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net

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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Image enhancement

Transform
Point operation Spatial operation Pseudo coloring
operation

ww
Contrast stretching Noise smoothing Linear filtering False
coloring

w.E
Histogram modeling

Window slicing
Median filtering

Unsharp masking
Root filtering

Homomorphic
filtering
Pseudo
coloring

asy LPF, HPF, BPF

Zooming

En
gin
⎧L a ≤ u ≤ b
⎨
⎩ 0 otherwise eer
ing
.ne
v v t
L

⎧L a ≤u ≤b
45°
⎨ u u
⎩0 otherwise a b a b L

(a) Without background (b) With background

⎧L a ≤u ≤b
⎨
⎩u otherwise

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v′

∴
k
Vk ∑ Pu (x i )
i= 0

xi

{v k} {v ′k}

Pu ( )
ww u ≥0

fu ( ) Δ
P[u ≤ ]
w.E
Δ fu ( ) Δ ∫ Pu ( )
≡

u v Uniform
.
v

asy
≡ ≡ f(u)
quantization
0

xi En
Pu (x i )
gin
xi
h(x i )
eer u
∑ Pu (x i )
Pu (x i )
L–1
h(x i )
ing
xi = 0

∑ h(x i )
i= 0
u .ne
v′

Δ
≡
u
∑ Pu (x i )
∑
xL – 1
∑
1n
Pu (x i )
xi = 0

1n
Pu (x i )
t
xi = 0
xi = 0

⎡(v – Vmin ⎤
v ′ Δ Int (L – 1) + 0.5 ≥
≡ ⎢⎣ 1 – Vmin ⎥⎦
u1 n ≥
Vmin

u . ≥
u
Σ Pu(xi)
v Uniform v
xi = 0 quantization Pu (u) ≥
Pv (ν)

u
Pu(xi)
Δ ∫ Pu (x)dx fu (u)
≡
0
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r
∫ Pu (y)dy fv (u)
0

fv–1 (fu (u))

xi yi
Pu (x i ) Pv (y i )
u
Δ
≡ ∑ Pu (x i )
xi = 0

k
Wk Δ ∑ Pv (y i )
ww wn
≡
i= 0

wn w ≥0 yn

w.E
u u
asy
Σ Pu(xi)
xi = 0
w min : ∼
n wn – w ≥ 0
. ∼
w = wn –1
Fv (⋅)
.
v = vn

En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
∑ ∑ a(k, l) y(m – k, n – l)
(k, l ) εW

1
NW ∑ ∑ y(m – k, n – l)
(k, l ) εW

1
NW

NW
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1⎡ 1
y(m, n) + y(m – 1, n) + y(m+ 1, n) + y(m, n – 1) + y(m, n + 1) ⎤
2 ⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦

l
l
–1 0 1
0 1
k

ww
0 1/4 1/4 k –1 1/9 1/9 1/9

1/4 1/4 0 1/9 1/9 1/9

1

w.E (a) 2 × 2 window

1 1/9 1/9

(b) 3 × 3 window
1/9

asy l

En –1 0 1

k –1

0
0

1/8
1/8

1/4 gin
0

1/8

1 0 1/8 0
eer
(c) 5-point weighted averaging
ing
.ne
η(m, n) ⇒
u(m, n) + η(m, n)

σ 2η
t
1
NW ∑ ∑ u(m – k, n – l) + η m, n)
(k, l ) εW

η m, n) η m, n)

v(m, n : θ)
1
v(m, n : θ)
Nθ ∑ ∑ y(m – k, n – l)
(k, l ) εWθ

θ |y(m, n) – v(m, n : θ )|
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v(m, n : θ )
o o o o o

θ
o o o o o

o o o o o l

o o o o o

wθ
median{y(m – k, n – l), (k, l) εW} o o o o o

ww k

w.E NW NW

asy ≠
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
(a)

(1) – (2)
t (b)

(1)+x(3)

λ> 0
(c)

1
Δ u(m, n) – [u(m – 1, u) + u(m, n – 1) + u(m + 1, n) + u(m, n – 1)]
≡ A

h LP (m, n) ⇒

h HP (m, n)

h HP (m, n) δ(m, n) – h LP (m, n)

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u(m,n) vLP(m,n) u(m,n) + vHP(m,n)

Spatial
LPF +
averaging
–

(a) Spatial low-pass filter (b) Spatial HPF

u(m,n) LPF +
+ vBP(m,n)
hL1 (m,n)
–

ww LPF
hL2 (m,n)

w.E (c) Spatial Band-pass filter

asy
h BP (m, n) h L1 (m, n) – h L2 (m, n)
En μ(m, n)
1
NW ∑ ∑ u(m – k, n – l)

gin
(k, l ) εW
h L1 (m, n) h L2 (m, n)

⎧⎪ 1 ⎫⎪

eer
σ(m, n) ⎨N
⎪⎩ W
∑ ∑ [u(m – k, n – l) – μ(m, n)
(k, l ) εW
⎬
⎪⎭

ing
.ne
t
γ ⎡ ∂f ⎤
σ ⎡g x ⎤ ⎢ ∂x ⎥
γ ∇f ⎢g ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
μ ⎣ y⎦ ⎢ ∂f ⎥
⎢⎣ ∂y ⎥⎦
μ

σ
z5
μ(m, n)
σ(m, n)
z1
gx (z 8 – z5 )
gy (z 6 – z5 )
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Z1 Z2 Z3

Z4 Z5 Z6

Z7 Z8 Z9

(a) 3 × 3 region of image

–1 0 0 –1

0 1 1 0
1
(b) (c)
1+ [D 0 D(u, v)] 2n

ww
(b) - (c) Robert cross gradient operations
[(u – P 2) 2 + (v – Q 2) 2 ] 1 2

–1

0
–2

0
–1

0
w.E –1

–2
0

0 2
1
⇒
D0 ⇒

1 2 1 –1
asy 0 1

(d) (e)
En
(d) - (e) Sobel operations

gin D0

eer
gx z 9 – z5 g y z8 – z6
1–
ing– D 2 (u,v) 2D 2
0

∇f g 2x + g 2y
.ne
[(u – P 2) 2 + (v – Q 2) 2 ] 1 2

[(z 9 – z5

− |z 9 – z5 + |z 8 – z 6
+ (z 8 – z 6

≥
t
≥
∂f
gx
∂x
⇒
(z7 + 2 z 8 + (z 1 + 2 z 2 +
∂f
gy
∂y

(z 3 + z 6 + (z 1 + 2 z 4 +
⎧ 0 if D(u, v) ≤ D 0
⎨
|(z7 + 2 z 8 + z 9 – (z 1 + 2 z 2 + z 3 + ⎩ 1 if D(u, v) > D 0
−
|(z 3 + 2 z 6 + z 9 – (z 1 + 2 z 4 + z7 D0

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 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

1
1+ [D(u, v) D 0 ] 2n

[(u – P 2) 2 + (v – Q 2) 2 ] 1 2

D0

h(rk ) nk

ww rk ⇒ k th

D0
w.E
⎧ 1 if D(u, v) ≤ D 0
nk ⇒

rk
⎨ 0 if D(u, v) > D
⎩ 0
asy
D0

En
gin
2 (u,v) 2 σ 2 eer
⇒
e– D
ing
σ .ne
σ D0

e
– D 2 (u,v) 2D 2
0
t

z–z σ
πσ

⎧⎪ 2 (z – a) l – (z – a) 2 b for z ≥ a
⎨b
⎪⎩ 0 for z < a

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⎧ Pa for z = a
⎪
⎨ Pb for z = b
⎪ 0 otherwise
⎩

ww
f (x, y)
∑
mn
1
g (s, t)
⎧ a l – az
⎨
⎩ 0
for z ≥ 0
for z < 0

w.E
(s, t) ε S xy

asy
⎧ a b z b – 1 – az
⎪ l for z ≥ 0 En
⎨ (b – 1) !
⎪⎩ 0 for z < 0
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
f (x, y)
mn ∑ g(s, t)
(s, t) ε S xy

100 th

0 th

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TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge