EC8093 Unit 3

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net
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
®
TM
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net
1 −(z − z) 2 2 σ 2
P(z)
2πσ
z⇒
σ⇒
σ ⇒
ww ⎧⎪ 2 (z − a)
⎨b
−(z − a) 2 b for z ≥ a
w.E ⎩⎪ for z < a
asy z a + πb 4
En σ
b (4 − π)
4
gin
eer ⎧ a b z b− 1
⎪
ing
⎨ (b − 1) 1
⎪⎩ 0
for z ≥ 0
for z < 0
.ne
z
b
a
b
t
σ
a2
p(z) p(z)
Gaussian
1 0.607 √ 2/b
√2π σ
Rayleigh
0.607
√2π σ
z–σ z z+σ z a + √ b/2 z
®
TM

⎧ a − az for z ≥ 0 ⎧ Pa for z = a
⎨ ⎪
⎩ 0 for z < 0 ⎨ Pb for z = b
⎪ 0 otherwise
⎩
1
z
a Pa Pb
1
σ
ww a2
⎧⎪ 1
w.E
⎨ b−a
⎪⎩ 0
if a ≤ z ≤ b
structure asy
En
z
a+b
2
(b − a) 2
gin
σ
12
eer
ing
Gaussian .ne
t
(a) Test image
(b) Histogram obtained
from adding Gaussian noise
Rayleigh
(c) Histogram obtained

from adding Rayleigh noise
®
TM

ww
w.E S xy
asy ×
En f
S xy
gin f (x, y)
1
mn ∑ g (s, t)
(s, t) ε S xy
η(x, y)
eer
ing
⇒
η
⎡ π .ne 1
g (s, t) ⎤ mn
⇒
f (x, y) ⎢(s, t) ε S
⎣ xy
t ⎥
⎦
g(r,y)
Degradation
Restoration ∧
f(x,y) function + f(x,y)
filter
H
Noise
η(x,y)
Degradation Restoration
®
TM

f (x, y) min {g (s, t)}

mn (s, t) ε S xy
f (x, y)
1
∑ g (s, t)
(s, t) ε S xy
ww ∑ g (s,t) Q+1
f (x, y)
⎡ max
⎢(s, t) ε S
⎣ xy
{g (s, t)} + min
(s, t) ε S xy
g (s, t)} ⎤
⎥
⎦
f (x, y)
∑ w.E
(s, t) ε S xy
g (s, t) Q
(s, t) ε S xy
asy d
2
d
2
S xy g r (s, t)
En
gin
eer f (x, y)
1
mn − d ∑ g r (s, t)
(s, t) ε S xy
ing
.ne
t
f (x, y) median {g (s, t)} S xy
(s, t) ε S xy
σ 2η
f (x, y) max {g (s, t)} mL S xy

(s, t) ε S xy
σ 2L S xy
®
TM

σ 2η
z med
σ 2η
z xy − z min
S xy
z xy − z max
f (x, y)
Z xy
σ 2h
f (x, y) g (x, y) − [g (x, y) − m L ] Z med
σ 2L
ww
w.E
asy
S xy
En z min z max
z min S xy gin z med

z max S xy
eer
z min < z med < z max z med ≠
z med
z xy
S xy
S xy z xy ing
z xy
.ne
z min < z xy < z max
z xy
t
z med − z min
z med − z max
≤ S max
®
TM

⎧⎪0 if D − W ≤ D ≤ D + W 1 2
⎡ D2 – D20 ⎤
⎨ 0 2 0 2 2n − ⎢
⎡ DW ⎤ DW ⎥
⎩⎪1 otherwise 1+ ⎢ 2 2⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎣ D − D0 ⎦
D0
ww
w.E
asy
En
H BP (u, v)
H BR (u, v) gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
( 0 , v0)
(− u 0 ,− v 0 )
Q
H NR (u, v) H k (u, v)H − k (u, v)
Π
k =1
H k (u, v) H − k (u, v) (u k , v k ) (− u k ,− v k )
( M 2 , N 2)
®
TM

1
D k (u, v) [(u − M 2 − u k ) 2 + (v − N 2 − v k ) 2 ] 2
1
D − k (u, v) [(u − M 2 − u k ) 2 + (v − N 2 − v k ) 2 ] 2
ww
f (x, y)
w.E
asy H NP (u, v)
En
H NP (u, v) G (u, v)
⇒
gin
η(x, y) eer
7 −1 {H NP (u, v) G (u, v)}
f (x, y) η
ing
f (x, y) f (x, y) (x, y) .ne
(x, y)
(x, y) f (x, y)
t
f (x, y)
[f (x + s, y + t) − f (x, y)]
a b
1
σ (x, y)
(2a + 1) (2b + 1) ∑ ∑
s=− a t = − b
f (x, y) ⇒ f
a b
1
f (x, y)
(2a + 1) (2b + 1) ∑ ∑ f (x + s, y + t)
s=− a t = − b
®
TM

a b
1
σ 2 (x, y)
(2a + 1) (2b + 1) ∑ ∑ { [ g (x + s, y + t)
s=− a t = − b
− [
(x + s, y + t) η (x + s, y + t) ] − g (x, y) − (x, y) η (x, y) ]}
≤ ≤ ≤ ≤
(x, y) η (x, y) (x, y) η (x, y)
ww a b
2
σ (x, y)
w.E
1
(2a + 1) (2b + 1) ∑ ∑ { [ g (x + s, y + t) −
s=− a t = − b
(x, y) η (x + s, y + t) ] − [ g (x, y) − (x, y) η (x, y) ]}
σ 2 (x, y)
asy
δ σ (x, y)
En
δ (x, y)
(x, y) gin
(x, y) eer
g(x, y) η (x, y) − g (x, y) η (x, y)
f (x, y)
η 2 (x, y) − η 2 (x, y)
(x, y) ing
.ne
t
g ′(x) g − 1 (x)
g ′[g(x)]
h ′(m, n; k, h − 1 (m, n; k,
∞
∑ ∑ h ′(m, n; k, h (k′ , ′; k, δ(m − k, n −
k′, ′ = − ∞
u(m,n) w(m,n) v(m,n) u(m,n)

h(m,n : k,l) g(.) g'(.) h'(m,n ; k,l)
®
TM

∞
∑ ∑ h ′(m − k′ , n − ′ h (k′ , ′ δ(m, n) ∀ (m, n)
k′, ′ = − ∞
H1 ω ω H ω ω
H1 ω ω
H ω ω
ww
H1 ω ω H ω ω
w.E H ω ω
asy ⎧
⎪
1
H≠0
H ω ω
⎪⎩
En
⎨ H ( ω1 , ω2 )
0 H=0
H ω ω H ω ω
gin
H ω ω H ε
eer
ing
.ne
u (m, n) t
σ 2e {
E [u (m, n) − u (m, n)] 2 }
u (m, n) u (m, n) {v (m, n)
u (m, n) E [u (m, n) v (k, ), ∀ (k, )]
∞
u (m, n) ∑ ∑ g (m, n; k, ) v (k, )
k, l = − ∞
E [{u (m, n) − u n (m, n)} v (m 1 , n 1 )] ∀ (m, n), (m 1 , n 1 )

®
TM

rab (m, n; k, ) Δ E [a (m, n) b(k, )]
∞
∑ ∑ g (m, n; k, ) ruv (k, ; m′ n ′) ruv (m, n; m′ n ′)
k, = − ∞
ww
w.E rab (m, n; m′ n ′) rab (m − m′ ; n − n ′)
asy
(a, b)
En
∞
∑ ∑ g (m − k, n − ) rv v (k, ruv (m, n) gin
k, = − ∞
eer
G ( ω1 , ω2 ) −1 ( ω , ω )
S uv ( ω1 , ω2 ) S vv 1 2
ing
S uv S vv ruv rvv
.ne
u (m, n)
∞
∑ ∑ g (m − k; n − ) v (k, )
k, l = − ∞
t
u ( ω1 , ω2 ) G ( ω1 , ω2 ) v ( ω1 , ω2 )
∞
v (m, n) ∑ ∑ h (m − k, n − ) u (k, + η (m, n)
k, = − ∞
η(m, n)
S ηη
2
S v v ( ω1 , ω2 ) H( ω1 , ω2 S uu ( ω1 , ω2 ) + S ηη ( ω1 , ω2 )
S uv ( ω1 , ω2 ) H * ( ω1 , ω2 ) + S uu ( ω1 , ω2 )
®
TM

H * ( ω1 , ω2 ) S uu ( ω1 , ω2 )
∴ G ( ω1 , ω2 )
2
H( ω1 , ω2 ) S uu ( ω1 , ω2 ) + S ηη ( ω1 , ω2 )
π
1
σ 2e ∫ ∫ S e ( ω1 , ω2 ) dω1 , dω2
4 π2 −π
Se
2 2
S e ( ω1 , ω2 ) Δ 1 − GH S uu + G S ηη
ww Se
H
S uu S ηη
2
S uu + S ηη
w.E
η
asy
μ v (m, n) η (m, n) * μ u (m, n) + μ η (m, n), μ x Δ E (x)
En ≡
gin
G jθG eer
G
H S uu ing
H
2
S uu + S ηη
.ne
θG θ G ( ω1 , ω2 ) θ
H*
− θH θ H −1
t
S uu S nv
G H=1 S uu + S ηη S nr + 1
S uu
Δ ω ω
≡ S ηη
S ηη
®
TM

H * S uu 1
G
ηη = 2 H
H S uu
π
∫ ∫ G ( ω1 , ω2 ) exp{ j(mω1 + nω2 )} dω1 , dω2
−π
⇒ ww ×
w.E g (m, n)
N
1
2
N
2
(k, ) = − N
−1
∑ ∑ G (k, )W −(mk+ n ) ,
−N
2
N
≤ m, n ≤ − 1
2
asy 2
En
G(w1,w2) Sample over
N × N grid
∼
G(k,l) IDFT
N×N gin ∼
g(m,n)C
Truncate
eer
Convolution ing
.ne
Input image Restored image
g(m,n)
v(m,n) ^
u(m,n)
(a) Direct Convolution Method

t
Zero DFT
padding N×N
N
∼
N G(k,l)
G(w1,w2) Sample over

N × N grid
M
∧
M u(m,n)
N×N
IDFT
(b) DFT Method
®
TM

G (k, ) Δ G (2πk N , 2π N)
≡
Δ exp( −j 2 π N)
≡
g (m, n)
×
×
G (k, )
ww
ω1 (m)
w.E
ω2 (n)
ω(m, n) ω (m) ω (n)
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
R1 R2 Rn
n
Ri R1
i=1
Ri −η
Ri Rj φ ≠
Q (R i )
Q (R i Rj Ri Rj
Q (R k ) Rk φ
Ri Rj
®
TM

+Δ ) Δ
∂f
f ′(x) f (x + 1) − f (x)
∂x
Ri Rj
ww ∂2 f ∂ f ′(x)
∂x
f ′ (x + 1) − f ′(x)
w.E
2
∂x
f (x + 2) − f (x+ 1) − f (x + 1) + f (x)
asy f (x + 2) − f (x+ 1) + f (x)
En
gin ∂2 f
eer ∂ x2
f ′′ (x)
ing
f (x + 1) + f (x − 1) − f (x)
.ne
t
®
TM

R1
W1 W2 W3
W4 W5 W6
W7 W8 W9
1 1 1
wwR1
∑
q
1z 1 + 2z2 + ... + q zq 1 –8 1
zk
k= 1
w.Ekzk 1 1 1
k th
asy
En
∇ 2 f (x, y)
∂2f ∂2f gin
∂ x2
+
∂ y2
eer
∂ 2 f (x, y) ing
∂ x2
.ne
∂ 2 f (x, y)
∂ y2
t
∇ 2 f (x, y)
⎧ 1 if R(x, y) ≥ T
⎨
⎩0 otherwise
®
TM

° ± °
–1 –1 –1 2 –1 –1
2 2 2 –1 2 –1
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 2
a. Horizontal b. +45°
–1 2 –1 –1 –1 2
ww
–1
–1
2
2
–1
–1
–1
2
2
–1
–1
–1
c. Vertical
w.E d. –45°
° asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
(a) Step (b) Ramp (c) Roof edge
®
TM

∇ gx 2 + gy 2
S xy
S xy
M(s, t) − M(x, y) ≤
ww
α (x, y)
⎡g y ⎤
tan −1 ⎢ ⎥
⎣g x ⎦
S xy
w.E S xy
α (s, t) − α (x, y) ≤
asy
S xy
En
gin
eer
α ing
.ne
⎧ 1 if M(x, y) > TM AND (x, y) = A ± TA
⎨
⎩0 Otherwise
t
TM
Vmax D max
±TA
D max > T Vmax
®
TM

C
C T
D
A E
B
B
(a) (b)
C C
ww D D
A w.E E
A
E
asy F
F
(c)
B
En (d)
B
gin
eer (x j , y i )
(x i , y i )
(a ′, b′ ) ing a′ b ′
(x i , y i )
yi a xi + b
.ne
(x i , y i ) (x j , y i )
yi a xi + b
(x i , y i )
t
xi a + y i
(x j , y i )
y b' y
(xi, yi)
b = –xia+yi
a'
(xi, yi) b = –xja+yj
x
x
(a) xy - plane (b) Parameter space
®
TM

fQ fQ (x, y)
fQ (x, y)
fQ
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin R i Q (R i )
⇒
eer
⇒
′ ing
.ne
⇒
t
⇒
R11 R12 R1 R2 R3 R4
R2
R13 R14
R11
R3 R4 R14
R12
R13
(a) (b)
®
TM

Rj Rk
Q (R j Rk
{z (B) z Ac =φ }
Ac
Ri
Q (R i ) φ
Rj Rk Q (R j Rk
ww
w.E z2
{z (B) z ⊆ A}
asy z2
En ⊕
{z (B) z }
gin ⊕ A≠φ
eer
d/4
ing
d
B
d/4
.ne
A
d/8
3d/4
d/8
A B
t
a) Set A b) Square structuring element B c) Erosion of A by B
d/4
d/2
d d/2
A B
3d/4
d/8 d/8
B
d) Elongated structuring element e) Erosion of A by B
®
TM

d
d/4
d d/4
∧
B=B
A⊕B
A
d
d/8 d/8
(a) Set A (b) Shows square structuring element (c) Dilation of A by B, which is
(dot denotes the origin) shown shaded
d/2
ww d/4
w.E
d
∧ asy d
d/2
A⊕B
En
B=B
d/8 d/8
(d) Elongated structuring element (e) Dilation of A using this element. The dotted
gin
border in (c) and (e) is the boundary of set A, shown
only for reference
eer
ing
{z } .ne
⊕ (B) z A] ⊆ A
u(x,y) Imaging A to D v(m,n) Digital u(m,n) D to A Display or

system conversion filter conversion record
®
TM

⎧ H≠
⎪
H– ω ω ⎨H ω ω
⎪⎩ 0 H=
H ω ω ⇒
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
Degradation g(x,y) Restoration ∧
eer
ing
f(x,y) function + f(x,y)
filter
H
Noise
η(x,y)
.ne
t
h (x, y) * f (x, y) + η (x, y)
®
TM

G(u, v)
f (u, v)
H(u, v)
f (u, v) ⇒
ww
f w.E
asy
f H (f) En
gin
eer
f H (f)
ing
.ne
f t
®
TM

EC8093 Unit 3

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EC8093 Unit 3

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Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

w.E ⎩⎪ for z < a

z–σ z z+σ z a + √ b/2 z

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

(c) Histogram obtained

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

f (x, y) min {g (s, t)}

f (x, y) max {g (s, t)} mL S xy

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

z min S xy gin z med

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

(x, y) η (x, y) (x, y) η (x, y)

u(m,n) w(m,n) v(m,n) u(m,n)

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

u (m, n) E [u (m, n) v (k, ), ∀ (k, )]

E [{u (m, n) − u n (m, n)} v (m 1 , n 1 )] ∀ (m, n), (m 1 , n 1 )

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

rab (m, n; k, ) Δ E [a (m, n) b(k, )]

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

(a) Direct Convolution Method

G(w1,w2) Sample over

(b) DFT Method

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

asy f (x + 2) − f (x+ 1) + f (x)

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

(a) Step (b) Ramp (c) Roof edge

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

(xi, yi) b = –xja+yj

(a) xy - plane (b) Parameter space

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

d) Elongated structuring element e) Erosion of A by B

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

u(x,y) Imaging A to D v(m,n) Digital u(m,n) D to A Display or

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

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