − √43)
( )( )
4 a not possible 3 + √17 3 − √17
h −3 x − x−
b not possible 2 2
( )( )
c (x + 4 + √15) (x + 4 − √15) 5 + √41 5 − √41
i −2 x − x−
d (x + 2 + √2) (x + 2 − √2) 2 2
e (x + 5 + √22) (x + 5 − √22) 8 a x2 − 2x − 24
f (x + 2 + √10) (x + 2 − √10) = x2 − 2x + (−1) 2 − (−1) 2 − 24
5E
g not possible = (x − 1) 2 − 25
= (x − 1 + 5) (x − 1 − 5)
h (x − 3 + √3) (x − 3 − √3)
= (x + 4) (x − 6)
i (x − 6 + √34) (x − 6 − √34)
b Using a quadratic trinomial and finding two numbers that
j not possible
multiply to −24 and add to −2.
k (x − 4 + √17) (x − 4 − √17)
9 a If the difference of perfect squares is taken, it involves the
l not possible
square root of a negative number.
( 2 )( 2 )
3 + √5 3 − √5 b i yes ii yes iii no iv no
5 a x+ x+
v no vi yes vii yes viii no
( )( )
7 + √41 7 − √41 c i m⩽4 ii m ⩽ 9 iii m ⩽ 25
b x+ x+
( 2)
2 2 3
10 a 2(x + 4) x −
( )( )
5 + √33 5 − √33
c x+ x+
( )( )
2 2 2 + √13 2 − √13
b 3 x+ x+
( )( )
9 + √93 9 − √93 3 3
d x+ x+
( )( )
2 2 7 + √305 7 − √305
c 4 x− x−
( 2 )( 2 )
3 + √7 3 − √7 8 8
e x− x−
d Unable to be factorised.
( )( )
5 + √23 5 − √23
( )( )
f x− x− 3 + √41 3 − √41
2 2 e −2 x + x+
4 4
( )( )
5 + √31 5 − √31
( )( )
g x− x− 7 + √13 7 − √13
2 2 f −3 x + x+
6 6
( )( )
9 + √91 9 − √91
h x− x− g Unable to be factorised.
2 2
( )( )
6 a 2(x + 3 + √5) (x + 3 − √5) 3 + √41 3 − √41
h −2 x − x−
b 3(x + 2 + √5) (x + 2 − √5) 4 4
( 2)
c 4(x − 1 + √5) (x − 1 − √5) 7
i 2(x − 1) x +
d 3(x − 4 + √14) (x − 4 − √14)
( )( )
e −2(x + 1 + √6) (x + 1 − √6) 2 + √19 2 − √19
j 3 x+ x+
f −3(x + 5 + 2√6) (x + 5 − 2√6) 3 3
g −4(x + 2 + √7) (x + 2 − √7)
( 2)
5
h −2(x − 4 + 3√2) (x − 4 − 3√2) k −2 x + (x − 1)
i −3(x − 4 + √11) (x − 4 − √11)
( 3)
4
l −3 x + (x + 1)
Answers 857
Progress quiz 2 a x = 0, 4 b x =
0, 3
c x = 0, −2 d x =
0, 4
10x b 4a2 − 7a e x = 0, 5 f x =
0, −2
1 a −8x2 +
3 g x = √7, −√7 h x =
√11, −√11
c m2 + 7m + 10 d k2 − 6k + 9 i x = √5, −√5 j x =
0, 2
e 9m2 − 4 f 8h2 − 6h − 35
Answers
1
g 5x2 − 35x + 60 h 19p + 4 k x = 0, −5 l x = 0, −
7
2 a 4(a − 5) b −6m(2m − 3) m x = 2, −2 n x = 3, −3
c (x + 5) (4 − x) d (a − 9) (a + 9) o x = 6, −6
e (4a − 11b) (4a + 11b) f 5(m − 5) (m + 5) 3 a x = −2, −1 b x = −3, −2
g (k − 5) (k + 9) h (x − 3) (x + 1) c x = 2, 4 d x = 5, 2
i (x − 2√5) (x + 2√5) j (h + 3 − √7) (h + 3 + √7) e x = −6, 2 f x = −5, 3
k (x + 5) (x + a) l (x − 2m) (4x − 5) g x = 5, −4 h x = 8, −3
3 a (x − 4) (x + 5) b (a − 3) (a − 7) i x = 4, 8 j x = −2
c 3(k − 9) (k + 2) d (m − 6) 2 k x = −5 l x = 4
x+5 m x = 7 n x = 12
4 a x−3 b
2 o x = −9
5 a (x + 4 + √13) (x + 4 − √13) 3 1 7 7
4 a x= − , −4 b x = − ,− c x = 5,
b (x − 6 + √10) (x − 6 − √10) 2 2 2 2
c not possible 1 5 3
d x= , 11 e x = − ,3 f x= − ,2
( )( )
5 + 3√3 5 − 3√3 2 3 5
d x+ x+
2 2 4 5 3 5 2
g x= ,− h x = , −4 i x= ,
Ch5 Progress quiz

6 a (3a + 2) (2a + 5) b (2m − 3) (4m + 3) 3 2 7 4 5
c (3x − 2) (5x − 4) d (2k − 7) (3k + 5) 5 a x= −2, −6 b x = −1, 11 c x= 3
2x + 5 3 2 5
7 d x=2 e x = , −2 f x= ,
2x − 3 2 3 2
6 a x = 6, −4 b x = 8, −4 c x = 3
d x = −2, −5 e x = 5, 3 f x = 3, −3
5F
g x = 4, −4 h x = −1, −9 i x = 5, −1
Building understanding j x = −5 k x=8 l x = 8, −8
2 1 3
1 a 0, −1 b 0, 4 c 3, −2 m x = 3, −1 n x = − , −4 o x= − ,−
3 4 2
1 7 3 3 7 a x = 12, −7 b x = −5, 14 c x= −9, 2
d √3, −√3 e ,− f − ,−
2 3 8 4 5 4 5
d x = , −4 e x = − ,2 f x= 2, −
2 a x2 + 2x − 3 = 0 b x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 2 5 6
c 4x2 + 4x − 3 = 0 d 2x2 − 6x − 5 = 0 1
g x = −3, 1 h x = 1, i x = 3, −2
e x2 − 4x + 12 = 0 f 3x2 + 2x + 4 = 0 2
3 a 2 b 1 c 2 d 2 e 1 f 1 8 a i x = 1, −2
ii x = 1, −2
b no difference
Now you try
c 3x2 − 15x − 18 = 3(x2 − 5x − 6) and, as seen in part a,
Example 15 the coefficient of 3 makes no difference when solving.
a x = 0, x = 3 b x = ±√11 c x = ±3 9 This is a perfect square (x + 8) 2, which only has 1 solution;
Example 16 i.e. x = −8.
a x = −3 or x = 4 10 The student has applied the null factor law incorrectly; i.e.
b x = −3 when the product does not equal zero. Correct solution is:
2 1 x2 − 2x − 8 = 7
c x = − or x = x2 − 2x − 15 = 0
3 2
(x − 5) (x + 3) = 0
Example 17 x = 5 or x = −3
a x = −6 or x = 8 1
b x = −4 or x = 5 11 a x = −2, −1 b x=1 c x = ,5
2
3
d x = 8, −6 e x = −6, −2 f x = , −4
Exercise 5F 2
g x = 8, −3 h x = 5, −3 i x=2
1 a i x = 0, 5 ii x = 0, 12
j x = 4, −3 k x = 5, −2 l x = −5, 3
b i x = ±√13 ii x = ±√19
c i x = ±3 ii x = ±4
858 Answers
5G 3 a x = √2, −√2
b x = √7, −√7
Building understanding c x = 3 − √5, 3 + √5
d x = −5 − √14, −5 + √14
1 a Let x m be the width of the rectangle.
b x+5
Answers
c x(x + 5) = 24 Now you try

d x2 + 5x − 24 = 0, x = −8, 3
Example 19
e width = 3 m, length = 8 m
5 ± √17
2 a width = 6 m, length = 10 m a x = 3 ± √7 b x = −2 ± 3√2 c x=
2
b width = 9 m, length = 7 m
Now you try Exercise 5H
Example 18 1 a i x = 4 ± √13 ii x = 6 ± √29

width = 6 m, length = 8 m b i x = −2 ± 2√2 ii x = −5 ± 4√2
2 a x = −3 − √6, −3 + √6
b x = −2 − √2, −2 + √2
Exercise 5G
c x = −5 − √10, −5 + √10
1 width = 3 m, length = 4 m d x = −2 − √6, −2 + √6
2 width = 6 m, length = 9 m e x = −4 − √19, −4 + √19
3 height = 8 cm, base = 6 cm f x = −3 − √14, −3 + √14
4 height = 2 m, base = 7 m g x = 4 − √17, 4 + √17
5G
5 8 and 9 or −9 and −8 h x = 6 − √39, 6 + √39

6 12 and 14 i x = 1 − √17, 1 + √17
7 15 m j x = 5 − √7, 5 + √7
8 a 6 b 13 c 14 k x = 3 − √5, 3 + √5
9 1m l x = 4 − √7, 4 + √7
10 father 64, son 8 m x = −3 − √13, −3 + √13
11 5 cm n x = −10 − √87, −10 + √87
12 a 55 o x = 7 − √55, 7 + √55
b i 7 ii 13 iii 23 3 a x = −4 − 2√3, −4 + 2√3
13 a 3.75 m b x = −3 − 2√2, −3 + 2√2
b t = 1 second, 3 seconds c x = 5 − 2√5, 5 + 2√5
c The ball will reach this height both on the way up and on d x = 2 − 3√2, 2 + 3√2
the way down. e x = 5 − 2√7, 5 + 2√7
d t = 0 seconds, 4 seconds f x = −4 − 2√6, −4 + 2√6
e t = 2 seconds g x = 1 − 4√2, 1 + 4√2
f The ball reaches a maximum height of 4 m. h x = −6 − 3√6, −6 + 3√6
g No, 4 metres is the maximum height. When h = 5, there is i x = −3 − 5√2, −3 + 5√2
no solution. −5 + √17 −5 − √17
4 a x= ,
14 a x = 0, 100 2 2
b The ball starts at the tee (i.e. at ground level) and hits the −3 + √5 −3 − √5
b x= ,
ground again 100 metres from the tee. 2 2
c x = 2 m or 98 m
−7 + √29 −7 − √29
15 5 m × 45 m c x= ,
2 2
16 150 m × 200 m
3 + √17 3 − √17
d x= ,
5H 2 2
1 + √13 1 − √13
e x= ,
Building understanding 2 2
25 −5 + √33 −5 − √33
1 a 1 b 100 c 4 d f x= ,
4 2 2
2 a (x + √3) (x − √3) = 0
7 + √41 7 − √41
b (x + √10) (x − √10) = 0 g x= ,
c (x + 1 + √5) (x + 1 − √5) = 0 2 2
9 + √61 9 − √61
h x= ,
2 2
Answers 859
i x=
−1 + √17 −1 − √17
, Now you try
2 2
Example 20
−9 + 3√5 −9 − 3√5
j x= , a 2 solutions b no solutions c 1 solution
2 2
Example 21
3 3
Answers
k x= + √3, − √3 −3 ± √5 1 ± √13
2 2 a x= b x=
2 4
5 5
x = − + √5, − − √5
l
2 2 Exercise 5I
5 a 2 b 2 c 0 d 0
e 0 f 2 g 2 h 0 1 a 2 b 0 c 1
i 0 j 2 k 2 l 0 2 a 2 b 0 c 1 d 2
−5 ± √17 e 2 f 2 g 0 h 0
6 a No real solutions. b x= i 2 j 1 k 0 l 2
2
5 ± √17 −9 ± √69 −3 ± √17 −7 ± √65
c x= d x= 3 a x= b x=
2 2 2 2
−5 ± √21 7 ± √29
e x= f x = 3 ± √5 c x= d x=4
2 2
−3 ± √29 −5 ± √61 e x = −1, −4 f x = −1, −7
7 a x= b x=
2 2 −7 ± √65 −5 ± √37
g x= h x=
c No real solutions. d x = 4 ± √5 8 6
5H
e x = −5 ± 2√5 f No real solutions. 2 ± √22 5 ± √65
i x= j x=
−3 + √89 3 + √89 3 4
8 width = cm, length = cm 4 −3 ± √19
2 2 k x = − ,1 l x=
9 a i 1.5 km ii 1.5 km 3 5
b i 0 km or 400 km iii 200 km 4 a x = −2 ± √3 b x = 3 ± √5
c 200 ± 100√2 km −3 ± 3√5
c x = −3 ± √11 d x=
10 a x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 2
(x + 2) 2 + 1 = 0, no real solutions 4 ± √10
( 2)
3 2 3 e x = 2 ± 2√2 f x=
b x− + = 0, no real solutions 3
4
1 ± √7 3 ± 2√3
11 Factorise by quadratic trinomial; i.e. (x + 6) (x − 5) = 0, g x= h x=
2 3
6 × (−5) = −30, and 6 + (−5) = −1.
Therefore, x = −6, 5. 4 ± √31
i x=
12 a Use the dimensions of rectangle BCDE and ACDF and 5
the corresponding side lengths in similar rectangles. −5 + √105
5
1 + √5 2
b a=
2 3 ± 2√3 −2 ± √10
6 a x= b x=
√6 3 2
13 a x = −1 ± b x = −1 ± √5
2 −5 ± √57 5 ± √17
3 ± √5 c x= d x=
c x = 4 ± √11 d x= 8 4
2 −2 ± √13
e x= f x = 1 ± √6
−5 ± √17 −1 ± √13 3
e x= f x=
2 2 1 ± √11 3 ± √41
g x= h x=
5 4
5I 5 ± √19
i x=
6
3 + √53 −3 + √53
7 ,
1 a a = 3, b = 2, c = 1 b a = 5, b = 3, c = −2 2 2
c a = 2, b = −1, c = −5 d a = −3, b = 4, c = −5 8 6√2 + 10 units
2 a −8 b 49 9 63 cm
c 41 d −44 −b
10 When b2 − 4ac = 0, the solution reduces to x = ; i.e. a
3 a 1 b 0 c 2 2a
single solution.
11 Answers may vary.
860 Answers
12 k = 6 or −6 8 a x = 0, −4 b x = 0, 3
13 a i k > 4 ii k = 4 iii k < 4 c x = 5, −5 d x = 3, 7
9 9 9 e x=4 f x = −9, 4
b i k> ii k = iii k <
8 8 8 1 2 5
g x = −2, h x = ,−
c i −2 < k < 2 2 3 2
Answers
ii ± 2 1 3
i x = ,−
iii k > 2, k < −2 9 2
d i no values 9 a x = 3, −3 b x = 5, −1
ii no values c x = 4, −7 d x = −3, 6
iii all values of k 10 length = 8 m, width = 6 m
11 a x = −2 ± √7 b x = 3 ± 2√2
3 ± √17 −5 ± 3√5
Problems and challenges c x= d x=
2 2
1 b = −4, c = 1 12 a 1 solution b 2 solutions
2 47 c 0 solutions d 2 solutions
3 a ± 2, ± 1 b ±3 −3 ± √33
13 a x = b x = 1 ± √5
4 a x = 0, 1 b x = 1, −2 2
5 144 cm2 2 ± √14 1 ± √37
6 25 km/h c x= d x=
2 6
7 1.6 units
8 x2 − 2x + 2 = (x − 1) 2 + 1, as
(x − 1) 2 ⩾ 0, (x − 1) 2 + 1 > 0 Multiple-choice questions
5I
(x − y) 2
9 Square area − rectangle area = > 0 for all x and y; 1 D 2 B 3 C 4 A
4 5 B 6 D 7 C 8 C
hence, square area is greater than rectangle area. 9 E 10 C 11 A 12 B
10 w : p = 1 : 3; t : q = 1 : 9
1 a i 15 + 2x m
1 a −2x + 26 b 3x2 + 11x − 20 ii 12 + 2x m
c 25x2 − 4 d x2 − 12x + 36 b overall area = 4x2 + 54x + 180 m2
e 7x + 22 f 12x2 − 23x + 10 c trench area = 4x2 + 54x m2
2 a x2 + 4x + 4 d Minimum width is 1 m.
b 4x2 + 18x 2 a S = 63π m2
c x2 + 3x + 21 b 0.46 m
3 a (x + 7) (x − 7) b (3x + 4) (3x − 4) c i 420 = 3πr2 + 12πr
c (2x + 1) (2x − 1) d 3(x + 5) (x − 5) ii 3πr2 + 12πr − 420 = 0
e 2(x + 3) (x − 3) f (x + √11) (x − √11) iii r = 4.97 m; i.e. πr2 + 4πr − 140 = 0.
g −2(x + 2√5) (x − 2√5) h (x + 5) (x − 3)
i (x − 3 + √10) (x − 3 − √10)
4 a (x − 6) (x − 2) b (x + 12) (x − 2) Semester review 1
c −3(x − 6) (x − 1)
5 a (3x + 2) (x + 5) b (2x − 3) (2x + 5)
c (6x + 1) (2x − 3) d (3x − 2) (4x − 5) Linear relations
2x x−4
6 a b
x+3 4 Short-answer questions
7 a (x + 4 + √6) (x + 4 − √6)
1 a 3 − 2x b 20
b (x + 5 + √29) (x + 5 − √29)
3a − 8 9x − 2
c (x − 3 + 2√3) (x − 3 − 2√3) c d
4a (x + 2) (x − 3)
( )( )
3 + √17 3 − √17
d x+ x+ 2 a i x = −4 ii x = 2
2 2 iii x = 13 iv x = 2
( )( )
5 + √13 5 − √13
e x+ x+ b i x ⩽ 6, x
2 2 3 4 5 6 7
( )( )
7 + √31 7 − √31 ii x < 3,
f x+ x+ x
2 2 0 1 2 3 4
Answers 861
3 a i m = 3, c = −2
4
ii m = − , c = 2 Extended-response question
3
y y a x = 3, y = 4
b, c y
intersecting
(1, 1) 2 region
1 8.5
Answers
x y = 4x − 8
O 1 x
O 3 (3, 4)
−2 −2 (3,−2)
x
O 2 17
3
3x + 2y = 17
b i y ii y
−8
x 3
O 3
x
O 5 d 167 500 m2
−6
Geometry
iii y iv y Short-answer questions
Semester review 1
1 a AB = DE (given) AC = DF (given)
x ∠BAC = 60° = ∠EDF (given).
O 1
x ∴ △ ABC = △DEF (SAS).
O 3 −2 (1, −2) a = 35 (corresponding angles in congruent triangles)
b BC = DC (given)
AC is common.
8 9 ∠ABC = 90° = ∠ADC (given)
4 a y = −x + 3 b y= x− ∴ △ ABC = △ADC (RHS).
5 5
5 a a = −3 b a = −4 x = 3 (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
c a = 1 or a = 7 d a = −4 2 A D
6 a x = −3, y = −7 b x = −2, y = −4
c x = −1, y = 4 d x = 3, y = −5
7 A hot dog costs $3.50 a and soft drink $2.
8 a y b y B C
x ∠DBC = ∠BDA (alternate angles in parallel lines)

3 O 3 ∠BDC = ∠DBA (alternate angles in parallel lines)
BD is common.
−4.5 ∴ △ BAD = △DCB (AAS).
x
O 3 Using congruence, BC = AD and AB = DC,
2 corresponding sides in congruent triangles.
3 a x = 6.75 b x=2
c y 4 a x=8 b x=5
c a = 32, b = 65 d x = 40
x
O e a = 55 f a = 90, b = 60, c = 70
5 a x = 20 b x=8
−3
c a = 63, b = 55
47 29 39
6 a x= b x= c x=
Multiple-choice questions 5 3 5
1 A 2 C 3 D
4 E 5 C
1 D 2 B 3 C
4 E 5 C
862 Answers
Extended-response question Extended-response question

a CD = 6 cm, chord theorem 2 a V = 80 000(1.08) n
b OA = OD (radii of circle) b i $86 400 ii $108 839
OB = OC (radii of circle) c 11.91 years
AB = DC (chord theorem 2) d 6% per year
Answers
∴ △OAB ≡ △OCD (SSS).

c OM = 4 cm, area = 12 cm2
d 30.6% Trigonometry
e ∠BOD = 106.2°
Indices and surds 1 a x = 19.5 b θ = 43.8°, y = 9.4

2 a i 150°T ii 330°T
Short-answer questions b i 310°T ii 130°T
3 a 32.174 m b 52.2°
1 a 3 √6 b 20 √3 c 3 √6
4 a x = 9.8 b θ = 125.3°
d √10 e 21 f 48 √3
5 95.1°
√5 10 √2
g √3 h i 6 a tan θ
3 7
b i θ = 155° ii θ = 35° iii θ = 42°
2 a 7 √5 − √7 b 0 c −√2 − 4
7 a ≈ 0.34 b θ ≈ 233°, 307° c yes
3 a 2 √15 − 4 √3 b 45
3 √2 √2 2 √5 − 5
4 a b c
Semester review 1
2 5 5 Multiple-choice questions
3b2 2x2
5 a 24x10y2 b 3a2b2 c d
a5 5y3 1 E 2 B 3 A
6 a i 37 200 ii 0.0000049 4 D 5 C
b i 7.30 × 10−5 ii 4.73 × 109
1 1
7 a i 102 ii 72 x3, when x > 0 Extended-response question
3 3
iii 4x5 iv 152 a 104.3 m
b i √6 ii √5 20 b 8 km
iii √4 73 or (√4 7) 3
20°
1 1 1 108°
8 a b c 3 d
5 16 2
9 a x=3 b x=2
3 1 13 km
c x= d −
2 2 52°
10 a y b y
Start
c 17.242 km
1 1
d 206°T
x x
O O
Quadratic expressions and equations

c y
x 1 a 9x2 − 1 b 4x2 − 20x + 25

O c −x2 + 30x − 5
–1
2 a (2x − y) (2x + y) b (x + 2 + √7) (x + 2 − √7)
c 3(x − 4) (x + 4) d (x − 2) (x + 7)
e (x − 5) 2 f 2(x − 6) (x − 2)
3 a (3x + 4) (x − 2)
11 a $2382.03 b $7658.36 b (3x − 1) (2x + 3)
c (5x − 4) (2x − 3)
1 B 2 D 3 E 4 E 5 C
Answers 863
1 C
4 a x = 0, 3 b x = −4, c x = 0, −5 4 a 75.40 m b r= c 5.57 m
2 2π
d x = 4, −4 e x = √7, −√7 f x=2 5 a i 8 + 4π m ii 20.6 m
1 b i 4 + πm ii 7.1 m
g x = 8, −3 h x = −2,
3 π
c i 2 + km ii 3.0 km
5 a x = −8, 5 b x = 3, 7 c x = −4, 5 3
Answers
6 a i (x − 3 + √5) (x − 3 − √5) d i 12 + 10π cm ii 43.4 cm
70π
ii (x + 2) 2 + 3, does not factorise further e i 10 + mm ii 34.4 mm
9
( 2 )( 2)
3 √5 3 √5
iii x + − x+ + 31π
2 2 f i 6+ cm ii 14.1 cm
12
b ix = 3 ± √5 ii no solutions 6 a 3 b 8.8 c 0.009
−3 ± √5 d 2.65 e 3.87 f 2.4
iii x =
2 7 57.6 m
−3 ± √57 8 a 12.25 b 53.03 c 1.37
7 a x= b x = 2 ± √10
4 d 62.83 e 19.77 f 61.70
5π
9 a 6π m b 10 + m c π + 1 km
Multiple-choice questions 2
10 a i 201 cm ii 1005 cm
1 C 2 B 3 D b 4974
4 B 5 D 1 000 000
c
πd
2n
11 r =
Semester review 1
Extended-response question π
12 π √2x
a 4x2 + 40x b 44 m2
P − 2w 1
c x=3 d x = 2.2 13 a l = or P − w b l=5−w
2 2
c 0<w<5 d 0<l<5
14 a 720° b 1080° c 540° d 1440°
Chapter 6
6A 6B
Building understanding Building understanding
1 a 40 mm b 9.6 cm c 1m 1 a √55 b √77
d 8m e 0.297 km f 510.2 cm c √2 d √50 = 5√2
1 1 3 2 a x 2 + y 2 = z2 b a2 + d2 = b2 c 2x2 = c2
2 a b c
4 2 4
1 7 11 Now you try
d e f
9 24 12 Example 4
3 a 810 m b 9.4 km c 180 cm a 8.06 cm b 1.92 m

a √61 b 10.49
Example 1
a 20.2 m b 8.1 c x = P − 13.2 Exercise 6B
Example 2 1 a i 2.24 cm ii 10.77 m
C b i 1.70 m ii 16.10 m
a 21.99 cm b r= c 1.91 cm
2π 2 a 5 cm b 11.18 m c 16.55 km
Example 3 d 1.81 mm e 0.43 km f 77.10 cm
70π 3 a 4.58 m b 7.94 m c 0.63 m
a 10 + cm b 34.4 cm
9 d 1.11 cm e 14.60 cm f 0.09 cm
4 a i √34 ii 6.16
Exercise 6A
b i √80(or 4√5) ii 16.61
1 a 36.6 cm b 5.1 cm c x = P − 28.6 c i √10 ii 7.68
2 a 21.8 m b 3.2 m c x = P − 16.8 d i √89 ii 13.04
3 a 43.98 cm b 7.54 m 5 a no b yes c no
c 89.22 mm d 3.46 km d no e yes f yes
864 Answers
6 a 2.86 m b 2.11 cm c 26.38 m 2 a 30 cm2 b 2.98 m2 c 0.205 km2

d 4.59 cm e 0.58 km f 1.81 km d 5000 cm2 e 5 000 000 m2 f 100 m2
7 8.3 cm g 230 cm2 h 53 700 mm2 i 2700 m2
8 a 13.19 mm b 13.62 m c 4.53 cm j 10 000 000 mm2 k 2 200 000 cm2 l 0.000 145 km2
d 2.61 m e 12.27 km f 5.23 cm 3 a 25 cm2 b 54.6 m2 c 1.82 km2
Answers
9 a 2√13 b 4√2 c √181 d 0.025 mm2 e 153.94 m2 f 75 cm2

10 a i 22.4 cm ii 24.5 cm g 1472 m2 h 0.05 mm2 i 0.17 km2
b Investigation required. j 2.36 km2 k 1.1234 m2 l 3.97 cm2
√5 4 a 2.88 b 14.35 c 1.44
11 cm, using Pythagoras’ theorem given that an angle in a
2 d 1.05 e 1.91 f 8.89
semicircle is 90°. g 1.26 h 0.52 i 5753.63
12 a 4√5 cm by 2√5 cm b 3√10 cm by √10 cm 5 a 9π cm2, 28.27 cm2
c √ cm by 10√
100 100 25
cm b π m2, 39.27 m2
101 101 2
10√101 100√101 49
= cm by cm c π m2, 51.31 m2
101 101 3
13 a i 5.41 m ii 4.61 m iii 5.70 m 26
d π m2, 9.08 m2
iv 8.70 m v 8.91 m vi 6.44 m 9
b 7.91 m e 21π km2, 65.97 km2
14 Research required.
7
f π mm2, 2.75 mm2
6B
6C 8
6 43.2 m2
7 a π + 25 cm2, 34.82 cm2
θ 8
1 a πr2 b × πr2
360°
b 49 m2
c l2 d l×w
1 289 104 2
e xy, where x and y are the diagonals. c π+ m , 8.70 m2
2 200 25
1 1 (3969 − 441π)
f (b + l)h g bh d mm2, 103.34 mm2
2 2 25
1 e 81π + 324 km2, 578.47 km2
h xy i bh
2 49 99 2
f π− m , 0.52 m2
1 2 1 200 400
j πr k πr2
2 4 8 a 66 m2 b 27 bags
2 a i 10 ii 100 9 a 100 ha b 200 000 m2
b i 100 ii 10 000 c 0.4 ha d 2.5 acres
c i 1000 ii 1 000 000 2A
10 a a= −b
d 10 000 h
1
b i 3 ii 4.7 iii 0
Now you try 3
c a triangle
Example 6
a 35 000 cm2 b 0.05 m2
Example 7 11 a
a 12 m2 b 1.43 cm2 c 12.01 km2
Example 8 h
a 2.7 b 2.16
Example 9
26π 9π
a ≈ 9.08 cm2 b 60 − ≈ 45.86 m2
9 2 b
Let x be the base of each triangle.
Exercise 6C 1 1
A = (b − x) × h + xh + xh
1 a i 150 mm2 ii 50 000 cm2 iii 200 000 m2 2 2
b i 0.000 7 km2 ii 0.45 m2 iii 0.006 km2 (i.e. rectangle and two triangles)
A = bh − xh + xh
A = bh
Answers 865
b C 2 a
D B
E
4 cm
Answers
10 cm
b
2 cm
A
Let x = AC and y = BD.
1
AC bisects BD, hence DE = EB = y.
2
1 1 1 1
A= ×x× y+ ×x× y
2 2 2 2
(i.e. area of △ ACD plus area of △ ABC )
1 1
A = xy + xy
4 4
c
1
A = xy
2
c Consider the following trapezium.
6C
b
1
2
3 cm
a
A = Area ➀ + Area ➁
1 1 1 cm
A = ×a×h+ ×a×h
2 2
2 cm
1
A = (a + b)h
2
Now you try
12 a 63.7% b 78.5% c 50% d 53.9%
Example 10
6D a 94 m2 b 95.06 cm2
Example 11
101.7 m2
1 a
Exercise 6D
1 a 144 m2 b 72.57 cm2
2 a 90 cm2 b 47.82 mm2 c 111.3 cm2
b d 920 m2 e 502.91 m2 f 168.89 m2
3 a 8.64 cm2 b 96 mm2 c 836.6 m2
d 688 mm2 e 4.74 cm2 f 43.99 m2
4 24.03 m2
5 3880 cm2
c 6 a 121.3 cm2 b 10.2 m2
c 236.5 m2 d 2437.8 cm2
7 a 66.2 b 17.9 c 243.1
d 207.3 e 2308.7 f 65.0
8 a 144.5 cm2 b 851.3 m2
c 1192.7 cm2 d 4170.8 m2
9 33.5 m2
866 Answers
10 a 6x2 b 2(ab + ac + bc) Now you try

(2 )
1 2 1 1 1
c π d + πdh + dh d πr2 + 2rh + πrh Example 12
2 2 2
11π a 81.05 m2 b 1160 mm2
11 a 6π b
2 Example 13
Answers
12 a 0.79 m b 7.71 m a 12.7 cm b 12.6 cm

13 1 cm
14 a 4πr2 b 2x(x + 2y) Exercise 6E
θ
c 2rh + πr(h + r) d 2rh + πr(h + r) 1 a 144.51 m2 b 2100 mm2
180° 2 a 593.76 mm 2 b 0.82 m 2 c 435.90 km2
3 a 64 m 2 b 105 cm 2 c 0.16 m2
6E 4 a 62.83 m2 b 5.18 cm2 c 1960.35 mm2
5 a 10.44 cm b 126.7 cm2
Building understanding 6 a 25.5 cm b 25.0 cm
1 7 a 18.9 cm b 17.8 cm
1 a bh b πr2 c πrs
2 8 hat B
2 a √29 cm b √221 m c √109 cm 9 a 6.3 m b 66.6 m2
10 a 105 cm 2 b 63 cm2
3 a
c 163.3 cm 2 d 299.4 m2
e 502.8 mm2 f 76.6 m2
11 Slant height, s = √r2 + h2,
6D
so πr(r + s) = πr(r + √r2 + h2)

12 Substitute h = r into the equation given in Question 11.
πr(r + √r2 + h2) = πr(r + √r2 + r2)
= πr(r + √2r2)
2 cm
= πr(r + √2r)
= πr2 (1 + √2) as required
13 182.3 cm 2
14 a 4√26 cm b 306.57 cm2 c 4√2 cm

d 20.199 cm e 260.53 cm2 f 85%
b Progress quiz
1 a 36 cm b 26.85 cm c 30 cm
2 a i 5 ii 30 cm iii 30 cm2
b i 41 ii 90 cm iii 180 cm2
c i 6.40 ii 31.40 cm iii 50 cm2
2 cm 3 a C = 25.13 mm A = 50.27 mm 2
4 cm b C = 55.29 mm A = 243.28 mm2
4 a 17.45 cm2 b 29.32 cm2
5 a 450 b 0.00045
6 a 3.86 cm2 b 42.06 cm2 c 28.54 cm2
7 a 158 cm2 b 2.12 m2
c 434.29 cm2 d 175.18 cm2
8 a 58.90 cm 2 b 2.5 cm c 7.07 cm
c
9 13.75 cm
6F
1 a 80 cm3 b 32 m3 c 108 mm3
3 cm
2 a V = abc b V = y 2h c V = πr2h
Now you try

Example 14
a 240 cm3 b 50.27 m3
Answers 867
Example 15 2
7
67.5 cm3 3
Example 16 Wood wasted = volume of cylinder − volume of cone
393.1 cm3 1
Wood wasted = πr2h − πr2h
Exercise 6F 3
Answers
2
Wood wasted = πr2h
1 a 32 m3 b 141.37 cm3 3
2 a 2000 mm 3 b 200 000 cm3 c 15 000 000 m3 2
Wood wasted = of the volume of cylinder
d 5.7 cm 3 e 0.0283 km 3 f 0.762 m3 3
g 130 000 cm3 h 1000 m3 i 2094 mm3 1 2 1
8 a i V= xh ii V = πx2h
j 2700 mL k 0.342 ML l 0.035 kL 3 12
π
m 5720 kL n 74.25 L o 18 440 L b
3 a 40 cm3 b 10 500 m3 c 259.7 mm3 4
4 a 785.40 m3 b 18.85 cm3 c 1583.36 m3 9 a 3.7 cm
ii r = √
5 a 12 cm3 b 1570.8 m3 c 2.448 mm3 3V 3V
b i h=
6 a 30 km 3 b 196 cm 3 c 30 m3 πr2 πh
d 10 cm 3 e 0.002 m 3 f 4752.51 cm3 10 a Similar triangles are formed so corresponding sides are in
g 0.157 m3 h 1357.168 cm3 i 24 m3 the same ratio.
7 1000 1
b π(r21h1 − r22h2)
8 480 L 3
9 a 379.33 cm3 b 223.17 m3 c 6.808 m3 c i 18.3 cm3 ii 14.7 cm3
d 716.46 mm3 e 142.36 cm3 f 42.85 cm3
6F
6H
10 a 27 cm3 b 3√3 m3
11 0.5 cm Building understanding
12 He needs to use the perpendicular height of the oblique prism
instead of 5. 1 a 314.16 b 3.14
θ c 91.95 d 1436.76
13 V = πr2h
2 r=√
360° 3
14 yes; 69.3 m3 π
1
3 r= √
3 6
15 a m b 5.8 m3
√2 π
1 1 1
6G 4 a b c
2 8 4
Building understanding Now you try
1 4 cm3 Example 18
2 15 m3 TSA = 314.16 cm2 V = 523.60 cm3
8 1
3 a 10 m3 b cm3 c 58 mm3
3 3 Example 19
1.13 m
Now you try
Example 20
Example 17 a TSA = 128.33 cm2
a 19.25 m3 b 1119.19 mm3 b V = 122.52 cm3
Exercise 6G Exercise 6H
1 a 77 m3 b 1588.86 mm3 1 TSA = 201.06 cm2 V = 268.08 cm3
2 a 4 cm3 b 585 m3 c 50 km3 2 a 50.27 cm2, 33.51 cm3
8 b 3.14 m2, 0.52 m3
d cm3 e 8 cm3 f 0.336 mm3
3 c 18145.84 mm2, 229 847.30 mm3
3 a 0.82 m3 b 9.38 mm3 c 25 132.74 m3 d 1017.88 cm2, 3053.63 cm3
d 25.13 m3 e 0.12 m3 f 523.60 cm3 e 2.66 km2, 0.41 km3
4 47 mL f 5.81 m2, 1.32 m3
5 a 282.74 m3 b 276 cm3 c 48 m3 3 a 113.10 cm2, 113.10 cm3 b 201.06 m2, 268.08 m3
d 56.88 mm3 e 10.3488 m3 f 70.79 m3 c 688.13 m2, 1697.40 m3 d 15.71 mm2, 5.85 mm3
6 4.76 cm 2
e 21.99 m , 9.70 m 3 f 15.21 km2, 5.58 km3
868 Answers
4 a i 1.53 cm ii 3.50 cm iii 0.50 km Example 22

b i 0.89 m ii 3.09 cm iii 0.18 mm a 8.5 cm to 9.5 cm
5 a 113.10 cm3 b 5654.9 cm3 c 21 345.1 cm3 b 34 cm to 38 cm
6 11.5 cm c 72.25 cm2 to 90.25 cm2
7 52%
Answers
8 a 32.72 cm3 b 67.02 cm3 c 0.52 m3

9 1570.8 cm2 Exercise 6I
10 a 4 m b 234.6 m3 1 a i 54.5 cm to 55.5 cm
11 a 235.62 m2 b 5.94 cm2 c 138.23 mm2 ii 31.5 cm to 32.5 cm
d 94.25 m2 e 27.14 m2 f 26.85 cm2 b i 32.25 mm to 32.35 mm
12 a 5.24 m3 b 942.48 m 3 c 10.09 cm3 ii 108.35 mm to 108.45 mm
d 1273.39 cm3 e 4.76 m3 f 0.74 cm3 2 a i 1 cm ii 44.5 cm to 45.5 cm
13 a i 523.60 cm3 ii 4188.79 cm3 b i 0.1 mm ii 6.75 mm to 6.85 mm
iii 14 137.17 cm3
c i 1m ii 11.5 m to 12.5 m
b 61.2 cm
d i 0.1 kg ii 15.55 kg to 15.65 kg
14 a 5 cm b 5√5 cm c 332.7 cm2
e i 0.1 g ii 56.75 g to 56.85 g
15 a r = √ b r= √
S 3 3V f i 1m ii 9.5 m to 10.5 m
4π 4π g i 1 h ii 672.5 h to 673.5 h
16 a 4 times b 8 times h i 0.01 m ii 9.835 m to 9.845 m
4 i i 0.01 km ii 12.335 km to 12.345 km
17 V = × πr3
3 j i 0.001 km ii 0.9865 km to 0.9875 km
d
6H
Substitute into r, giving: k i 0.01 L ii 1.645 L to 1.655 L

2
l i 0.01 mL ii 9.025 mL to 9.035 mL
(2)
4 d 3
V= ×π 3 a 4.5 m to 5.5 m b 7.5 cm to 8.5 cm
3
c 77.5 mm to 78.5 mm d 4.5 mL to 5.5 mL
4 πd 3 1 πd 3
V= × = × e 1.5 km to 2.5 km f 34.15 cm to 34.25 cm
3 8 3 2
g 3.85 kg to 3.95 kg h 19.35 kg to 19.45 kg
1
V= πd 3 i 457.85 L to 457.95 L j 18.645 m to 18.655 m
6
k 7.875 km to 7.885 km l 5.045 s to 5.055 s
4
18 h = r 4 a $4450 to $4550
3 b $4495 to $4505
√
3 3 3
c $4499.50 to $4500.50
19 a i ii √36π iii 1
4π 5 a 30 m b 15 g
iv 6 v 80.6% c 4.6 km d 9.0 km
(3)
4π 23 2
ii x = √
3 4π e 990 g f 990 g (nearest whole)
b i 4πr2 r iii 6 r
3 6 a 149.5 cm to 150.5 cm b 145 cm to 155 cm
c Proof required. Example: c 149.95 cm to 150.05 cm
1
7 a 24.5 cm to 25.5 cm b 245 cm
4πr2
√6, as required.
2π 2π3 3π
= = = c 255 cm
(3)
2 1 2 1 1
4π 3 r2 8 a 9.15 cm
6 33 (4π) 3 83 × 63
b 9.25 cm
d They are the same. c 36.6 cm to 37 cm
d 83.7225 cm2 to 85.5625 cm2
6I 9 a 9.195 cm
b 9.205 cm
Building understanding c 36.78 cm to 36.82 cm
d 84.548025 cm2 to 84.732025 cm2
1 Some examples are 3.35, 3.37, 3.40 and 3.42.
e Increasing the level of accuracy lowers the difference
2 a 347 cm b 3m
between the upper and lower limits of any subsequent
3 6.65
working.
Now you try 10 a Different rounding (level of accuracy being used)
b Cody used to the nearest kg, Jacinta used to the nearest
Example 21 100 g and Luke used to the nearest 10 g.
a 44.5 cm to 45.5 cm c yes
b 15.65 mm to 15.75 mm
Answers 869
11 a Distances on rural outback properties, distances between Multiple-choice questions

towns, length of wires and pipes along roadways
b building plans, measuring carpet and wood 1 D 2 E 3 A 4 D 5 C 6 A
c giving medicine at home to children, paint mixtures, 7 B 8 D 9 E 10 C 11 D 12 E
chemical mixtures by students
Answers
d buying paint, filling a pool, recording water use Extended-response questions
12 a ± 1.8% b ± 5.6% c ± 0.56%
d ± 0.056% e ± 0.28% f ± 0.056% 1 a 72 m3 b √37 m
g ± 0.12% h ± 0.071% c 138.7 m2 d 6 L, $120
2 a 100 m b 50√2 m
c 5000 m2 d 36%
Problems and challenges e Athlete A, 0.01 seconds
1 6
2 1.3 m
3 a As the sphere touches the top, bottom and curved surface, Chapter 7
the height of the cylinder is 2r, and the radius of the base
is r. So the curved surface area = 2 × π × r × h and
7A
h = 2r, therefore this equals 4πr2, which is equal to the Building understanding
surface area of the sphere.
b 67% 1 a maximum b (−2, 4) c 2
4 h = 4r d −5, 1 e x = −2
5 (4 − π)r2 2 a minimum b (1, −3) c −2
6I
6 √2 : 1 d −1, 3 e x=1
Now you try

Example 1
1 a 23 cm b 2.7 cm2 c 2 600 000 cm3 a i minimum at (−1, −3) ii x = −1
d 8372 mL e 0.63825 m2 f 3 000 000 cm2 iii −3 and 1 iv −2
2 a 32 m b 28.6 m c 20.4 cm b i maximum at (2, 0) ii x=2
7 b 15.60 m2 iii 2 iv −2
3 a m
π
Example 2
4 a √65 b 8.31
5 a 16.12 m2 b 216 m2 c 38.5 m2 Reflecfed y- Wider or
d 78.54 cm2 e 100.43 m2 f 46.69 m2 Maximum in the value narrower
6 a 4.8 m b 25.48 m or x-axis Turning when than
7 a i 236 m2 ii 240 m3 Formula minimum (yes/no) point x = 1 y = x 2
b i 184 cm2 ii 120 cm3 1 2 1
a y = x minimum no (0, 0) wider
c i 1407.43 cm2 ii 4021.24 cm3 2 2
d i 360 cm 2 ii 400 cm3
b y = (x − 2) 2 minimum no (2, 0) 1 same
e i 201.06 m 2 ii 268.08 m3
f i 282.74 cm2 ii 314.16 cm3 c y = −x2 − 1 maximum yes (0, −1) −2 same
175
8 a cm b 17.6 cm
3π
9 a 18 cm b 3√61 cm c 2305.8 cm2 Exercise 7A
10 12 m
1 a i (2, −5), min ii x= 2
11 a i 414.25 cm2 ii 535.62 cm3
2 iii −1, 5 iv −3
b i 124 m ii 88 m3
2 b i (2, 0), max ii x= 2
c i 19.67 mm ii 6.11 mm3
iii 2 iv −1
12 a i 117.27 cm2 ii 84.94 cm3
c i (2, 5), min ii x= 2
b i 104 cm2 ii 75 cm3
2 iii no x-intercept iv 7
c i 25.73 cm ii 9.67 cm3
3 d i (−3, 0), min ii x= −3
13 a 4950π cm b 1035π cm2
iii −3 iv 4
14 a 7.5 m to 8.5 m
e i (2, −2), min ii x= 2
b 10.25 kg to 10.35 kg
iii 1, 3 iv 6
c 4.745 L to 4.755 L
f i (0, 3), max ii x= 0
iii −3, 3 iv 3
870 Answers
2 Reflected in the y-value when Wider or narrower

Formula Max or min x-axis (yes/no) Turning point x=1 than y = x2
a y = 3x2 min no (0, 0) y=3 narrower
1 1
b y = x2 min no (0, 0) y= wider
2 2
Answers
c y = 2x2 min no (0, 0) y=2 narrower

d y = −4x2 max yes (0, 0) y = −4 narrower
1 1
e y = − x2 max yes (0, 0) y=− wider
3 3
f y = −2x2 max yes (0, 0) y = −2 narrower
3 Formula Turning point Axis of symmetry y-intercept x-intercept

a y = (x + 3) 2 (−3, 0) x = −3 9 −3
b y = (x − 1) 2 (1, 0) x=1 1 1
c y = (x − 2) 2 (2, 0) x=2 4 2
d y = (x + 4) 2 (−4, 0) x = −4 16 −4
4 Formula Turning point y-intercept y-value when x = 1

a y= x2 +3 (0, 3) 3 y=4
7A
b y= x2 −1 (0, −1) −1 y=0

c y = x2 + 2 (0, 2) 2 y=3
d y= x2 −4 (0, −4) −4 y = −3
5 a x=0 b x=0 c x=0 ii y

d x=0 e x=0 f x=2 22
g x = −1 h x = −3 i x=0 20
j x=0 k x=0 l x = −4
18
6 a (0, 0) b (0, 7) c (0, 0)
16
d (0, 0) e (0, −4) f (2, 0)
14
g (−1, 0) h (−3, 0) i (0, −3)
12
j (0, 2) k (0, −16) l (−4, 0)
10
7 a 0 b 7 c 0
8
d 0 e −4 f 4
6
g 1 h −9 i −3
4
j 2 k −16 l −16
2
8 a H b C c G
x
d D e A f E −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
g B h F
9 a i y
iii y
22
22
20
20
18
18
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
Answers 871
iv y 10 a i y
22 20
20 18
18 16
16 14
Answers
14 12
12 10
10 8
8 6
6 4
4 2
2 x
x −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
ii y
v y
20
22 18
20 16
18 14
16 12
7A
14 10
12 8
10 6
8 4
6 2
4 x
2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
b The constant h determines whether the graph moves left or
right from y = x2.
11 a i y
vi y
11
22 10
20 9
18 8
16 7
14 6
12 5
10 4
8 3
6 2
4 1
2 x
x −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5
b The constant a determines the narrowness of the graph.
872 Answers
ii y Now you try

8 Example 3
7 a y
6
5
Answers
4 (1, 2)
3
x
2 O
1
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
−2 b y
−3
−4 3
−5 (1, 2)
b The constant k determines whether the graph moves up or x

O
down from y = x2.
12 Answers could be:
a y = x2 − 4 b y = (x − 5) 2 c y = x2 + 3
2
13 a y = x + 2 2
b y = −x + 2 c y = (x + 1) 2
7A
d y = (x − 2) 2 e y = 2x2 f y = −3x2 c y
1
g y = (x + 1) 2 + 2 h y = (x − 4) 2 − 2
8
14 Parabola on its side.
y
1
4 x
3 –1 O
2
1
x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
Example 4
−2 a y
−3
−4
x
7B O
–1
Building understanding (–1, –2)
1 a (0, 0) b (0, 3) c (0, −4)
d (2, 0) e (−5, 0) f (0, 0) b y
2 a 5 b −3 c 4 d 2
(2, 3)
3 a up b right c left d down
e down f left g right h up
x
O
–1
Example 5
y = 2x2 − 1
Answers 873
Exercise 7B b y
1 a y 1
O x
(1,4) −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
Answers
−3 (1, 3)
−4
x
O −5
−6
−7
−8
−9
b y c y
10
2 9
(1, 1) 8
x 7
O
6
5
4
7B
3
c 2
y 1 (1, 1 )
2
x
O
−4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4
16 d y
1 (1, − 1)
3
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5
−1
x
O 4 −2
−3
−4
−5
2 a y −6
7 −7
6 −8
5 −9
4 −10
3
2 (1, 2) e y
1 10
x 9
−4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
8
−2 7
6
5
4
3 (1, 3)
2
1
x
O
−4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4
874 Answers
f y i y
8 10
7 9
6 8
5 7
Answers
4 6
3 5
2 4
1 3
x 2
−4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
1
−2 x
O
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1 1
−3 (1, −3)
−4
j y
g y
10
1 9
O (1, 0)
x 8
−4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4
7
−2 6
7B
−3 5
−4 4
−5 3
−6 2
−7 1
−8 x
O
−3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4 5
−9
−10
k y
h y 1
1 x
O −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4 −2
−2 −3
−3 −4
(1, −4) −5
−4
−5 −6
−6 −7
−7 −8
−8 −9
−9 −10
−10
Answers 875
l y c y
1
x 11
−2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 6 10
−2 9
Answers
−3 8
−4 7
−5 6
−6 5
−7 4
−8 3
−9 2
(−3, 2)
1
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1
3 a (−3, 1) b (−2, −4) c (1, 3)
d (4, −2) e (3, −5) f (2, 2)
g (3, 3) h (2, 6) i (−1, 4) d y
j (2, −5) k (−1, −1) l (4, −10) 11
4 a y 10
9
10
7B
8
9
7
8
6
7
5
6
4
5
3
4
2
3 (1, 2)
1
2
x
(−1, 1)
1 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
e y
b y 18
16
9
14
8
12
7
10
6
8
5
6
4
4
3 (4, 1)
2
2
x
1 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2
(−2, −1)
876 Answers
f y i y
7 1
6 x
5 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1
(−3, −2)
4 −2
Answers
3 −3
2 −4
1 −5
x −6
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 −7
−2 −8
−3 −9
−4 −10
(1, − 4)
−11
g y
(1, 3)
3
j y
2
(2, 1)
1 1
x x
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
−2 −2
7B
−3 −3
−4 −4
−5 −5
−6 −6
−7 −7
−8
h y −9
(2, 1)
1
y
x k
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
−2 x
−3 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−4 −4 (4, −2)
−5 −6
−6 −8
−7 −10
−8 −12
−9 −14
−16
−18
−20
l y
(−2, 2)
2
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2 O 1 2
−4
−6
−8
−10
−12
−14
Answers 877
5 a y =−x2 b y
b y =(x + 2) 2
24
c y =x2 − 5
22
d y =x2 + 4
20
e y =(x − 1) 2
18
Answers
f y =−x2 + 2 17
16
g y =−(x + 3) 2
h y =(x + 5) 2 − 3 14
i y =(x − 6) 2 + 1 12
6 a y =6x2 10
b y =x2 + 4 8
c y =(x − 3) 2 6
d y =−(x + 2) 2 (−2, 5) 4
1 2
e y = x2
2 x
f y = −x2 + 2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1
g y = x2 − 1
h y = (x − 1) 2
c y
i y = −7x2
(3, 4)
7 a maximum b (5, 25) 4
c 0 d 25 m 2
e i 21 m ii 21 m iii 0 m x
−1−2O
7B
8 a (1, 0) b (−2, 0) c (−3, 0) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
d (0, −4) e (0, −2) f (0, 5) −4
g (−4, −1) h (−2, 3) i (5, 4) −6
j (−2, 3) k (−3, −5) l (3, −3) −8
9 a translate 3 units right −10
b translate 2 units left −12
c translate 3 units down −14
d translate 7 units up −16
e reflect in x-axis −18
f translate 2 units left and 4 units down
g translate 5 units right and 8 units up
h reflect in x-axis, translate 3 units left d y
i reflect in x-axis, translate 6 units up 2
10 a (h, k) b ah2 + k x
11 a y −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2
(−3,−4)
24 −4
22 −6
20 −8
18 −10
16 −12
14 −14
12 −16
10 −18
8 −20
6 −22
4
(3, 4)
2
x
−1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 6
878 Answers
e y i y
20 6
5
18 4
(1, 3)
16 2
14 x
Answers
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
12 −2
10 −4
8 8.5 −6
6 −8
4 −10
(3, 4)
2 −12
x −14
−3 −2−2O 2 4 6 8
j y
f y 18
(3, 4) 16
4
2 14
x 12
O
−4 −2−2 2 4 6 8 10 10
−4 −0.5 8
7B
−6 6
−8 4 2.5
−10 2
(1, 2)
−12 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−14 −2
g k y
y
(−2, 1) 2
4
(1, 3) x
2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1O 1 2 3
x −2
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 −4
−2
−6
−4 −7
−8
−6
−10
−8
−12
−10
−12 −14
y l y
h
4 (2, 3)
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 2
−2 −3 1 2 3 4
−4 (1, − 4) x
−1O 1 2 3 4 5
−6 −2
−8 −4
−10 −6
−12 −8
−14 −10
−16 −12
−13
−18 −14
Answers 879
7C Example 8
y = (x + 3) (x − 7)
Building understanding Turning point is (2, −25)
1 a x = −1, x = 2 b x = 0, x = 3
c x = 0, x = −2 Exercise 7C
Answers
2 a x = 0, x = 4 b x = −4, x = 2
1 a y
c x=4 d x = ±5
3 a 0
b −8
c 16
d −25
x
4 a (4, −4) b (−1, 9) O 8
Now you try

Example 6 (4,–16)
a y
b y
7C
x
O
6
x
O 1 3
(3, –9)
(2, –1)
b y
2 a y
x
O
1 7
x
(4, –9) −2 O
(−1, −1)
Example 7 y
b
y
16
x
−6 O
x
–4 O
(−3, −9)
880 Answers
c y b y
12
Answers
x
O 4
x
(2, −4) O 2 6
d y
(4, −4)
c y
x 15
O 5
(2.5, −6.25)
7C
e y
x
−5 −3 O
(−4, −1)
d y
x
−3 O
(−1.5, −2.25)
x
−2 O 8
f y
−16
x (3, −25)
−7 O
e y
(−3.5, −12.25)
3 a y x
−2 O 4
8 −8
(1, −9)
x
O 2 4
(3, −1)
Answers 881
f y b y
x
−3 O
Answers
7
x
O 2 3
−21 (2.5, −0.25)
(2, −25)
g y y
c
7
12
x
O1 12
x
−7 −1 O
7C
(−4, −9)
(6.5, −30.25)
h y
d y
20
30
x
O 2 10
x
−6 −5 O
(6, −16) (−5.5, −0.25)
4 a y e y
20 4
x x
O 4 5 −4 −1 O
(4.5, −0.25)
(−2.5, −2.25)
882 Answers
f y j y
12
x
Answers
−12 −1 O
O x
−4 −4 1
(−1.5, −6.25)
(−6.5, −30.25)
k y
g y
x
−10 O 3
x
−2 O 6
−30
7C
−12
(2, −16) (−3.5, −42.25)
h y l y
x
−11 O 2
−22
x
−1 O 2
−2
(0.5, −2.25) (−4.5, −42.25)
y 5 a y
i
x x
−2 O 7 −2 O
−14
(2.5, −20.25)
Answers 883
b y b y
16
x
−4 O 4
Answers
x
−4 O
−16
c y c y
25 x
−2 O 2
−4
7C
x
O 5
7 a (3.5, −4.5) b (3.5, −6.75) c (−3, −3)

d (−3, −4) e (0, −196) f (0, 196)
d y
g (1, 0) h (1, 0) i (1, 8)
8 a a = −1, b = −3, TP (2, −1)
100 b a = 5, b = −1, TP (−2, −9)
c a = 2, b = −6, TP (2, −16)
9 a x-intercepts: √2, −√2; TP (0, −2)
b x-intercepts: √11, −√11; TP (0, −11)
c x-intercepts: 5 √2, −5 √2; TP (0, −50)
x 10 a y
−10 O
6 a y
x
−3 O 3
x
−3 O 3
b y
−9 1
x
−1 O 1
884 Answers
c y 14 a x = 4, x = −2
(2, 4) b (1, −9), (1, 9)
c Same x-coordinate, y-coordinate is reflected in the x-axis.
( 2 4)
x b b2
O 15 a 0 b 0, −b − ,−
c
4
Answers
16 a y = x(x − 4) b y = x(x − 2)
c y = 2x(x + 6) d y = 2(x + 3) (x − 3)
1
e y = (x + 2) (x − 2) f y = 2(x + √5) (x − √5)
2
1
g y = (x + 4) (x − 2) h y = (x − 1) (x − 5)
2
5
d y i y = (x + 1) (x − 3) j y = −x(x − 4)
3
2 7
(1.5, 2.25) k y = − (x + 2) (x − 6) l y=− (x − √10) (x + √10)
3 10
x
O 3 7D
1 a y = x2 + 2x − 5
(2) (2)
2 2
2 2
= x2 + 2x + − −5
7C
= (x + 1) 2 − 6
TP = (−1, −6)
e y
y = x2 − 6x + 10
b
(1, 9)
(2) (2)
8 6 2 6 2
= x2 − 6x + − + 10
= (x − 3) 2 + 1
TP = (3, 1)
2 a x = ±3 b x = ±√3
x c x = 5, x = −3 d x = −4 ± √2
−2 O 4
Now you try
Example 9
a maximum at (−1, 18)
b 16
f y c −4 and 2
(4, 25)
Example 10
a y
9 2
x (1, 1)
−1 O 9 x
O
11 a = −2, TP (1, 18) b y

12 The coefficient does not change the x-intercepts.
13 a y = x2 − 2x + 1 = (x − 1) 2 5 + √21
Only one x-intercept, which is the turning point. 2
b Graph has a minimum (0, 2), therefore its lowest point is 1
2 units above the x-axis. x
5 – √21
2
) 52 , −214)
Answers 885
Exercise 7D d y
1 a maximum at (2, 3)
b −9 5
c 1 and 3
2 a min (3, 5) b max (1, 3)
Answers
c max (−1, −2) d min (−2, −5) x
O1 5
e min (−5, 10) f max (7, 2)
g max (3, 8) h min (3, −7)
(3, −4)
3 a 6 b −2 c 7 d 9
e −16 f −55 g 3 h 1
i −5 j −8 k 13 l −5 e y
4 a x = 5, x = 1 b x = −7, x = −1
80
c x = 9, x = −3 d x = −2 ± √5
e x = 1 ± √10 f x = 5 ± √3
g x=4 h x = −6
i no x-intercept j no x-intercept
k x = 2 ± √5 l x = 3 ± √10 (−8, 16)
x
5 a x = −1, x = −5 b x = −3 ± √7 O
c x = −4 ± √21 d x = −1 ± √7
e no x-intercept f x = 6 ± √41 f y
6 a y
7D
51
x x
O (−7, 2) O
4
g y
5
(2, −4)
b y
(2, 1)
7 x
O
x h y
−7 −1 O
15
(3, 6)
(−4, −9) x
O
c y
i y
15
O
x
(5, −4)
x −29
−5 −3 O
(−4, −1)
886 Answers
j y d y
16
O
x
(−4, −9)
Answers
−25 x
O 4
e y
k (−9, 25) y
x
x −2 O 4
−14 −4 O
−8
−56
(1, −9)
f y
l y
(2, 4)
x
−3 O 5
7D
x −15
O 4 (1, −16)
g y
7 a y
7
x
−7 −1 O
O x
−3 −1
(−2, −1)
b y (−4, −9)
h y
x
−1 O 3
5
−3 x
−5 −1 O
(1, −4)
c y (−3, −4)
i y
9
x
−12 O
x
−3 O
(−6, −36)
Answers 887
8 a y g y
−5 + √17 2
2
x
1 −5 − √17 O
Answers
x 2
−2 − √3 O −2 + √3
5 , − 17
−
2 4
(−2, −3)
h y
b y
O x
−3 − √14 −3 + √14
−5
x
−1 O 2
−2 1
,−9
(−3, −14) 2 4
c y i y
6
3, 3
3
7D
(1, 5) −
2 4
x
x O
O
y 9 a 2 b 1 c 1
d
d 0 e 0 f 2
20 10 a x = −1 ± √6 b x = 3, x = 1
c x = 7, x = −1 d x = −2 ± √10
3 ± √5
e x = −2 ± √11 f x=
(4, 4) 2
x
O 11 a y = −(x + 2) 2 + 7
e y (−2, 7)
3
x −2 − √7 −2 + √7
O x
−2 − 2√2 −2 + 2√2 O
−4
(−2, −8)
b y = −(x − 1) 2 + 3
f y
y
(1, 3)
1 3 − √5 3 + √5 x
2 2 O
x 1 − √3 1 + √3
O
3,−5
2 4
888 Answers
c y = −(x − 3) 2 + 5 14 a y = 4(x + 1) 2 − 1
y y
(3, 5)
3
Answers
x
O 3 − √5 3 + √5 −1
−3 2
2
−4 x
O
(−1, −1)
d y = −(x − 4) 2 + 8
y b y = 3(x − 2) 2 − 2
(4, 8) y
10
4 + 2√2
4 − 2√2
x
O 2 + √3
2
x
O
−8 (2, −2)
2 −√ 3
2
7D
( 2)
3 2 11 c y = 2(x + 3) 2 − 17
e y=− x+ −
4 y
y
−3, −√ 2
17
−3 + √ 2
17
1
x x
O
(− 32 , − 114) O
−5
( 2)
5 2 33
f y=− x+ +
4
y
− 5 , 33
2 4 (−3, −17)
( 4)
1 2 25
d y=2 x+ −
8
−5 − √33 2 −5 + √33
2 2 y
x
O
x
−3 O 1
12 a k > 0 2
b k=0
c k<0 –3
− 1 , − 25
(2) (2)
2 2
b b 4 8
13 x2 + bx + c = x2 + bx + − +c
( 2)
2
b b2 4c
= x+ − +
4 4
( 2)
2
b b2 − 4c
= x+ −
4
Answers 889
( 4) ( 5)
7 2 25 6 2 36
e y=2 x− − i 5 x+ −
8 5
y y
Answers
3
x
− 12 O
x 5
O 1 3
2
− 6 , − 36
(74 , − 258) 5 5
( 7)
5 2 25
j y=7 x+ −
f y = 4(x − 1) 2 + 16 7
y y
20
− 10
(1, 16) 7
x
7D
O
x
O
− 5 , − 25
7 7
( 12 ) ( 2)
5 2 191 3 2 35
g y=6 x+ + k y = −3 x + +
24 4
y y
− 3 , 35
2 4
9
3 √105 3 √105
− − − +
2 6 2 6
2
5 , 191
−
12 24 x
O
x
O
( 10 ) ( 4)
3 2 131 5 2 21
h y=5 x− + l y = −4 x − +
20 4
y y 5 21
4 4
7
(103 , 131
20 ) 5 − √21
4
5 + √21
4
x
O
−1
x
O
890 Answers
7E c y
1 a 2 intercepts b 0 intercepts c 1 intercept O x
2 a −1 ± √2 b 2.5, −1 −0.65 1.15
Answers
−3
−1 ± √17 (0.25, −3.25)
c
4
3 a zero b positive c negative d y
Now you try

x
−1.35 O 3.35
Example 11
a 2 b 1 c (1, −1)
Example 12
y −9
(1, −11)
1.82 y
1 e
x
x
7E
0.18 −1.08 O 5.08

(1, –2)
−11
Exercise 7E
1 a 0 intercepts b 9 c (2, 1) (2, −19)
2 a 1 intercept b 0 intercepts c 2 intercepts
f y
d 2 intercepts e 0 intercepts f 1 intercept
g 2 intercepts h 2 intercepts i 2 intercepts
j 0 intercepts k 2 intercepts l 2 intercepts x
3 a 3 b 5 c −2 −3.86 O 0.86
d −4 e 8 f −10
g 0 h 0 i −7 −10
4 a (−1, 3) b (−2, −5) c (2, −1)
( 2 4) (2 4)
3 1 7 1 (−1.5, −16.75)
d (1, −5) e − ,6 f ,5
g y
( 4 8) (8 16 )
3 1 3 9
g − , −5 h , − i (0, −9) (1, 11)
8
(4 4) ( 3 3)
1 3 1 1
j , −2 k − , l (0, 2)
x
5 a y −0.91 O 2.91
x
−4.55 O 0.55
−5 h y
(−1, 9)
7
(−2, −13)
b y
x
O 0.29 −3.12 O 1.12
x
−2.29
−2
(−1, −5)
Answers 891
i y c y
(1, 7)
x
−
5 O
2
3
Answers
−0.32 O 2.32
−25
j y
1 1 d y
− , 12
4 8 x
12 O 5
3
−25
x
−2.71 O 2.21
e y
x
k y O (2, −3)
1 1
− ,
7E
3 3
−11
x
−0.67 O
f y
x
O (2, −4)
l y
(−1, 1)
O −16
x
−1.45 −0.55
g y
−4
3
1, 2
−
2
y x
6 a O
9
h y
x −
2, 2 2
−
3 O 3 3
2 x
O
b y 2 √3 √10
7 a x=1± b x = −1 ±
3 2
√10 −3 ± √15
c x=1± d x=
2 2
√6 √30
e x=2± f x=1±
2 5
1
x
O 1 8 y = (x + 1) 2 − 6 = x2 + 2x − 5
3
892 Answers
9 a Anything with b2 − 4ac > 0 Now you try

b Anything with b2 − 4ac = 0
c Anything with b2 − 4ac < 0 Example 13
−b a 40 − x b A = x(40 − x) c 0 < x < 40
10 Number under square root = 0, therefore x = (one
2a d A
solution) (20, 400)
Answers
−b ± √b2 − 4c
11 x =
2
b2
12 y = − + c
4a
(a)
b c x
13 x2 + x+ =0 O 40
a
(a) 4a2 4a2 a

b b2 b2 c
x2 + + − + =0 e 400 cm2 f square with side length 20 cm
( 2a )
b 2 b2 c
x+ = − Exercise 7F
4a 2 a
( 2a )
b 2 b2 − 4ac 1 a 2 × length = 20 − 2x
x+ =
length = 10 − x
4a2
b A = x(10 − x)
√
b 2
b − 4ac
x+ = ± c 0 < x < 10
2a 4a2
d y
b √b2 − 4ac (5, 25)
x+ = ±
7E
2a 2a
−b ± √b2 − 4ac
x= as required
2a
7F
x
O 10
1 a h
(2, 20) e 25 cm2 f 5 cm by 5 cm
2 a d
x
−9 O 9
t
O 4
−27
b 20 m
b 18 cm c 27 cm
c 4 seconds
3 a (100, 20) b 0 and 200
2 a h c h
(10, 9) (100, 20)
2.75
x
d O 200
O 22
d 200 m e 20 m
b 9m
c 22 m
Answers 893
4 a 100 − 2x b A = x(100 − 2x) c 0 < x < 50 9 a 1m

d A b No, 1 metre is the minimum height the kite falls to.
10 P = x(64 − x) so maximum occurs at x = 32.
(25, 1250) Maximum product = 32(64 − 32) = 1024
11 a A = (20 − 2x) (10 − 2x)
Answers
b min x = 0, max x = 5
c A
x 200
O 50
e 1250 m2 f width = 25 m, length = 50 m
5 a 20 − x
b P = x(20 − x) x
c P O 5
(10, 100) d Turning point occurs for an x-value greater than 5.

e 1 cm
12 a 6m
x b No, the maximum height reached is 4.5 m.
0 20 13 a y
d i x = 0 or 20 ii x = 10
e 100 x
O 100
6 a (20, 0)
7F
b h
x
O 20 40
−10 (50, −250)
b i 2
c 40 m d 10 m ii none
7 a √6 seconds c i (27.6, −200) and (72.4, −200)
b h ii (1.0, −10) and (99.0, −10)
d The highway meets the edge of the river (50 metres along).
1
30 14 5 m
24
t Progress quiz
O
√6
1 a y
c √2 seconds
8 a h 5
4
3
7
2 (1, 2)
1
x
(0, 0) 1 2
−2 −1−1
t
O1 7
b y
5
4
(4, −9) (0, 3)
3
b i 1 second 2
ii 7 seconds 1
iii 4 seconds x
c 9 m below sea level −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3
d at 3 and 5 seconds −2
894 Answers
c y 6 a y = (x − 2) 2 − 1
10 y
9 (0, 9) 5
8 4
7 3
Answers
6 2
5 1
4 x
3 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
2 (2, −1)
−2
1 (3, 0)
x b y = (x − 1) 2 − 7
−1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 y
d y 3
− −
1 1 − √7 1 + √7 x
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 −3
−2 −6
(−2, −1)
−3
−4 −9 (1, −7)
Ch7 Progress quiz
(0, −5)
−5
−6 7 iii Turning
i x-intercepts ii y-intercepts point
2 y = 3x2 + 2 a △ < 0; no x-intercepts (0, 5) (2, 1)
3 a y
b △ > 0; two x-intercepts (0, −7) (−3, −16)
3
c △ = 0; one x-intercept (0, −16) (−4, 0)
2
1 8 y
(−1, 0) (3, 0)
x 6
−2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5 (0, 5)
4
−2 3
(0, −3)
−3 2
−4 (1, −4) 1
0.78 3.22 x
−5 −1 O
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−2
b y −3
(2, −3)
−4
6
5 9 a A = x(44 − 2x) or A = 44x − 2x2
4 (0, 4)
b A
3 (11, 242)
2
1 (2, 0)
x
−1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
x
4 a = 2, b = −4; y = (x + 2) (x − 4); Turning point is at O 22
(1, −9).
c 242 m2; 11 m by 22 m
5 a Turning point is a maximum at (3, 8).
b y-intercept is at (0, −10).
c x-intercepts at 5 and 1.
Answers 895
7G iii x = −1.4, y = −2.1 and x = 0.4, y = 3.1

iv x = −2.6, y = 8.2 and x = −0.4, y = 3.8
−1 ± √21 −1 ± √21
b i x= ,y =
1 a (2, 12) b (−1, −3) 2 2
2 a x2 + 3x + 6 = 0 b x2 − 5x + 3 = 0 3 ± √13
Answers
ii x = , y = 3 ± √13
c x2 + 3x − 12 = 0 2
3 a b2 − 4ac < 0 b b2 − 4ac > 0 c b2 − 4ac = 0
−1 ± √13
iii x = , y = 1 ± √13
2
Now you try
−1 ± √17
iv x = , y = ± √17
Example 14 2
a (−1, 2) and (2, 2) b no intersection points
6 a 2 b 0 c 2 d 0 e 1 f 2
Example 15 7 Yes, the ball will hit the roof. This can be explained in
a (0, 0) and (4, 16) b (1, 12) a number of ways. Using the discriminant, we can see
(2 4)
1 3 that the path of the ball intersects the equation of roof
c (−2, 3) and , −
y = 10.6.
Example 16 1 7
8 a x = −1, y = −2 and x = − , y = −
(−0.62, −1.85) and (1.62, 4. 85) 2 4
5 15
Example 17 b x = , y = − and x = 2, y = −4
2 4
a 2 solutions b 0 solutions
c x = 1, y = 8 and x = 2, y = 7
d x = −6, y = −14 and x = 2, y = 2
7G
Exercise 7G
(2 2)
1 1
1 a (−2, 8) and (4, 8) b no intersection points 9 a (−1, 4) and ,5 b 212 m
2 a (−3, 6) and (2, 6) b (−2, 12) and (6, 12)
10 a (3, −4)
( 2 )
1
c no solutions d (−3, −2) and − , −2 b i c > −4 ii c = −4 iii c < −4
11 a 1 + 4k
(2 )
3
e ,0 f no solutions 1 1 1
b i k>− ii k = − iii k < −
3 a x = 0, y = 0 and x = 3, y = 9 4 4 4
b x = 0, y = 0 and x = −2, y = 4 12 a Discriminant from resulting equation is less than 0.
c x = −3, y = 9 and x = 6, y = 36 b k⩾2
d x = 0, y = 5 and x = 3, y = 8 13 a m = 2 or m = −6
e x = −6, y = 34 and x = −2, y = 22 b The tangents are on different sides of the parabola, where
f x = −2, y = −3 and x = 3, y = 17 one has a positive gradient and the other has a negative
g no solutions gradient.
h no solutions c m > 2 or m < −6
9 65
i x = − ,y = and x = −1, y = 8
2 2
5 25 7H
j x = − , y = − and x = 3, y = 1
3 3 Building understanding
k x = −3, y = 6
l x = −1, y = 2 1 y
4 a x = −4, y = 16 and x = 2, y = 4 2
b x = −1, y = 1 and x = 2, y = 4
1 1
c x = −1, y = 1 and x = , y = x
3 9 −2 O 2
1 13
d x = −2, y = 7 and x = − , y =
2 4 −2
2 16
e x = −2, y = 0 and x = , y = 2 a x = ±√5 b x = ±4 c y = ±√11
3 9
f x = −8, y = −55 and x = 2, y = 5 3 a (0, 0) b r
5 a i no solutions
ii x = −0.7, y = 1.5 and x = 2.7, y = 8.5
896 Answers
Now you try 3 a r=6 b r=9

c r = 12 d r = √5
Example 18 e r = √14 f r = √20 = 2 √5
a (0, 0) b r=4 4 a x2 + y2 = 4 b x2 + y2 = 49
√63 3√7 c x2 + y2 = 10 000 d x2 + y2 = 2601
c y = ±√15 d x=± =±
Answers
2 2 e x2 + y2 = 6 f x2 + y2 = 10
e y g x2 + y2 = 1.21 h x2 + y2 = 0.25
4 5 a (1, √3), (1, −√3)
b (−1, √3), (−1, −√3)
(2 2 ) (2 2 )
1 √15 1 √15
c , , ,−
x
( 2 2) ( 2 2)
–4 O 4 √15 1 √15 1
d ,− , − ,−
e (0, −2)
–4 f (2, 0), (−2, 0)
6 a x-intercepts: ±1, y-intercepts: ±1
Example 19 b x-intercepts: ±4, y-intercepts: ±4
y c x-intercepts: ±√3, y-intercepts: ±√3
5 d x-intercepts: ±√11, y-intercepts: ±√11
7 a r = 2 √2 b r=2 c r=3
)√52 , √52) d r = √10 e r = 2 √3 f r = 2 √5
7H
8 y
x 3
–5 O 5
( 3
√2
, 3
√2 )
x
−3 O 3
)−√52 , −√52) –5 − 3 ,− 3
√2 √2
−3
Exercise 7H
9 y
1 a (0, 0) b r=3 c y = ±√5
√27 ±3 √3 √10
d x= ± = (1, 3)
2 2
e y
3
x
−√10 O √10
x
−3 O 3
(−1, −3)
−√10
−3
√19
2 a (0, 0) b r=5 c y= ± d x= ±3 10 y
2
e y √6
5
2√6 √30
−
√5 5
x
−√6 O √6
x
−5 O 5
2√6 − √30
−√6 √5 5
−5
Answers 897
11 y f y g y
6
√7
√5
(2, 1)
x x x
Answers
O −6 O O
−√5 √5 −√7
(−1, −2)
−√5 −√7
−6
Chord length = 3√2 units h y i y

12 a m = ±√3
b m > √3 or m < −√3 √5 2√3
c −√3 < m < √3
13 a D b A c E d C e F f B √5
x
14 a y = ±√16 − x2 = ±√42 − x2 O
x
O
b x = ±√3 − y2 = ± √(√3) 2 − y2 2√3
15 a Radius of graph is 2, so points are 2 units from (0, 0); −√5
i.e. < 2.
−2√3
b Radius of graph is 1, so points are 1 unit from (0, 0);
i.e. −1 is the leftmost point, which is not as far as −2.
16 a y 17 a y = √25 − x2 b y = −√16 − x2 c x = √4 − y2
7H
d x = −√1 − y2 e y = √3 − x2 f y = −√5 − x2
2 g x = √10 − y2 h x = −√8 − y2 i y = −√18 − x2
x
7I
−2 O 2
1 a C b A c B
2 a 1 ÷ 0.1, 1 ÷ 0.01, 1 ÷ 0.001, 1 ÷ 0.00001
b y 1
b x= c 0.099 d 998
100
5
Now you try
x Example 20
−5 O 5 a y
c y
x O (1, 1)
−1 O 1 (–1, –1)
x
−1
d y
b y
x
O
−√10 √10
−√10 (1, 3)
e y
O x
4
x (–1, –3)
−4 O 4
898 Answers
c y b y
(–1, 2) (1, 2)
Answers
O x x
O
(−1, −2)
(1, –2)
Example 21 c y
(4 )
1
a , 4
( √3 ) (√3 )
1 1 (1, 3)
b − , −√3 , , √3
x
O
(−1, −3)
Exercise 7I
1 a y
d y
7I
O (1, 1) x (−1, 1)
(–1, –1)
x
O
(1, −1)
b y e y
(1, 4)
O x (−1, 2)
x
O
(1, −2)
(–1, –4)
c y
(–1, 4)
f y
O x
(−1, 3)
x
O
(1, –4) (1, −3)
2 a y
( 2) ( 3)
1 1
(1, 1) 3 a (2, 1) b 4, c (−1, −2) d −6, −
( 2) ( 4)
x 1 5
O 4 a 10, − b −4,
(−1, −1)
( 7) ( 9)
5 5
c −7, d 9, −
Answers 899
( 2 ) ( 2 )
3 1 b y
5 a (1, 3) b (3, 1) − , −2
c d − , −6
6 a yes b yes c no d no
(2 ) (6 )
1 1
7 a ,2 b ,6
Answers
( 10 )
1 x
c (−1, −1) d − , −10 O –1
2
( 2 ) (2 )
1 1 y = –1
e (1, 1), (−1, −1) f − , −2 , ,2
(√2 ) ( √2 ) (√5 ) ( √5 )
1 1 1 1
g , √2 , − , −√2 h , √5 , − , −√5
(3 ) ( 2 )
2 1 c y
8 a , −3 b − ,4
( 2) ( 3)
1 1
c 4, − d −6,
(2 ) ( 2 )
1 1
e (1, −2), (−1, 2) f , −4 , − , 4 3
2
x
g (2, −1), (−2, 1) h (√2, −√2), (−√2, √2) O
9 a E b C c D d B e A f F
10 Yes, x = 0 or y = 0. y = –2
–3
11 a zero b zero
7I
c infinity d negative infinity x=1
12 Greater the coefficient, the closer the graph is to the
asymptote.
1 ± √5 −1 ± √5 Exercise 7J
13 a i x= ,y =
2 2 1 a y
ii x = 1 ± √2, y = −1 ± √2
iii x = −1 ± √2, y = 1 ± √2
b No intersection, △ < 0. (–2, 1)
c y = −x + 2, y = −x − 2 1
x
–2 – √3
7J –2 + √3
b y
1 a down b right c left
d down e left f up
2 a k=3 b k = −1 c k=4
3 a h = 0, k = 2 1
b h = 3, k = 0 x
O
c h = −2, k = −1
y = −1
Now you try
Example 22
a y c y
−2 + √8 = –2 + 2√2
x
O
−1 + √5
−1 − √5 x
(−1, −2) O 3
y=−1
−2 − √8 = –2 – 2 √2 − 32
x=2
900 Answers
2 a y g y
2√2
3 x
O
−1
(3, −1) x
Answers
−4 −1 O 2
b y
(−2, 3) −2√2
h y
3
x 5 + 2√15
−2 O
2 − √39 (2, 5) 2 + √39

c y x
O
2√6 − 3 5 − 2√15
x
−3 O 5
(1, −3) i y
7J
−2√6 − 3
(−3, 1)
d y
x
−5 −1 O
6
3 a y
(−3, 2)
x
O
−2
√21 − 3
−√21 − 3
e y x
O
−1
1 + √5
−2 y = −2
(−2, 1) 2√2 − 2
x b y
O
−2√2 − 2 1 − √5 2
y=1
y 1
f x
O
10
x
−2√5 O 2√5
−2
Answers 901
c y h y
1
x x
Answers
O O
−3 y = −3
−4
y = −5
i y
d y
1 x
2 O
x
O y=0 −378
y = −4
4
4 a y
7J
e y
8 2 y=2
x
−1 O
x 2
O y=0
x=0
f y
b y
x
O y=0
1
x
O
−1 y = −1
g y x=0
3
2 c x = −3 y
y=1
1
x
O
1
3
x
O y=0
902 Answers
d y h x = −4 y
3
−4
Answers
O x x
2 y=0 − 4 −3 O
−1 y = −1
2
x=2
i y
e y
6
29 y=6
5
2
1 y=1
x
−2−1 O
x
O 29 5
7J
x = −1
x=5
f y 5 a y
y=1
4 x
3
x O
O
y = −3
−4 b y
x=1
g y x=3
x
O
−3
y = −3
2 −4
5 y=2
3
x
O 5 3
2
c y
y=0
x
O
−8
Answers 903
d y c y
O y=0
x x
O 2 3
−1 −4
3
Answers
4
y = −2
2
x=3
e y
1 1
7 a y= −1 b y= +3
x x−2 x+1
O
y = −1 1 3
c y= +
x−1 2
−3
( 2 ) ( 2 )
−3 − √5 1 − √5 −3 + √5 1 + √5
8 a , , ,
2 2
b (√5, 3 + √5), (−√5, 3 − √5)
f y
( ) ( )
−1 − √11 −1 + √11
c , √11 , , − √11
2 2
5 y=5
( 5 5)
7J
3 6
d (1, 2), − , −
e (−6, 3), (−2, −1)

1 f (3, 0), (−3, −2)
x 9 a max x = 5, min x = 1 b max y = 0, min y = −4
O
10 a (x − 2) 2 + (y − 1) 2 = 8 b (x + 2) 2 + y2 = 25
1
c (x + 5) 2 + (y + 3) 2 = 18 d y= +1
x−1
6 a x = −1 y 1 −1
e y= −1 y=
f
x+2 x+3
1
11 a Solving = −x would require x2 = −1, which is not
x
possible.
b Circle has centre (1, −2) and radius 2, so maximum
2 y=2
y-value on the circle is 0, which is less than 1.
1 c Exponential graph rises more quickly than the straight line
O x and this line sits below the curve.
−1 −1 2 1
2
d Solving −1= gives a quadaratic with △ < 0,
x+3 3x
thus no points of intersection.
12 a (x + 2) 2 + (y − 1) 2 = 4, C(−2, 1), r = 2
b x = −2 y b (x + 4) 2 + (y + 5) 2 = 36, C(−4, −5), r = 6
c (x − 3) 2 + (y − 2) 2 = 16, C(3, 2), r = 4
d (x − 1) 2 + (y + 3) 2 = 15, C(1, −3), r = √15
e (x + 5) 2 + (y + 4) 2 = 24, C(−5, −4), r = 2 √6
f (x + 3) 2 + (y + 3) 2 = 18, C(−3, −3), r = 3 √2
( 2) 4 ( 2 )
−4 3 2 29 3 √29
x g x+ + (y − 3) 2 = ,C − ,3 ,r =
−2 O y = −1 2
−1
( 2) 4 ( 2 )
5 2 49 5 7
−2 h x+ + (y − 2) 2 = , C − , 2 , r =
2
( 2) ( 2) 2 (2 2) √
1 2 3 2 3 1 3 3
i x− + y+ = ,C , − ,r =
2
( 2) ( 2) 2 (2 2)
3 2 5 2 25 3 5 5
j x− + y− = ,C , ,r =
√2
13 (x + 2) 2 + (y − 3) 2 = −2; radius can’t be negative.
904 Answers
Problems and challenges Short-answer questions

2 1 1 a minimum at (1, −4) b x=1
1 a − ⩽x⩽
3 2 c −1 and 3 d −3
3 1 2 a minimum at (2, 0)
b x < − or x >
4 3 b maximum at (0, 5)
Answers
7 − √41 7 + √41 c maximum at (−1, −2)

c <x<
2 2 d minimum at (3, 4)
2 (x − 2) 2 + (y − 3) 2 ⩽ 16 3 a y
y
3 + 2√3
(2, 3) x
2 − √7 −2 O 2
x
O −4
2 + √7
3 − 2√3
b y
3 a b2 − 4ac < 0 16
b b2 − 4ac = 0
c b2 − 4ac > 0
4 (x − 2) 2 + (y + 3) 2 = −15 + 9 + 4 = −2, which is
Ch7 Problems and challenges
impossible. x
−4 O
1 1 1
5 a k= b k< c k>
3 3 3
6 a k = ± √20 = ±2 √5 y
c
b k > 2 √5 or k < −2 √5
c −2 √5 < k < 2 √5
7 a y = −(x + 1) (x − 3)
3
b y = (x + 2) 2 − 3
4
x
c y = x2 − 2x − 3 −2 O 4
(4 8)
3 73
8 a = 2, b = −3, c = −8; TP ,−
9 20 −8
10 4 √3 (1, −9)
11 y
4 a i maximum at (1, −3) ii −4
iii no x-intercepts
(0, 8) iv y
y5 = 8x − 8
x
O
(1, −3)
−4
x
O (1, 0)
b i minimum at (−3, −8) ii 10

iii −1 and −5
y5 = 8 − 8x
(0, −8)
Answers 905
iv y 9 Show b2 − 4ac = 0.
10 10 a y
Answers
x
x −5 O 5
−5 −1 O
−5
(−3, −8) b y
5 a y
√7
x
−√7 O √7
1
x −√7
O
2 − √3 2 + √3
(2, −3)
11 y
Ch7 Review
b y
3
( 3
,
√5 √5
6
)
x
O −3 + √17
−3 − √17 2 x
2
−3 O 3
2
− 3 , − 17
2 4
− 3 ,− 6
√5 √5 −3
6 a 1 b 0 c 2 d 0
7 a i 5
ii (2, −3)
iii 0.8 and 3.2 12 a y
iv y
(1, 2)
5
x
0.8 O
x
O 3.2
(−1, −2)
(2, −3)
(2 4 )
3 25
b i 4 ii , iii −1 and 4
iv y 3 , 25 b y
2 4
4 (−1, 3)
x
−1 O 4
x
O
8 a x = 2, y = 10 and x = −6, y = 10
b no solutions (1, −3)
1 10
c x = ,y = and x = −1, y = 2
3 9
906 Answers
(3 )
4 2 a 100 − x b A = x(100 − x) c 0 < x < 100
13 a ,3
d A
b (√2, 2√2) and (−√2, −2√2)
(50, 2500)
14 a y
Answers
2 + √3
(−1, 2)
x
x O 100
−1 O 2 − √3
e 2500 m2
f 50 m by 50 m
y Chapter 8
b
8A
3.5 Building understanding

y =3
1 a 2 b {H, T} c yes
1 1
d e f 1
O
x 2 2
Ch7 Review
1 1 3
2 a b c d 0
4 6 8
c y 3 a 4 b 20 c 100
Now you try
−
5 Example 1
3
1 2 9 3
x a b c d
O 11 11 11 11
−2
5 Example 2
−
2 a 0.1 b 0.09 c 0.87 d 0.9
y = −3
−3
Exercise 8A
x = −2
1 2 5 3
1 a b c d
7 7 7 7
Multiple-choice questions 3 2 3 1
2 a b c d
1 B 2 D 3 E 4 D 10 5 5 2
5 A 6 A 7 C 8 D 1 1 1 1
3 a b c d
9 A 10 E 11 A 12 C 10 2 2 2
2 1 3 1
e f g h
Extended-response questions 5 5 10 10
4 a 0.09 b 0.43 c 0.47 d 0.91
1 a (200, 30) 5 a 0.62 b 0.03 c 0.97 d 0.38
b 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 400 1 3 49
6 a b c
c 30 ⩽ h ⩽ 80 50 10 50
d h
1 3 1 5
7 a b c d e 1 f 0
2 8 4 24
(400, 80)
80 6 1 21 2 2 4
8 a b c d e f
25 50 25 5 25 25
(200, 30) x 7 1 1 1
O 400 9 a i ii iii iv 0 v
10 5 20 20
1
b
e 400 m f 30 m g 80 m 10
Answers 907
10 a 59 7 2 4
c i ii iii
41 10 5 5
b 4, as of 10 is closest to 4.
100 d No, A ∩ B ≠ ∅
41
c 8, as of 20 is closest to 8. Example 4
100 a
1 1 1 1 M D
Answers
11 a b c d
4 13 52 2 2 7 5
2 4 12 9
e f g h 6
13 13 13 13
7 b i 2 ii 6
12 a
15 9 1 7
c i ii iii
b 15; any multiple of 15 is a possibility as 3 and 5 must be 20 4 20
factors. Example 5
13 a 625π a
b i 25π ii 200π iii 400π A A′
1 8 16 9 B 2 3 5
c i ii iii iv
25 25 25 25 B′ 4 1 5
24 17 17
v vi vii 1 viii 6 4 10
25 25 25
d No, it doesn’t. b i 2 ii 3 iii 4 iv 1
v 6 vi 5 vii 9
8B 1 2 2
8A
c i ii iii
5 5 5
1 a b Exercise 8B
A B A B
1 a A B
4 3 3
c d
A B A B 0
b i A ∩ B = { 2, 5, 8 }
ii A ∪ B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }
7 3 iii 1
c i ii
e f 10 10
A B A B d No, since A ∩ B ≠ ϕ
2 a A B
3 2 5
g h
A B A B 0
b i A ∩ B = { 2, 13 }
ii A ∪ B = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29 }
1 7 1 iv 1
c i ii iii
2 a ∅ b ∩ c ∪ d ∪, ∪ 2 10 5
3 a no b yes c no 3 a
F N
Now you try 25 10 10

5
Example 3
a b i 25 ii 5
A B
2 1 1
c i ii iii
3 4 1 5 5 5
2
b i { 2, 3, 5, 7 }
ii { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }
908 Answers
4 a 12 A B
F B
25 10 5
A ∩ B′ A ∩ B A′ ∩ B
5
Answers
b i 25 ii 5
7 2 8 2 1 A′ ∩ B ′ (A ∪ B)′
c i ii iii iv v
9 9 9 9 9
5 a 13 a
A A′ M E
B 2 6 8
w c n s v
B′ 5 3 8
m
7 9 16
1 2 1 2 1
b i ii iii iv v
b i 2 ii 6 iii 5 iv 3 3 3 6 3 3
v 7 vi 8 vii 13 viii 16 14 a L
1 9 5
c i ii iii 5
8 16 16
6 a S 1 1 I
A B 2
2 2 1
1 4 2 1
3
b 1
8B
b 3 1 13 1
A A′ c i ii iii iv
5 3 15 15
B 4 2 6 15 a S
B′ 1 3 4 S = Own state
18 − 2x
5 5 10 I = Interstate
I 2x O O = Overseas
2 7 2 2
c i 2 ii 3 iii iv
5 10 7 x y
7 a 4 b 10, 12 c a, c, e d nothing 3
8 a
C D
b i 4 ii 10
5 1 7 35 25
C c i ii iii iv v
O P M T 19 19 38 38 38
N
L E E Y
M
R 8C
A
9 6 10 4 3 1 a i { 4, 5, 6 } ii { 2, 4, 6 }
b i ii iii iv v
13 13 13 13 13 iii { 2, 4, 5, 6 } iv { 4, 6 }
9 a b No, A ∩ B ≠ ϕ
A A′
2
B 3 3 6 c
3
B′ 4 1 5 2 a 0.8 b 0.7
7 4 11 3 0.05
b
A A′
Now you try
B 2 7 9 Example 6
B′ 2 1 3 a i 13 ii 4 iii 1
1 3 1
4 8 12 b i ii iii
4 4 52
4
10 3 c
11 a 1 − a b a+b c 0 13
10
d
13
Answers 909
Example 7 Example 9
a 0.35 b 0.25 a A A′
B 9 6 15
Exercise 8C
B′ 4 4 8
1 a i 13 ii 4 iii 1
Answers
13 10 23
1 3 1
b i ii iii
4 4 52 4 3 9
b c d
4 23 5 13
c
13
10 Exercise 8D
d
13 5 1 3 3
1 a b c d
2 a i { 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 } ii { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 } 12 4 8 5
1 13 9 3 3 1
b i ii 2 a i ii iii iv
20 20 13 13 7 3
7 14 4 4 2
c b i ii iii iv
20 17 17 7 7
1 5 3 5 5 5
3 a b c i ii iii iv
8 24 4 8 7 6
4 a 0.1 b 0.2 7 1 1 2
d i ii iii iv
5 a 0.3 b 0.1 16 8 4 7
3 5 7 1 1 2
6 a b 3 a i ii iii iv
8 32 18 9 5 7
8C
v
4 4 7 4 1 1 1
7 a b c b i ii iii iv
13 13 13 9 9 5 4
49 10 10 8 7 7 7
d e f c i ii iii iv
52 13 13 17 17 10 8
8 a 0.4 b 0.45 3 1 2 1
d i ii iii iv
9 Because Pr(A ∩ B) = 0 for mutually exclusive events 4 4 3 3
10 a Pr(A) < Pr(A ∩ B) b Pr(A) + Pr(B) < Pr(A ∪ B) 4 a
11 Pr(A ∪ B ∪ C) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) + Pr(C) − A A′
Pr(A ∩ B) − Pr(A ∩ C) − Pr(B ∩ C) + Pr(A ∩ B ∩ C) B 9 6 15
3 1 3 B′ 4 1 5
12 a b c
10 4 20 13 7 20
13 9 3
d e f 1 3 9
20 20 5 b c d
5 5 13
1 71 33
13 a b c 5 a
4 500 500 V P
7 1 7
d e f
100 25 500 3 2 6
8D 4
2 1
Building understanding b 4 c d
5 4
1 1 6 a
1 a b A C
3 2
2 a i 2 ii 9 14 6 9
2
b 1
9
3 a i 7 ii 10
A A′
7 7
b c C 6 9 15
10 12
C′ 14 1 15
Now you try 20 10 30
Example 8 3 7
b i ii
7 3 3 3 10 15
a b c d 2 3
13 13 8 7 c d
5 10
910 Answers
7 a 6 a 0.83 b 0.17
A A′
1 1 1 1
B 2 2 4 7 a b c d
2 6 4 3
B′ 3 1 4
8 a Like soft Dislike soft Total
5 3 8
Answers
drink drink
2 1
i 1 ii iii Like water 15 5 20
5 2
Dislike water 20 0 20
b
A A′ Total 35 5 40
B 3 13 16
1
B′ 5 6 11 b
4
8 19 27
3 3 8E
i 6 ii iii
8 16
1 1 1 1 Building understanding
8 a b c d
13 13 4 2
1 1 1 a i 9 ii 6
9 a b
3 2 1 5 4
b i ii iii
10 Pr(A ∣ B) = Pr(B ∣ A) = 0 as Pr(A ∩ B) = 0 3 9 9
1 2 1
11 a 1 b c i 0 ii iii
D8
5 3 3
12 a Pr(A ∩ B) = Pr(A) × Pr(B ∣ A) b 0.18 2 a 9 b 6
174 81
13 a 329 b c
329 329
Now you try
24 31 18
d e f
155 231 31 Example 10
1
a
Progress quiz 36
1 5 1
1 1 1 2 3 b i ii iii
1 a b c d e 18 18 12
10 10 20 5 5
1
2 a 0.17 b 0.29 c 0.33 d 0.67 c
3
1 1 1
3 a b c Example 11
13 26 52
a
1 1 12 1st
d e f
13 13 13 R R B W
4 a
Like tennis Dislike tennis Total R X (R, R) (B, R) (W, R)
Like squash 3 17 20 R (R, R) X (B, R) (W, R)

2nd
Dislike squash 29 1 30 B (R, B) (R, B) X (W, B)
Total 32 18 50 W (R, W) (R, W) (B, W) X
1 1 1 1
tennis squash b i ii iii iv
6 6 3 5
29 3 17 Exercise 8E
1 a 1st roll
1 2 3 4
1
1 (1, 1) (2, 1) (3, 1) (4, 1)
b 29
2 (1, 2) (2, 2) (3, 2) (4, 2)
1 2nd roll
c 3 (1, 3) (2, 3) (3, 3) (4, 3)
50
5 a 7 b 20 c 5 4 (1, 4) (2, 4) (3, 4) (4, 4)
7 13 28
d e f
33 33 33
Answers 911
1
b 16 c 6 a
16 1st
1 5 13 O L D
d i ii iii
4 8 16
C (O, C) (L, C) (D, C)
2 a
1st toss O (O, O) (L, O) (D, O)
Answers
H T L (O, L) (L, L) (D, L)
H (H, H) (T, H) 2nd L (L, L) (D, L)
2nd toss (O, L)
T (H, T) (T, T)
E (O, E) (L, E) (D, E)
b 4 G (O, G) (L, G) (D, G)
1 E (O, G) (L, G) (D, G)
c
4
1 3 1
d i ii b 21 c
2 4 7
e 250 7 a i 100 ii 90
3 a 1 1 4
1st b i ii iii
10 10 5
S E T 19
c
S X (E, S) (T, S) 100
1 5
2nd E (S, E) X (T, E) 8 a i ii
4 8
T (S, T) (E, T) X 2 1 2
b i ii iii
8E
5 10 3
1 2 2 1
b i ii iii iv v 1 9 a without b with c with d without
6 3 3 3
10 a 30
4 a 1st 1 1 2 4
b i ii iii iv
L E V E L 15 15 15 15
1
L X (E, L) (V, L) (E, L) (L, L) c
18
E (L, E) X (V, E) (E, E) (L, E) 11 a
1st
2nd V (L, V) (E, V) X (E, V) (L, V)
2.5 5 10 20
E (L, E) (E, E) (V, E) X (L, E) 5 7.5
2.5 12.5 22.5
L (L, L) (E, L) (V, L) (E, L) X 5 7.5 10 15 25
2nd
b 20 10 12.5 15 20 30
c i 8 ii 12 iii 12 20 22.5 25 30 40
2 3 3
d i ii iii b 16
5 5 5
c i 1 ii 8 iii 8
1
e 1 1 1 3
5 d i ii iii iv
16 8 4 16
5 a 7
Die 1 e
16
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8F
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 2 3
Die 2 1 a i ii b i ii
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 5 5 5
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 3
c i ii
4 4
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2 a 3
M M, M 3 ×3= 9
8 8 8 64
b 36 M
3
c i 2 ii 6 iii 15 8
5 F M, F 3 5 15
× =
8 8 64
1 1 35 1 8
d i ii iii iv
6 6 36 12 3
5 × 3 = 15
1 5
8 M F, M 8 8 64
e . Her guess is wrong. 8 F
6
5 F, F 5 × 5 = 25
F 8 8 64
8
912 Answers
b 2 3 2 3 2 a Outcome Probability
7 M M, M ×
8 7
= 28
1 3 3
3 M 3 white (Kia, white) × =
2 4 8
3 5 15 4
8 5 F M, F ×
8 7
= 56
7 1 Kia
2 1 1 1
3
1 silver (Kia, silver) × =
2 4 8
5 3
M F, M × = 15 4
Answers
5 7 8 7 56
8 F 2
1 2 1
1 3 white (Mazda,white) × =
2 3 3
4 5 4 5
7
F F, F ×
8 7
= 14 2 Mazda
1 1 1 1
3
red (Mazda, red) × =
2 3 6
Now you try 3 1 17
b i ii iii
Example 12 8 6 24
3 1 7 5 1
a b iv v vi
5 5 24 6 3
c Box Counter Outcome Probability 3 a Outcome Probabilities
3 R 2 3 2
3_
red (A, red) 1_ × 3_ 3
= 10
_ 5 (R, R) × =
3 5 5
5 2 5
A 2 R
1_ 2 2 4
1_ 2_ 3 2 W (R, W) × =
2 2_ green (A, green) 2
× 5
= 1_5 3 5 15
5 5
1_ 4
1_ 1_ 1 1 4 4
1_ 5 red (B, red) 2
× 5
= 10
_ 1 5 R (W, R) × =
3 5 15
2 B 3 W
8F
4_ 1_ × 4_ = 2_5 1 1 1 1
5
green (B, green) 2 5 5
W (W, W) × =
3 5 15
1 2 4 2 8
d e b i ii iii
10 5 15 5 15
Example 13 2 4 4
c i ii iii
a Selection 1 Selection 2 Outcome Probability 9 9 9
3_ 4_ 3_ 1 4 a Outcome Probabilities
8 B (B, B) 9
× 8
= __
6
1 M 3 1 1
4_ B 3 (M, M) × =
7 3 7
4_ 5_ 5
9 5_ W (B, W) 9
× 8
= __
18 M
8 3
7 3 2 2
2 F (M, F) × =
7 3 7
4_ 5_ 4_ 5 3
5_ 8 B (W, B) 9
× 8
= __
18
9 W 1
4 1 2
4 2 M (F, M) × =
7 2 7
5_ 4_ 5
4_ W (W, W) 9
× 8
= __
18 7 F
8
1 4 1 2
F (F, F) × =
5 1 5 2 7 2 7
b i ii iii
18 6 9 1 2 4 3
20 16 40 i ii iii iv
c i ii iii 7 7 7 7
81 81 81 9 16 24 25
b i ii iii iv
49 49 49 49
Exercise 8F 5 a 1
3 >4
1 3
1 a b >4
4 4 1
3 2 ≤4
c Box Counter Outcome Probability 3
1 1 1 1 1
4 yellow (A, yellow) × =
2 4 8 2 3
>4
1 A 3 ≤4
2 1 3 3
3 orange (A, orange) × =
2 4 8 2 ≤4
4 3
3
yellow (B, yellow) 1 3 3 1 4 5 4
1 4 × =
2 4 8 b i ii iii iv
2 B 9 9 9 9
1 1 1 1
4
orange (B, orange) × =
2 4 8
3 1
d e
8 2
Answers 913
6 a Outcome 11 a Outcome Probability

1 1 1 1 1
R (R, R) 4 P (A, P) × =
2 3 4 12
1 R A
3 1 3 1
2 1 W (R, W) G (A, G) × =
3 4 4
1 4
2
3
Answers
1 1 1 1
1 1 2 P (B, P) × =
3 2 6
1 2 R (W, R) 3
2 B
W 1 1 1 1
G (B, G) × =
3 2 6
1 2
2
W (W, W) 1
3 3 1 3 1
4 P (C, P) × =
1 1 3 3 3 4 4
i ii iii iv C
4 2 4 4 1 1 1 1
G (C, G) × =
3 4 12
b Outcome Probability 4
1 R (R, R)
3
1 1 1
× = b 6
2 3 6
R 1 1 1
1 c i ii iii
2 2 W (R, W) 1 2 1
× = 12 6 4
3 2 3 3 1
d
2
1 2 1
2
1 3 R (W, R) × =
2
2 3 3 7 1
W 12 a i ii
1 1 1 1
8 8
W (W, W) × =
3 2 3 6 b $87.50 to player A, $12.50 to player B
1 2 5 5 c i A $68.75, B $31.25 ii A $50, B $50
8F
i ii iii iv
6 3 6 6 iii A $81.25, B $18.75 iv A $34.38, B $65.62
1 4 v Answers may vary.
7 a i ii
5 5
b Outcome Probability
8G
1 U (U, U) 1 1 1
× =
9 5 9 45
1 U Building understanding
5 1 8 8 1 1
8 N (U, N) × =
5 9 45 1 a i ii
9
2 2
2 4 2 8
4 9 U (N, U) × =
5 9 45 b yes
5 N
1
7 4 7 28
× =
c
9
N (N, N) 5 9 45 2
3 1
1 16 44 2 a i ii
i ii iii 10 3
45 45 45
b no
c 62.2%
c no
8 a i 0.17 ii 0.11 iii 0.83
3 a with
b i 0.1445 ii 0.0965 iii 0.8555
b without
3 4
9 a b
7 7
10 a Outcome Probability
Now you try
1 0 R (R, R, R) 0
4 R 1
Example 14
1 B (R, R, B) 10
R 1 1 a
2 3 R (R, B, R) 10 A B
5 3 B 1
4 2 B (R, B, B)
3
5 5 3 6
1 1
1 3 R (B, R, R) 10 0
3 2 R 1
5 2 B (B, R, B)
B 3 2
5 4 1
3 R (B, B, R)
1 b i ii
1 B
5 7 3
1
2 1 B (B, B, B) 10 c No, Pr(A ∣ B) ≠ Pr(A).
3
1 3 9 9
i ii iii 0 iv v
10 10 10 10
2
b i 1 ii
5
914 Answers
Exercise 8G Problems and challenges

1 a 1 a 0.16 b 0.192 c 0.144
A B
2 0.593 75
1 2 2 7 4
3 a b 1 c
Answers
8 7
3 1 1 3 2
4 a b c d
3 1 12 2 4 3
b i ii
8 2 63
5
c not independent 64
2 a 1
6
A B 13 983 816
3
7
2 2 1 5
1
1 8
12
2 2 9 true
b i ii
3 3 8
c independent 10
9
3 1
3 a i , ii not independent
4 2
1 1
b i , ii independent
4 4 1 1 3
1 a b c
8G
1 1 8 4 8
c i , ii independent
3 3 5 1
d e
2 8 2
d i ,0 ii not independent 5 1 5
7 2 a b c
1 1 8 2 8
4 a Pr(A) = , Pr(A ∣ B) = , independent 2 1 1
2 2 3 a i ii iii
5 4 5
3 1 1 1
b Pr(A) = , Pr(A ∣ B) = , not independent iv v
10 4 10 20
5 3 3 17
c Pr(A) = , Pr(A ∣ B) = , not independent b i ii
12 20 5 20
1 1 4 a
d Pr(A) = , Pr(A ∣ B) = , independent C H
9 9
5 a
T G 12 6 5
13
7 8 2
b C C′
T H 6 5 11
T′
G 8 2 10 H ′
12 13 25
G′ 7 0 7 18 18 36
15 2 17 c 13
1 5 1
15 7 4 d i ii iii
i ii iii 6 36 2
17 17 5 6
b no 5 a 6 b
13
1 31 31
6 a b c 6 a i 13 ii 4 iii 1
32 32 32 3 1
1 1 1 1 b i ii
7 a b c d 4 52
216 216 72 36 4 10
2 c d
8 False; Pr(A ∣ B) = 0 but Pr(A) = . 13 13
9
9 a 6 b 22 c 2 7 a 0.1 b 0.5
10 a 0.24 b 0.76 2 1
8 a b
5 5 5
11
6
Answers 915
9 a i
4
ii
5
iii
1 Extended-response questions
11 11 5
1 a 3
b No, Pr(A ∣ B) ≠ Pr(A)
7 1
1 1 1 b i ii
c i ii iii 15 15
2 4 2
Answers
c
d Yes, Pr(A ∣ B) = Pr(A) R R′
10 a S 3 1 4
1st
S ′
3 8 11
H A P P Y
6 9 15
H (H, H) (A, H) (P, H) (P, H) (Y, H)
2nd 1 3
E (H, E) (A, E) (P, E) (P, E) (Y, E) d i ii
2 4
Y (H, Y) (A, Y) (P, Y) (P, Y) (Y, Y)
2 a
1st
b 15
1 2 13 R S W
c i ii iii
15 15 15 R (R, R) (S, R) (W, R)
11 a 1st 2nd Total 2nd S (R, S) (S, S) (W, S)
1 1 2 W (R, W) (S, W) (W, W)
4 1
4 2 3 1 1 5 4
b i ii iii iv
1 9 3 9 9
3 4
Ch8 Review
1
1 4 c 4
4 4 5 5
1
1 3 d
4 1 9
4 1
4 2 4 e Outcome
1
4 2 1 R (R, R)
1
3 5 6 1
1 4 3
4 4 6 R S (R, S)
1 1 4 1
4 1 2 2 W (R, W)
7
4 1 R (S, R)
1 2 5
4
3 2 3 1
1 3 6 7 6
1 4 S S (S, S)
1 4 4 7 1
4 2 W (S, W)
1 1 5 3 1 R (W, R)
4 1 7 3 1
4 2 6 3
4 W S (W, S)
1
3 7
1
1 4 W (W, W)
3
4 4 8
1 10 6 16
1 1 i ii iii iv
b i ii iii 0 iv 1 21 21 7 21
16 4
12 1 F
4
2 F Chapter 9
5 3 M
4
9A
1
3 2 F Building understanding
5 M
1
M 1 a C b D c A d B e E
2
2 a B b E c C
2 3 3 3 7 d D e F f A
a b c d e
5 4 10 5 10 3 a numerical b categorical c categorical
13 a 0.12 b 0.58 4 D
1 A 2 B 3 D 4 C 5 B
6 A 7 C 8 A 9 E 10 E
916 Answers
Now you try Now you try

Example 1 Example 3
a numerical and continuous a Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
b categorical and ordinal
0– 6 37.5
Answers
Example 2
Students who study in the library may not reflect a typical group 10– 6 37.5
of Year 12 students. 20– 3 18.75
30–40 1 6.25
Exercise 9A 16 100
1 a numerical and discrete b Number of phone texts

b numerical and continuous
c categorical and nominal 6 37.5
d categorical and ordinal
Frequency
2 a numerical and discrete 4 25 Percentage
b numerical and discrete frequency
c categorical and nominal 2 12.5
d numerical and continuous
e categorical and ordinal 0
0 10 20 30 40
3 a No b No
Score
c Yes d Yes
9A
4 a D c Stem Leaf
b D is the most representative sample. A may pick out the 0 255779
keen students; B probably are good maths students who
1 012448
like maths; and C will have different-sized classes.
5 a For example, likely to be train passengers. 2 249
b For example, email will pick up computer users only. 3 2
c For example, electoral roll will list only people aged
2 ∣ 4 means 24
18 years and over.
6 Check with your teacher. d Median = 11.5
7 a A small survey, misinterpreted their data.
b Survey more companies and make it Australia-wide. Exercise 9B
c No, data suggest that profits had reduced, not necessarily
1 a Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
that they were not making a profit. Also, sample size is too
small. 0– 5 25
8 a Graph A 5– 9 45
b Graph B
10–15 6 30
c The scale on graph A starts at 23, whereas on graph B it
starts at 5. Total 20 100
d Graph A because the scale expands the difference in b Histogram of wins
column heights. 10 50
Percentage frequency
9 For example, showing only part of the scale, using different

8 40
column widths, including erroneous data values.
Frequency
10–12 Research required. 6 30

4 20
9B 2 10
0 5 10 15
1 a 10 b 1.4 c 1 d 1 e 90% Wins
2 Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency c Stem Leaf
0 01344556778999
0− 2 20
1 012235
10− 1 10
1 ∣ 2 means 12
20− 5 50
d 7.5
30–40 2 20
Total 10 100
Answers 917
2 a Type of transport Frequency Percentage frequency 12

10 Sensor C
Car 16 40
Frequency
Train 6 15 8
Tram 6
8 20
4
Walking 5 12.5
Answers
2
Bicycle 2 5
0
Bus 3 7.5 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Total 40 100 c i low sensitivity ii very sensitive
iii moderately sensitive
b i 6 ii car iii 40%
iv 17.5% v 42.5% 7 a Mass Frequency Percentage frequency
3 a symmetrical b negatively skewed
10– 3 6
c positively skewed d symmetrical
4 a i 34.3 ii 38 iii 39 15– 6 12
b i 19.4 ii 20 iii no mode 20– 16 32
5 a 25– 21 42
30–35 4 8
0 1 2 3 Total 50 100
Nick’s goal scoring
b 50
b
c 32%
9B
d At least 25 g but less than 30 g.
e 42%
0 1 2 3 4 5 f 94%
Jack’s goal scoring 8 a Section Frequency Percentage frequency
c Well spread performance.
Strings 21 52.5
d Irregular performance, positively skewed.
Woodwind 8 20
6 a Sensor A Sensor B Sensor C
frequency frequency frequency Brass 7 17.5
0– 21 12 6 Percussion 4 10
3– 0 1 11 Total 40 100
6– 0 1 3 b 40 c 52.5% d 47.5%
9– 0 1 1 e 9.3% f 65.6%
12– 0 0 0 9 8 students scored between 20 and 30 and there are
15– 0 2 0 32 students all together, so this class interval makes up 25%
18– 0 2 0 of the class.
21– 0 1 0 10 No discrete information, only intervals are given and not
24–26 0 1 0 individual values.
11 3 ⩽ a ⩽ 7, 0 ⩽ b ⩽ 4, c = 9
Total 21 21 21
12 a
Percentage
b 25
Cumulative cumulative
20 Sensor A
Bill ($) Frequency frequency frequency
Frequency
15
0– 2 2 5.4
10
5 40– 1 3 8.1
0 80– 12 15 40.5
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
120– 18 33 89.2
14
12 Sensor B 160– 3 36 97.3
10 200–240 1 37 100
Frequency
8
b 15
6
4
2
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
918 Answers
c b i min = 16, max = 31 ii 25

Percentage cummulative 100 40 iii Q1 = 21, Q3 = 27 iv IQR = 6
v No outliers.
frequency 80 30 .
60 4 a i 5.3 ii 2.4
20 b i 2.5 . ii 2
40
Answers
10 c i 2.93 ii 0.5
20
5 a i min = 25, max = 128 ii 47
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 iii Q1 = 38, Q3 = 52.5 iv IQR = 14.5
Bill($) v yes; 128 vi 51.25
d i $130 ii $100 iii $150 b Median as it is not affected dramatically by the outlier.
e $180 c A more advanced calculator was used.
f approx. 20% 6 a No outliers. b Outlier is 2.
c Outliers are 103, 182. d Outliers are 2, 8.
9C 7 a IQR = 12 b No outliers.
c 24 d 22
Building understanding 8 1, 2, 3
9 a Increases by 5. b It is doubled.
Min, lower quartile (Q1), median (Q2), upper quartile (Q3),
1 a
c It is divided by 10.
max
10 a It stays the same. b It doubles.
b Range is max – min; IQR is Q3 − Q1. Range is the spread
c It is reduced by a scale factor of 10.
of all the data, IQR is the spread of the middle 50% of data.
11 Answers may vary. Examples:
c An outlier is a data point (element) outside the vicinity of
a 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 b 2, 4, 6, 6, 6 c 7, 7, 7, 10, 10
9B
the rest of the data.

12 It is not greatly affected by outliers.
d If the data point is greater than Q3 + 1.5 × IQR or less
13 Answers may vary.
than Q1 − 1.5 × IQR.
2 a 2
b i 1 ii 3 9D
c 2 d −2, 6 e yes; 8
3 a i 10.5 ii 7.5 iii 12 Building understanding
b 4.5 c 0.75, 18.75 d no 1 a 15 b 5 c 25 d 20
e 10 f 20 g 10
Now you try
2 a 4 b 2 c 18 d 20
Example 4 e It is.
a Range = 9, IQR = 4.5
b Range = 0.9, IQR = 0.6 Now you try
Example 5 Example 6
a i 0 and 36 ii 24 iii 19 and 26 a Yes, 1 is an outlier.
iv 7 v yes; 0 b
b Perhaps the bus was not taking passengers.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Exercise 9C
1 a min = 3, Q1 = 4, median = 8, Q3 = 10, max = 13; Exercise 9D
range = 10, IQR = 6
b min = 10, Q1 = 10.5, median = 14, Q3 = 15.5, 1 a i Q1 = 4, Q3 = 7; outlier is 13
max = 18; range = 8, IQR = 5 ii
c min = 1.2, Q1 = 1.85, median = 2.4, Q3 = 3.05,
max = 3.4; range = 2.2, IQR = 1.2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
d min = 41, Q1 = 53, median = 60.5, Q3 = 65, b i Q1 = 1.6, Q3 = 1.9; outlier is 1.1
max = 68; range = 27, IQR = 12
ii
2 a min = 0, max = 17 b median = 13
c Q1 = 10, Q3 = 15 d IQR = 5
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
e 0
f Road may have been closed that day. c i Q1 = 19, Q3 = 23; outliers are 11 and 31
3 a i min = 4, max = 14 ii 7.5 ii
iii Q1 = 5, Q3 = 9 iv IQR = 4
v No outliers. 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Answers 919
d i Q1 = 0.03, Q3 = 0.05; no outliers Now you try

ii
Example 7
Mean = 2.8, s = 1.6
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Example 8
Answers
2 a a More data values are centred around the 10s and 20s for
Year 12 compared to 20s and 30s for Year 7.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 b The Year 7 data are more spread-out.
c Given their studies, Year 12s are more likely to watch less
b
television.
36 40 44 48 52 60 64
Exercise 9E
c
1 mean = 3.8, s = 2.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 2 a mean = 6, s = 2.2 b mean = 3.6, s = 2.6
c mean = 8, s = 3.8 d mean = 32.5, s = 3.6
d 3 a mean = 2.7, s = 0.9 b mean = 14.5, s = 6.6
4 a The outer-suburb school has more data values in the
70 80 90 100 110 120 130
higher range.
3 a Same minimum of 1. b There is less spread. Data values are closer to the mean.
b B c Students at outer-suburb schools may live some distance
c i 5 ii 10 from the school. Answers will vary.
d Data points for B are more evenly spread than those for A.
9D
5 a false b true c true
4 a Q1 = 14.6, Q2 = 15.3, Q3 = 15.8 6 a mean = 2, s = 1.0 b mean = 5.25, s = 0.7
b 19.7 kg 7 a no b no c yes
c Box plot of lemur weights d Yes, one of the deviations would be calculated using the
outlier.
8 a No, standard deviation reflects the spread of the data
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 values from the mean not the size of the data values.
Lemur weights b No. As for part a.
5 a They have the same median and upper quartile. 9 The IQRs would be the same, making the data more
b B comparable. The standard deviation would be affected by the
c i 4 ii 5 outlier.
d Set B is more spread out. 10 a i 85.16 ii 53.16 iii 101.16
6 a A b B c B iv 37.16 v 117.16 vi 21.16
7 a Box plot of Set 1, Set 2 b i 66% ii 96% iii 100%
c i Research required
Examiner 2
ii One SD from the mean = 68%
Examiner 1 Two SDs from the mean = 95%
Three SDs from the mean = 99.7%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Close to answers found.
Spelling errors
b Yes, examiner 2 found more errors. Progress quiz
8 Answers may vary. Examples:
a i, ii Class results had a smaller spread in the top 25% 1 a numerical and discrete
and bottom 25% performed better. b categorical and nominal
iii State results have a larger IQR. 2 a Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
b The class did not have other results close to 0 but the
0− 3 15
school did.
9 Answers may vary. 10− 8 40
20− 5 25
9E
30− 3 15
Building understanding 40−50 1 5
1 a larger b smaller
2 a B b A
3 A. The data values in A are spread farther from the mean than
the data values in B.
4 a Gum Heights b Oak Valley
920 Answers
b Travel time from home to school Now you try

8 100
Example 9
7
a
6 75 120
Relative frequency
Answers
Frequency
Price ($)
5
100
4 50
3 80
2 25
0
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Week
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 b General linear upward trend.
Time (in minutes)
Exercise 9F
c Stem Leaf
1 a
0 689 1000
900
1 24555689
Population
800
2 03578 700
3 238 600
500
4 4
Ch9 Progress quiz
400
2 ∣ 3 means 23 0
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
18 + 19 Year
d Median = = 18.5
2
b Generally linear in a positive direction.
3 a ange = 32 − 4 = 28; Q2 = 17, Q1 = 12,
R
c i 500 ii 950
Q3 = 23, IQR = 11
b Range = 6.6 − 4.2 = 2.4; Q2 = 5.2, Q1 = 4.5, 2 a
1.45
Q3 = 6.1, IQR = 1.6 1.4
Price($)
4 a i min = 30, max = 69 1.35

ii median = 39 1.3
iii lower quartile = 34, upper quartile = 46 1.25
iv IQR = 12 1.2
v Q1 − 1.5 × IQR = 16; Q3 + 1.5 × IQR = 64 0
J F MA M J J A S O N D
The outlier is 69.
Month
b For example, school open day or grandparents day.
5 a Q1 = 16, Q3 = 22, IQR = 6 b The share price generally increased until it peaked in
Q3 + 1.5 × IQR = 31 June and then continually decreased to a yearly low in
32 is an outlier. November before trending upwards again in the final
month.
b
c $0.21
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 3 a
Pass rate (%)
100
6 2.7
90
80
9F 70
0
Building understanding 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
1 a linear b no trend Year
c non-linear d linear b The pass rate for the examination has increased marginally
2 a i 28°C ii 33°C over the 10 years, with a peak in 2001.
iii 33°C iv 35°C c 2001 d 11%
b 36°C 4 a linear
c i 12 p.m. to 1 p.m. ii 3 p.m to 4 p.m. b i $650 000 ii $750 000
d Temperature is increasing from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. in a 5 a i $6000 ii $4000
generally linear way. At 3 p.m. the temperature starts to drop. b 1
Answers 921
c 9G
20
18 Southbank Building understanding
16
1 a unlikely b likely c unlikely
14
Sales ($’000)
d likely e likely f likely
Answers
12
10 2 a y generally increases as x increases.
City Central b y generally decreases as x increases.
8
6 Now you try
4
2 Example 10
0 a y
Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Month 4
d i The sales trend for City Central for the 6 months is fairly
3
constant.
ii Sales for Southbank peaked in August before taking a
downturn. 2
e about $5000
6 a i 5.8 km 1
ii 1.7 km
b i Blue Crest slowly gets closer to the machine. 0 x
9F
5 10 15 20
ii Green Tail starts near the machine and gets further
from it. b positive
c 8:30 p.m. c strong
7 a The yearly temperature is cyclical and January is the next d (13, 2.0)
month after December and both are in the same season.
b no Exercise 9G
c Northern hemisphere, as the seasons are opposite, June
is summer. 1 a y Scatter plot
8 a Increases continually, rising more rapidly as the years
1.8
progress. 1.7
b Compound interest—exponential growth. 1.6
9 a Graphs may vary, but it should decrease from room 1.5
1.4
temperature to the temperature of the fridge. 1.3
b No. Drink cannot cool to a temperature lower than that of 1.2
the internal environment of the fridge. 1.1
1.0
10 a Innings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.9
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Score 26 38 5 10 52 103 75 21 33 0
b positive c strong d (8, 1.0)
Moving average 26 32 23 20 26 39 44 41 40 36
2 a y Scatter plot
b
120 4
Number of runs
100
80 Score 3
60 Moving
40 average 2
20
0 1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Innings number 0
x
c Innings number. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
i The score fluctuates wildly. b negative c strong d (14, 4)
ii The graph is fairly constant with small increases and
decreases.
d The moving average graph follows the trend of the score
graph but the fluctuations are much less significant.
922 Answers
3 a negative 7 a Scatter plot

y Scatter plot 2250
24 2000
No. of words
22 1750
20 1500
Answers
18 1250
16 1000
750
14
500
12
250
10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 x
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 No. of photos
b Negative, weak correlation.
b positive
y 8 a Scatter plot
Scatter plot
4.5
150
4.0
Volume (dB)
140
3.5
130 3.0
120 2.5
2.0
110
1.5
9G
100 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

x
0 2 4 6 8 10 Distance (m)
c none b negative
Scatter plot c As distance increases, volume decreases.
y
9 a i weak, negative correlation
26 Scatter plot
24
22 35
20
Incidence of crime
18 30
16
14
25
12
10
8 20
x
15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5
15
4 a none b weak negative 5 10 15 20 25 30
c positive d strong positive No. of police
5 a yes ii no correlation
b decrease
Scatter plot
c i yes ii car H
26
6 a Scatter plot
25
Incidence of crime
8.5 E 24
Average diameter (cm)
23
8.0
22
7.5 C
B 21
7.0 20
A 19
6.5
D 5 10 15 20 25 30
6.0 No. of police
20 25 30 35 40
b Survey 1, as this shows an increase in the number of
Fertiliser (grams per week)
police has seen a decrease in the incidence of crime.
b D 10 The positive correlation shows that as height increases it is
c Seems likely but small sample size does lead to doubt. predicted that ability to play tennis increases.
Answers 923
11 Each axis needs a better scale. All data are between 6 and d i ≈7 ii ≈ 11
8 hours sleep and show only a minimal change in exam iii ≈ 8 iv ≈ 4.5
marks. Also, very small sample size. Example 12
12 a i students I, T ii students G, S 5 10
b i students H, C ii students B, N a y= x+
3 3
Answers
c students C, G, H, S, b i 45 cm ii 90 cm
d students B, I, N, T c i 34 kg ii 46 kg
e no
Exercise 9H
9H
1 a y Scatter plot
5
1 a y b y
4
3
2
1
0
x
x x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
b positive correlation
c y d y c As above.
9G
d All answers are approximate.
i 3.2 ii 0.9 iii 1.8 iv 7.4
2 a ≈ 4.5 b ≈6
c ≈ 0.5 d ≈ 50
x 3
3 a y = x + 18
x 5
b i 42 ii 72
1 7 2 17 c i 30 ii 100
2 a y= x+ b y=− x+
2 2 3 3 4 a, b Scatter plot
23 90
3 a i 17 ii
4 80
28 14 70
Growth (cm)
b i ii
5 5 60
50
Now you try 40
30
Example 11 20
a y 400 500 600 700 800
10 Rainfall (mm)
8 c i ≈ 25 cm ii ≈ 85 cm
d i ≈ 520 mm ii ≈ 720 mm
6
5 a y = 5x − 5
4
b 85 cm
2
x c 21 kg
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 a Data do not appear to have any correlation.
b Too few data points to determine a correlation.
b negative correlation
7 a Too few data points to determine a correlation.
c y b The data points suggest that the trend is not linear.
10 8 a i 50 ii 110
8 b It is possible to obtain scores of greater than 100%.
6
4
2
0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
924 Answers
9 a Experiment 1 Exercise 9I
Scatter plot
1 A a, c y
200
Max. heart rate (b.p.m.)
180 8
Answers
160 7
140 6
120 5
100 4
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
3
Age (years)
2
Experiment 2
Scatter plot 1
220 0 x
Max. heart rate (b.p.m.)
200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
180 b y = 0.55x + 3.45
160 d i 7.34 ii 10.11
140 B a, c y
120
9H
100 4.0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 3.5
Age (years)
3.0
b i ≈ 140 ii ≈ 125
c i ≈ 25 ii ≈ 22 2.5
d experiment 2
e Research required. 2.0
9I 1.5
Building understanding 1.0
1 a i 12 ii 3.26 0.5
b i 7 ii 2
0.0 x
2 a There is no linear correlation.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
b The correlation shown is not a linear shape.
b y = −0.08x + 4.21
Now you try d i 3.66 ii 3.28
Example 13 C a, c y
a, c Scatter plot
y
8
8
7
7
6 6
5 5
4
4
3
2 3
1 2
0 x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1
b y = 0.80x − 0.29 0 x
d i 3.32 ii 11.76 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Answers 925
b y = −3.45x + 7.42 c i 134 m ii 166 m

d i −16.74 ii −34.00 d No, records are not likely to continue to increase at this rate.
2 a y = −3.55x + 43.04 6 All deviations are used in the calculation of the least squares
b $32 397 regression.
c 8 years 7 A, as it has been affected by the outlier.
Answers
Scatter plot 8 Research required.
3 a, c
Problems and challenges

160 1 66 kg
2 88%
Number of jackets
3 19
140
4 1.1
5 a larger by 3 b larger by 3 c no change
120 d no change e no change
6 y = x2 − 3x + 5
7 5.8 ⩽ a < 6.2
100 8 Physics, Biology. The number of standard deviations from
20 25 30 35 40 the mean shows the relative position of Emily’s mark within
Temperature (°C) the spread of all results from each class. This number gives a
b y = −1.72x + 190.57 meaningful comparison of results. Physics 1.67, Maths 1.11,
d i 139 Biology 0.
9I
ii 130
iii 113
4 a, c Scatter plot
1 a Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
35
0– 2 12.5
30
5– 7 43.75
Number of breakdowns
25 10– 5 31.25
20 15– 1 6.25
20–25 1 6.25
15
Total 16 100
10
b 8 50
5
% Frequency
6
Frequency
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 4 25
−5 Number of copies (× 1000) 2
b y = 0.24x − 7.27 d 232 000 copies

0 5 10 15 20 25
e The regression line suggests that the photocopier will be
Number of hours of TV
considered for scrap because of the number of copies
made, as it’s likely to reach 200 000 copies before breaking c It is positively skewed.
down 50 times. d Stem Leaf
5 a Scatter plot 0 135667889
120 1 012346
110 2 4
Record (m)
100 1 ∣ 3 means 13
90 e 8.5 hours
80 2 a i 10 ii Q1 = 2.5, Q3 = 5.5
iii 3 iv 12
70
v
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
2 4 6 8 10 12
b y = 1.60x − 3066.41
926 Answers
b i 17 ii Q1 = 15, Q3 = 24 2 a Scatter plot

iii 9 iv none 1800
Number of shoppers
v
1600
10 15 20 25 30 1400
Answers
c i 2.4 ii Q1 = 2.1, Q3 = 2.6 1200

iii 0.50 iv 0.7 1000
v
800
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 600

25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 37.5
3 a false b true c true d true Maximum daily temperature (°C)
4 a y positive correlation
Scatter plot
b y = 74.56x − 1010.06
25
c i 779
20 ii 33.7°C
15
Chapter 10
10
10A
5
x
Ch9 Review
1 2 3 4 5
b negative c weak d (3, 5) 1 x 0 1 2 3 4 5
3 7
5 a y= x+ x 1 2 4 8 16 32
5 5 2
b i 3.8 ii 7.4 3 x 1 3 9 27 81 243
2 2 x 1 4 16 64 256 1024
c i 2 ii 17 4
3 3
5x 1 5 25 125 625 3125
6 a mean = 7, s = 2.5
b mean = 4, s = 3.0 x 1 10 100 1000 10 000 100 000
6
7 a The Cats b The Cats
2 a 4 b 4 c 3 d 4
c The Cats d The Cats
1 1 1 1
8 a non-linear 3 a b c d
10 000 2 4 27
b linear
9 y = −3.75x + 25.65 Now you try
Example 1
Multiple-choice questions a 102 = 100 b log3 81 = 4
Example 2
1 D 2 B 3 D 4 C 5 A
a i 4 ii 5
6 C 7 C 8 D 9 E 10 B
b i −3 ii −2
c i 0.699 ii −0.347
Extended-response questions Example 3
a 4 b 125
1 a i 14 ii 41
b i no outliers ii no outliers Exercise 10A
c
Tree 2 1 a i 104 = 10 000 ii 25 = 32
Tree 1 b i log2 8 = 3 ii log3 81 = 4
2 a 24 = 16 b 102 = 100 c 33 = 27
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 1
d 2−2 = e 10−1 = 0.1 f 3−2 =
Number of flying foxes 4 9
d More flying foxes regularly take refuge in tree 1 than in
tree 2, for which the spread is much greater.
Answers 927
3 a log2 8 = 3 b log3 81 = 4 10B

c log2 32 = 5 d log4 16 = 2
1 1
e log10 = −1 f log5 = −3 x
10 125 1 a logb xy = logb x + logb y b logb = logb x − logb y
y
4 a 4 b 2 c 6 d 3
Answers
c loga bm = m × loga b d loga a = 1
e 1 f 2 g 3 h 3
1
i 2 j 2 k 5 l 3 e logc 1 = 0 f loga = −loga b
b
m 0 n 0 o 0 p undefined
2 a 2 b 1 c 4
5 a −3 b −2 c −2 d −3
d 12 e 4 f −1
e −2 f −4 g −4 h −1
3 a 2 b 5 c 3
i −1 j −3 k −5 l −1
d −4 e 12 f 0
m −3 n −1 o −2 p −2
6 a 0.699 b 1.672 c 2.210 Now you try
d −0.097 e −0.770 f −1.431
7 a 3 b 5 c 6 d 4 Example 4
e 3 f 2 g 16 h 81 a loga 24 b loga 2 c loga 16
i 1000 1 1 1 Example 5
j k l
9 4 343 a 0 b 1 c −2 d 1
m 3 n 2 o 4 p 8
q 3 r 10 s 2 t −1 Exercise 10B
10A
8 a 1 a i loga 14 ii loga 5
Time (min) 0 1 2 3 4 5
b i loga 2 ii loga 7
Population 1 2 4 8 16 32 c i loga 9 ii loga 64
b P= 2t c 256 d 13 min 2 a loga 6 b loga 15 c loga 28
e log2 10 000 d logb 18 e logb 15 f logb 17
9 a 16 b 26 c 6 3 a loga 2 b loga 3 c loga 10
(2) (5)
10 a h 0 1 2 3 4 5 3 7
d logb 2 e logb f logb
P 1 10 100 1000 10 000 100 000
4 a loga 9 b loga 25 c loga 27
log10 P 0 1 2 3 4 5 d loga 16 e loga 32 f loga 1000
b log10P 5 a 0 b 0 c 0 d 1
e 1 f 1 g 0 h 3
5 1 2 1
i j k 1 l
3 3 2
4
6 a −2 b −3 c −3
3 d −1 e −2 f −5
7 a 1 b 1 c 3
2 d 2 e 2 f 2
8 a log3 20 b log10 48 c log10 2
1
d log7 2 e log3 8 f 0
(4)
h 3
g log2 h log5 6
O 1 2 3 4 5
3 5 4
Graph is a straight line. 9 a b c
2 2 3
c log10 P = h 3 1 4
11 a i 10 ii 100 iii 10 000 d e f
2 3 5
b i 10 ii 6 iii 3 1
1 10 a loga = loga 1 − loga x = 0 − loga x = −loga x as
12 Yes. 0 < b < 1 ⇒ loga b < 0, when a > 1; e.g. log2 = −2. x
4 required (using 2nd log law)
1 1 1 1 1
13 a b c d b loga = loga x−1 = −loga x as required (using 3rd log
4 5 2 3 x
law)
1 1 2 4 1
e f g h n 1 loga x
2 3 3 3 11 loga √x = loga xn = loga x = as required
n n
1 1 6 4 (using 3rd log law)
i j k l
2 2 5 7
928 Answers
12 a Recall index law 1: am × an = am + n log10 7 log10 16 log10 1.3

11 a i ii iii
Now let x = am and y = an (1) log10 2 log10 3 log10 5
so m = loga x and n = loga y (2) 1 3 −1
From (1), xy = am × an = am + n b i ii iii
log10 5 log10 2 log10 3
So m + n = loga xy
c i 1.631 ii 1.167 iii −0.196
Answers
From (2), m + n = loga x + loga y

So loga xy = loga x + loga y, as required. 10D
b Recall index law 2: am ÷ an = am−n
Now let x = am and y = an (1) Building understanding
so m = loga x and n = loga y (2)
x 1 a 5
From (1), x ÷ y = = a ÷ a = a
m n m−n
b i 3 ii −2 iii 1 iv −1
y
x c 2
So m − n = loga
y 2 a linear b quadratic c quartic
From (2) m − n = loga x − loga y d quadratic e constant f cubic
x
So loga = loga x − loga y, as required. 3 a 3 b 4 c 6
y
c Recall index law 3: (am) n = amn Now you try
Let x = am
So m = loga x (1) Example 8
xn = amn using index law 3 a 14 b 8
So mn = loga xn Example 9
From (1): nloga x = loga xn, as required. a yes b no
10B
10C Exercise 10D

Building understanding 1 a −5 b 11 c 1 d −45
1 2 a 0 b 92 c −4 d 42
1 a log2 8 = 3 b log4 2 = c log3 10 = x
2 3 a 14 b 92 c 8 d 4
2 a 3 b 4 c 8 d 2 4 a, b, f are polynomials.
3 a 0.845 b −0.222 5 a −2 b 25 c −22
c −0.125 d 1.277 d −17 e 17 f −351
1 1
6 a − b −1 c
Now you try 2 2
7 a 0 b 4 c −108
Example 6
8 a i 30 m ii 24 m iii 0 m
a 2.096 b 6.026
b Yes, when 5 < x < 7.
Example 7 9 a 8 b n+1 c 1 d 1
a 3.459 b 8.530 9 20 5 27
10 a − b − c d
8 27 8 64
Exercise 10C
16 216 1 9
e f − g − h −
1 a i 1.161 ii 2.335 27 125 2 8
b i 5.284 ii 4.140 11 a 2k3 − k2 − 5k − 1
2 a 1.465 b 3.459 c 1.594 b 2b3 − b2 − 5b − 1
d 6.871 e 1.177 f 2 c 16a3 − 4a2 − 10a − 1
3 a 1 b 1 c 3.969 d −2a3 − a2 + 5a − 1
d 1.727 e 6.579 f 1.528 e −16a3 − 4a2 + 10a − 1
4 a 2.585 b 1.893 c 1.209 f −54k3 − 9k2 + 15k − 1
d 1.129 e 1.559 f 6.579 g 2a3b3 − a2b2 − 5ab − 1
g 3.322 h 1.262 i 0.356 h −2a3b3 − a2b2 + 5ab − 1
j 3.969 k 3.106 l 1.137 12 a i 10 ii 2 iii 1
5 a 2 days b 2.548 days c 3.322 days iv −13 v −9 vi −18
6 a 14.21 years b 23.84 years c 47.19 years b i 3 ii −11 iii −22
7 a 10.48 years b 22.20 years c 91.17 years c a = 2 and b = −1
8 a A = 2000 × 1.1n b 7 years
9 a F = 300 000 × 0.92n b 8.3 years
10 a 69 years b 1386 years
Answers 929
10E 12 a x4 − x3 + x2 − x
b x5 + 2x4 − 3x3
Building understanding c x3 + 4x2 + x − 6
d 6x3 + 23x2 − 5x − 4
1 a x2 + 2x b x2 + 6x − 55
e 15x3 − 11x2 − 48x + 20
c 8x2 − 26x + 15
Answers
f x5 + 3x4 − x3 − 3x2 − 2x − 6
2 a x4 − 5x3 + 4x2 − 3
b −x6 − 3x4 + x3 − x2 + 13
3 a, b, c are true. Progress quiz
Now you try 1 a log2 32 = 5 b log10 1000 = 3 c loga a = 1

2 a 102 = 100 b 23 = 8 c 70 = 1
Example 10 3 a x=4 b x=4 c x=0
a 3x4 − x3 b x4 − 2x3 + 4x2 − 11x + 6 d x = 625 e x=5 f x = −6
Example 11 4 a 3 b 2 c 2
a x5 + x4 − 5x3 + 2x2 + 7x − 12 1
d −2 e f 1
b x6 − 2x4 + 6x3 + x2 − 6x + 9 2
5 a x = 1.771 b x = 29.060 c x = 8.043
Exercise 10E 6 The term involving √x has a fractional index when written in
index notation.
1 a i x4 − 2x5 ii x4 + 4x3
5 3 2
7 a 8 b 7
b i x + 3x − 3x + 2x − 3
c 3k4 − 2k3 + k2 + 7k + 8
ii x5 − x4 + x3 − x2 − x + 1
8 a 3 b 1 c 3 d 4x3
2 a x3 − 3x2 b x4 − x2 c 2x2 + 6x3
10E
9 7 5
a x − 2x + x 4 b x + 2x + 5x2 − 2x − 6
4 3
d x3 − x4 e x5 + 3x4 f −3x6 + 3x3
5 4 7 4
10 a x4 + x3 + 3x + 2
g −2x − 2x h −x + x i −4x7 + 8x10
5 3 2
b −x4 + x3 − x + 2
3 a x + x + 2x + 2
c x8 + 4x5 + 4x2
b x5 − x
d x7 + x5 + 4x4 + 2x2 + 4x
c x5 − x4 − 3x3 + 3x2
d x5 − x3 − 2x2 − 2x + 4
e x5 + 2x4 + 2x3 − 2x2 − 3x 10F
f x5 − 2x4 + 5x3 − 4x2
g x6 − x5 + x4 − 4x3 + 2x2 − x + 2
h x6 − 5x5 − x4 + 8x3 − 5x2 − 2x + 2 1 a 1 b 3 c 0
i x8 − x6 + x5 − 2x4 − x3 + 3x2 + x − 3 2 a If 182 ÷ 3 = 60 remainder 2 then 182 = 3 × 60 + 2.
4 a x5 − 2x4 + 2x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 1 b If 2184 ÷ 5 = 436 remainder 4 then 2184 = 5 × 436 + 4.
b x6 + 2x4 − 2x3 + x2 − 2x + 1 c If 617 ÷ 7 = 88 remainder 1 then 617 = 7 × 88 + 1.
c x4 − 4x3 + 6x2 − 4x + 1
5 a x5 + 3x4 − x3 − 9x2 − 2x + 8 Now you try
b x4 + 2x3 − 3x2 − 4x + 4
Example 12
c x6 + 4x5 + 2x4 − 12x3 − 15x2 + 8x + 16
a (x − 1) (x2 + 2x − 2) + 1 b (x + 2) (3x2 − 8x + 21) − 44
6 a x3 + x2 − 4x + 1
b x3 − x2 + 6x − 1 Exercise 10F
c 2x3 + 5x2 − 23x + 5
d −x5 + 5x4 − 2x3 + 5x2 − x + 1 1 a (x − 1) (x2 + 2x − 1) + 1
e −x6 − 2x4 − x2 + 4 b (x + 2) (2x2 − 5x + 14) − 30
f −x6 − x4 − 10x3 + 26x2 − 10x + 1 2 P(x) = (x − 1) (x2 + 2x) + 3
7 (x2 + x − 1) 4 = x8 + 4x7 + 2x6 − 8x5 − 5x4 + 8x3 + 3 P(x) = (x + 1) (3x2 − 4x + 5) − 3
2x2 − 4x + 1 4 a 2x3 − x2 + 3x − 2 = (x − 2) (2x2 + 3x + 9) + 16
8 (x2 − x − 1) 2 − (x2 − x + 1) 2 = x4 − 2x3 − x2 + 2x + 1 − b 2x3 + 2x2 − x − 3 = (x + 2) (2x2 − 2x + 3) − 9
(x4 − 2x3 + 3x2 − 2x + 1) = 4x − 4x2 as required (or could c 5x3 − 2x2 + 7x − 1 =
use DOPS) (x + 3) (5x2 − 17x + 58) − 175
9 Yes. Multiplicative axiom ab = ba. d −x3 + x2 − 10x + 4 =
10 a 3 b 5 c 7 d 12 (x−4) (−x2 − 3x − 22) − 84
11 a m b m c m+n
e −2x3 − 2x2 − 5x + 7 =
d 2m e 2m f 3n
(x + 4) (−2x2 + 6x − 29) + 123
f −5x3 + 11x2 − 2x − 20 =
(x − 3) (−5x2 − 4x − 14) − 62
930 Answers
5 a 6x4 − x3 + 2x2 − x + 2 7 a x − 2, x − 1 and x + 1 b x − 3, x − 1 and x + 2

= (x − 3) (6x3 + 17x2 + 53x + 158) + 476 c x − 3, x − 2 and x + 1 d x − 5, x − 1 and x + 4
b 8x5 − 2x4 + 3x3 − x2 − 4x − 6 8 a −4 b −2 c −14 d 96
= (x + 1) (8x4 − 10x3 + 13x2 − 14x + 10) − 16 9 −38
5 10 a 5 b 1 c 5 d −3
6 a x2 − 2x + 3 −
Answers
11 a −2 b 23
x+2
1 12 a a = −1 and b = 2 b a = 3 and b = −4
b x2 + 2x + 2 −
x−1 10H
79
c x3 − 3x2 + 9x − 27 +
x+3 Building understanding
240
d x3 + 4x2 + 15x + 60 + 1 P(−1) = 0
x−4
7 −1, 1, 2 2 a x = −3 or 1 b x = −3 or 4
8 6x2 − 7x − 3
x − 5⟌6x3 − 37x2 + 32x + 15 Now you try
6x3 − 30x2
−7x2 + 32x Example 16
−7x2 + 35x 1 2
a 2, −1, −6 b , −3, −
−3x + 15 2 5
−3x + 15 Example 17
0 x = −1, −4, 3
Remainder of 0, as required.
10F
13 Exercise 10H
9 a 4 b
8 1 a i −1, 4, 2 ii −5, 7, −3
−253 41 5 2 1 8
10 a −8 b c − b i , −4, − ii − , , 2
16 27 2 3 5 3
11 a x3 − x2 + 3x + 2 = (x2 − 1) (x − 1) + 4x + 1 2 a −3, 1, 2 b −7, −2, 1 c −4, 3, 4
b 2x3 + x2 − 5x − 1 = (x2 + 3) (2x + 1) − 11x − 4 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
c 5x4 − x2 + 2 = 5x(x3 − 2) − x2 + 10x + 2 d − ,− ,3 e − ,− ,3 f − , ,
2 3 3 2 7 4 5
12 1 11 3 2 1
g − ,− ,− h − ,− ,
10G 11 2 3 5 19 2
3 a (x − 3) (x − 2) (x + 1); −1, 2, 3
Building understanding b (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3); −3, −2, −1
c (x − 3) (x − 2) (x − 1); 1, 2, 3
1 a −1 b 41 c −19 d −141
d (x − 4) (x − 3) (x − 1); 1, 3, 4
2 a 3 b −2
e (x − 6) (x + 1) (x + 2); −2, −1, 6
3 0
f (x − 2) (x + 3) (x + 5); −5, −3, 2
4 a x = 1 or 1 + √5 or 1 − √5 b x = −2
Now you try
5 a x = −1, 3 or 5 b x = −3, −2 or 1
Example 13 6 a x = −4, 1 or 3 b −2, −1 or 3
a 2 b −37 7 a 3 b 4 c n
Example 14 8 a x2 (x − 1); 0, 1
a no b yes b x2 (x + 1); −1, 0
c x(x − 4) (x + 3); −3, 0, 4
Example 15
d 2x3 (x + 1) 2; −1, 0
k = −2
9 0 = x4 + x2 = x2 (x2 + 1)
No solution to x2 + 1 = 0.
Exercise 10G
Thus, x = 0 is the only solution.
1 a 5 b −7 c −55 10 The discriminant of the quadratic is negative, implying
2 a 3 b 11 c 27 d 57 solutions from the quadratic factor are not real. x = 2 is the
e −127 f −33 g −13 h −69 only solution.
3 a 3 b 20 c 36 d 5 11 a x = −4, −3, −2 or 1
4 b, c and e are factors of P(x). b x = −2 or 3
5 b, d, f, g are factors of P(x). c x = −3, −2, 1 or 3
6 a x+1 b x − 1, x + 1 or x + 2
1
c x+2 d x−2 d x = −2, , 1 or 2
2
Answers 931
10I b y
1 a y
3 x
Answers
−1 O 3
x
−3 −1 O 2
2 a y-intercept: 6
b y x-intercepts: −2, 1, 3
y
3
x
O 6
−5 2 5
x
−2 O 1 3
2 a y-intercept is 12.
x-intercepts are −1, 3, 4.
b y-intercept is 0.
10I
x-intercepts are −7, 0, 5.
b y-intercept: 12
x-intercepts: −1, 3, 4
Now you try y
Example 18
a y 12
x
−1 O 3 4
x
−3 −1 O 2
c y-intercept: 10
−6
y
b y 10
x
−2 O 1 5
x
−4 O 1
d y-intercept: 3
Exercise 10I y
1 a y
3
x
30 −3 O 1 2
x
–3 O 2 5
932 Answers
e y-intercept: 0 3 y
y
y = x4 8
6
Answers
y= x2
x 4
−3 O 2
f y-intercept: 0 x
−2 −1 O 1 2
y −2
y = x3
−4
x
−1 O 5
−6
−8
g y-intercept: 0
10I
y 4 a y b y
1 x
−1 O 1
x
−3 O 1
x −1
−1 O 1
−1 −2
h y-intercept: 0
x-intercepts: −1, 0, 3 −2 −3
y
5 a y = (x − 2) (x + 1) (x + 4)
x b y = (x + 3) (x − 1) (x − 3)
−1 O 3 1
c y = x(x − 2) (x + 3)
2
1
d y = − (x + 3) (x + 1) (x − 2)
2
i y-intercept: 8
6 a y
x-intercepts: −4, −2, 1
y 60
8
40
x
−4 −2 O 1 30
20
3
j y-intercept: x
2 −2 −1O 1 2 3 4 5
1
x-intercepts: −3, −1,
2 −20
y
3
2
x
−3 −1 O 0.5
Answers 933
b y c y d y
80
4
60
12 x
Answers
−4 −1 O
40
20
x
−2O 3
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O1 2 3 4
−2
7 a y b y e y f y
2 8
x 6
−1−2O 2
4 2
−4 2
−6 x x x
−4 −2 −2 O −2 O 2
−8 −1 2
−9
10I
−10 −4
c y d y
9 a i y-intercept = (0, −6)
x ii y = (x − 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)
−2 O 2 2 iii x-intercepts: (−3, 0), (−2, 0), (−1, 0)
−2 iv y
x
−2 −1 O1 2
−4 O x
−2 − 3 −2 1
e y f y
4 15
13
2 10 −6
x 5
−4 −3 −2 −1 O
x b i y-intercept = (0, 15)

O 5 ii y = (x − 5) (x − 3) (x + 1)
(2, −3)
−5 iii x-intercepts: (−1, 0), (3, 0), (5, 0)
iv y
8 a y b y 15
x
x −1 O
O 3 x
−1 O 3 5
934 Answers
c i y-intercept = (0, 8) 3 a 3 b 4 c 4
ii y = (x − 2) (x − 1) (x + 1) (x + 4) d 0 e −3 f −3
iii x-intercepts: (−4, 0), (−1, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0) g −1 h −4 i −2
4 a loga 8 b logb 21 c logb 144
iv y
d loga 10 e loga 4 f loga 1000
Answers
8 3
x g 2 h 1 i
2
−4 −1 O 1 2
5 a x = log3 6 b x = log1.2 2
log10 13 log10 2
6 a b
log10 2 log10 0.8
7 a −1 b 1 c −2 d −34
8 a x4 + 3x2 + 2
d i y-intercept = (0, 225) b x5 − x4 − 3x3
ii y = (x − 5) (x − 3) (x + 3) (x + 5) c x5 + x4 − 3x3 − x2 − x + 3
iii x-intercepts: (−5, 0), (−3, 0), (3, 0), (5, 0) d x6 + 2x4 − 4x3 + x2 − 4x + 3
iv y 9 a x3 + x2 + 2x + 3 = (x − 1) (x2 + 2x + 4) + 7
b x3 − 3x2 − x + 1 = (x + 1) (x2 − 4x + 3) − 2
225 c 2x3 − x2 + 4x − 7 = (x + 2) (2x2 − 5x + 14) − 35
d −2x3 − x2 − 3x − 4 = −(x − 3) (2x2 + 7x + 24) − 76
10 a −3 b −39 c −91 d 41
11 b, c and d are factors.
a x = −2, 1 or 3
10I
12
x 1 3
−5 −3 O 3 5 b x = − , or 5
3 2
13 a (x − 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) = 0 x = −3, −2 or 1
b (x + 2) (x − 5) (x − 6) = 0 x = −2, 5 or 6
14 a y b y
Problems and challenges
1 5 4
1
1 a 2 b 8 c d 3
2
x x
2 a 1.43 b −1.43 c −2.71 −1
O
1 −1O 1 4 5
3 x=6
−1 −5
4 2p − q + 2
5 a x > 2.10 b x ⩾ −2.81
1 −2 −10
4 1
6 a = 2 × 3 , b = log2 3
4
log10 2
7 = log1.1 2 c y d y
log10 1.1
8 −2 10
9 a = 5, b = −2
5 10
10 Proof using long division required.
a (x3 − a3) ÷ (x − a) = x2 + ax + a2
b (x3 + a3) ÷ (x + a) = x2 − ax + a2 x 5
−5 −2 O 3 5
11 a 2 ⩽ x ⩽ 5 or x ⩽ −1
b −4 < x < 1 or x > 4 −5 x
O
1
12 y = (x − 3) 2 (x + 2)
9 −10
13 16
1
14 y = − x2 (x − 3) (x + 3)
10
Short-answer questions 1 C 2 B 3 E 4 A 5 D
1 6 D 7 A 8 B 9 E 10 E
1 a log2 16 = 4 b log10 1000 = 3 c log3 = −2
9
1
2 a 34 = 81 b 4−2 = c 10−1 = 0.1
16
Answers 935
Extended-response questions b Reflected in x-axis and translated 2 units left.

y
1 a B
b i $121 000 ii $115 369 iii $272 034 x
−2 O
c i 7.27 ii 6.17 iii 16.89
2 a i 32 ii 0
Answers
b There is no remainder; i.e. P(1) = 0.
c x2 − 4x − 21 −4
d (x − 7) (x − 1) (x + 3)
e x = 7, 1 or −3
f P(0) = 21 c Translated 5 units up.
g y y
21
x
−3 O 1 (1, 6)
7 5
x
O
2 a −5 b −5, 1 c (−2, −9)

d y
Semester review 2
Ch10 Review
Measurement O 1
x
−5
−5
1 a36 cm, 52 cm2 b 1.3 m, 0.1 m2
c220 mm, 2100 mm2 (−2, −9) −9
2 a188.5 m2, 197.9 m3 b 50.3 cm2, 23.7 cm3
c6.8 m2, 1.3 m3
3 a Maximum at (3, 8). b −10 c 1, 5
3 a1.8 cm b 58.8 cm2
d y (3, 8)
27
4 √ cm
π
Multiple-choice questions x
O 1 5
1 B 2 D 3 B 4 A 5 D
−10
Extended-response question
a 753.98 cm3 b 206.02 cm3
c 17 cm d 1.79 cm 4 a y = (x + 3) 2 −7
y
Parabolas and other graphs
2
Short-answer questions O x
1 a Dilated by a factor of 3 from the x-axis. −3 − √7 −3 + √7
y
(−3, −7)
3 (1, 3)
x
O 1
936 Answers
( 2)
5 2 7 b y
b y= x− +
4
y (1, 17)
8
Answers
1 y=1
( 52 , 74 ) x O
x
O
c y
5 a Discriminant = 72, thus two x-intercepts.
b y x = −2
x
x −2 −5 O
−1.1 O 3.1 3
−5
2
–7
−3 y = −3
(1, −9)
c (1, −9) and (−2, 9)

Semester review 2
6 a y b y
2 √10
1 D 2 A 3 D 4 C 5 B
x x
O O
−2 2 −√10 √10
Extended-response question
−2 −√10 h
a
y y (200, 427.5)
c d
(1, 2) (−1, 6)
27.5
x x x
O O O 10 110
(60, −62.5)
(−1, −2)
(1,−6)
b 27.5 m
c 10 m and 110 m from start
7 a (√3, 2 √3), (−√3, −2 √3)
d 427.5 m
(2 ) ( 2 )
1 1
b , 4 , − , −4 e 62.5 m
8 a y
Probability
−1 + 2√3 Short-answer questions

x 1 a
O x A B y
2 − √15 2 + √15
(2, −1) w z
r s
v g i
−1 − 2√3 a c
u e o q
p
b t n
d f h j k l m
Answers 937
b i
5
ii
3
iii
9
iv
19 Statistics
26 26 26 26
c No, A ∩ B ≠ ∅ Short-answer questions
2 a 1 a
B B′ Class interval Frequency Percentage frequency
Answers
A 3 1 4 0− 2 10%
A′ 4 4 8 5− 4 20%
7 5 12 10− 4 20%
b i3 ii 4 iii 5 iv 8 15− 3 15%
1 1 7 3 20− 6 30%
c i ii iii iv
4 12 12 4
25 − 30 1 5%
3 a 0.18 b 0.37
Total 20 100%
4 a Die 1
b Using public transport
1 2 3 4
6 30
Percentage frequency (%)

1 2 3 4 5
5
2 3 4 5 6
Die 2
Frequency
4 20
3 4 5 6 7
3
4 5 6 7 8
2 10
Semester review 2
b 16
1
3 5 1
c i ii iii 0 0
16 8 5
5 a 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
A B Number of days
c i 14 ii 50%
4 4 2
iii 20–24 days, those that maybe catch public transport to
2 work or school each week day.
2 2 2 a
b i ii
3 3
c Yes they are, since Pr(A ∣ B) = Pr(A) 0 5 10 15 20 25
b
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 C 2 E 3 B 3 a Farsan’s bank balance
4 D 5 C 2500
Balance
2000
Extended-response question 1500
1000
Outcome
2 200 g 400 g
7 J F M A M J J A S O N D
3 200 g Months
8 5 250 g 450 g b Balance fluctuated throughout the year but ended up with
7
more money after 12 months.
3 c May and June
5 7 200 g 450 g
8 250 g d increase of $500
4 4 a, c y
7
250 g 500 g
6
3 15 5
a i ii iii 5
28 28 14
9 3 4
b c 3
14 5
2
x
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
938 Answers
b positive 6 a −24, not a factor b 0, a factor

d i ≈ 3.2 ii ≈ 11.5 c −40, not a factor
5 2
5 a i Under 40 ii Over 40 7 a x = −1, 3, −6 b x = 0, , −
b Over 40: mean = 11, standard deviation = 7.3; 2 3
1
Under 40: mean = 24.1, standard deviation = 12.6 c x = −4, −2, 1 d x = −1, , 2
2
Answers
Multiple-choice questions Multiple-choice questions
1 E 2 B 3 C 1 E 2 A 3 D
4 B 5 A 4 C 5 D
Extended-response question Extended-response question
a y = 1.50x + 17.23 a P(−3) = 0

b 41 cm b P(x) = −(x + 3) (2x − 1) (x − 4)
c P(x)
Logarithms and polynomials (−5, 198)

1 a 3 b −2 c 3 d 0
e 2 f 2 g 1 h 3
O
Semester review 2
2 a x=3 b x=3 c x = 81 x
3 a i x = log330 ii x = log2.44 −5 −3 −12
1 4 6
2
b i x = 2.460 ii x = 9.955
4 a i 6 ii 0 iii −49 iv −5
b i 2x6 + 6x5 − 11x4 − 25x3 + 34x + 24
ii 4x6 − 12x4 − 16x3 + 9x2 + 24x + 16 (6, −198)
5 P(x) = (x − 3) (x2 − x − 1) + 4

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Answers 805

Working with unfamiliar problems: Part 1 10 a 11 b 28 c 20 d

Example 4 e True f False, 3 − (2 − 1) ≠ (3 − 2) − 1

11 3 c 5, 6, 7 (Answers may vary.)

i x < −18 c −9 ⩽ x < −7

d m = −1, c = 2 i m = 0.5, c = −0.5

c i $28 ii 23.5 kg Exercise 1G

b i y = 0.02x + 1.5 ii y = 0.04x + 1.5 −2 −2x − 3y = 6

c m<4 Building understanding

Now you try 1I

Exercise 1H Now you try

1L Now you try

Now you try

h y > −3x + 6 l y⩾2

(−5.4, 1.6) 8 x = 2, y = −3, z = −1

18 The point of intersection is (4, 0). Chapter 2

1 triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon,

c Shrub B because its gradient is greater. a x = 70 b x = 100

8 a 12 b 20 c 48 b ∠ABC = ∠DEF (given) A

c ∠ABC = ∠CDE (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)

triangles) Building understanding

1 a ∠BAC = ∠DCA (alternate angles)

7 a ∠D is common Since CD = AB and E and F are midpoints (from theorem 3)

8 a Triangles are congruent (SSS), so angles at the centre of

First, prove △OAB ≡ △OAC (AAS), which are isosceles.

2G 13 ∠AOB = 180° − 2x° (△AOB is isosceles)

Example 15 Now you try

12 ∠BAP = ∠BPY (alternate segment theorem) AP BP

Problems and challenges d ∠ABD = ∠DBC (given)

Ch2 Problems and challenges

Now you try 7 a √12 b √32 c √50 d √27

10 a radius = 2 √6 cm, diameter = 4 √6 cm

3√2 4√21 √10 2√7 − 7 4 √10a + 5 √2 √6a + √2

2 a 3120 b 54 293 Now you try

Now you try

(1, 2) iii (0, −1) iv (2, −4)

(3) (5) (10 )

6 a $5075 b $5228.39 c $5386.42 b i interest is doubled

3M Problems and challenges

iii 0.00759 iv 0.0000981 1 a 0.799 b 0.951 c 1.192 d 0.931

e 2.25 f 2.79 g 1.97 h 13.52

Now you try Exercise 4C

11 a i 045°T ii 236.3°T iii 26.6°T iv 315°T Now you try

13 a 229.7°, 18.2 km b 55.1°,12.3 km a 36.2° b 121.0°

4G 4 a x = 5.7 b x = 7.9 c x = 9.1

Now you try Example 16

Exercise 4I b i sin 60° = cos 30° = 0.866,

d 99° e 143° f 172° iv sin θ = cos (90° − θ )

e −cos 55° f −tan 45° g −sin 15° h −cos 58°

Exercise 4J Problems and challenges

1 a x2 + 2x b x2 + 4x + 3 c x2 + 8x + 16 i 4a2 − 36a + 72 j 3y2 − 27y + 60

b i 6x − 3x2 ii 35x − 7x2 = a2 − 2ab + b2

c (x + √19) (x − √19) d (x + √21) (x − √21) 9 9 9

5C 5 a x+6 b x−3 c x−3

Ch5 Progress quiz

c x(x + 5) = 24 Now you try

Now you try Exercise 5H

Example 18 1 a i x = 4 ± √13 ii x = 6 ± √29

5 8 and 9 or −9 and −8 h x = 6 − √39, 6 + √39

iii y iv y Short-answer questions

x ∠DBC = ∠BDA (alternate angles in parallel lines)

Extended-response question Extended-response question

∴ △OAB ≡ △OCD (SSS).

c ∠ABC = ∠CDE (corresponding sides in congruent triangles)

8 a Triangles are congruent (SSS), so angles at the centre of

11 a Distances on rural outback properties, distances between Multiple-choice questions