CALIFORNIA STATE· UNIVERSITY • NORTHRIDGE

PLASTIC DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

A project submitted in partial satisfaction of the

requirements for the degree of Master of Science in

Engineering
by

Farooq Ahmad Maniar

Janwlry 19?5
,---o--•·-••--·-·-~-----·-------··-·--·-------·---·-··-···-------·-·-·-··-···-----···· ····-···--·-·--·--•--•~

The graduate project cf Farooq Ahmad Maniar is approved:

I
l

Cal iforn·ia State University, Northridge

January, 1975

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 :------~-------------------- · ----'-------·· ------------·---·· -· --·--· ·-· -·----·-----·l
TABLE OF CONTENTS I
Page
L.IST OF TABLES" c •••• ~ ••• ,.:~- ...... >I ••••• ., •••••••••••••••••• "." •• " vi
LIST OF FIGURES ....••.••....••.......••. " .• ,................. vii

ABSTRP.CT., • • • 10 • • "' • • 1 s ~ • ~ • e "' .,. <1 e • • • _., • • • • • • • • • • • to • • • ., • ~ " • • CJ • • s 1t • e iX

INTRODUCTION................................................. 1

CHiWTER 1. PLASTIC DESIGN

1.1 Compar-ison between elast·ic and plastic design.......... 3

1..2 Plastic Hinge........................................... 4

1.3 Tensi1e Strength ........................... , .......,,.,. 10

1.4 Compressive St·rength ...........•................... ,... 12

1.5 Bending Strength ....................................... 14

,.;..(),. t~e 1ds • .... ~ ~ ~ ~ 16
i e "" 9 s • e .. ll 11 II' • !t ., e C1 e I e e "' 11 • e Cl Cl Ill 11 'II' " 8 G e a I!> ·t '' e e "' I e " .;,

!
I' 1.7 Bo 1ts , . . 'i ........................... ,, .• 1.> "' •• • ~ • 1: " (.. .., • " • ., ..... ~ .:> 4 ~ ... 18
I 1.8 L0 ad Fa c tor . . . . . 19
I
e .. • • • c- , llo • • • .. • " ., I " " • 0 0) • "' .. • • "- •• " • >/1 e .. .. p. • • •

I
•J
CH.V.PTER 2. CONTINUOUS BEA~"S
Il
I 2.1 P1astic Analys~s by the Equillibirium Method ........... 20
2.2 Virtual Work Method ...............................•.... 23
2.3 Locaticn cf plastic hing~:-:s for urdfoi'fli iuads ........... 24

2.4 Plast·ic, Beo.m Des·lgn ••••••••..••.••••••......•..•.•..••. 24

2.5 Continuous beams ....................••................. 31
2.6 Splices in bean1S 'f .. " ..... G.."~ •• "~ ........ Jo. "'.:. ~ t " . to'" or fl • !< •• ~ £.,... 37

2.7 Def 1ec t i on ... , ... _, . , .•.........••.... , ...., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

;
I ;
)-....~~··---~- ..._.,- ...-·.·--~~--·~~·-~~--~·-·~.,·-- -~--.- -~--~···· ··-~· "-·-~-~--····-- ,. ~---··~-~.~·--···-·-~-- -·--·~···-·-~·····~·------~·-···-·~-·-··~---.···-~··-·-··~ ---~--~- ··-~·"-·~·~-~ ...;:
r----·-·-·------·-·-··-----·-----·-----~-----------------·------
. .... -·------............__,
l.
I! . I

l._ CHAPTER 3 • COMB IN ED BEND I NG AND AX I AL LOAD '

.·Page
.Il 3.1 Axial Force in beams with reduced plastic moment Mpc 42

3.2 Beam -·Column.".· ...... _................. ~ ............. ,.,. b 42

3.3 Ultimate Strength of beam column ......................• 45

3.4 Design Procedure (One story only) ..........•.....•....• 47

CHAPTER 4. SINGLE STORY BRACED FRAME

4.1 Horizontal force and vertical loads. (Drift) ........... 48

4·.2 Drift-P-6.moments .............................•••... 50

CHAPTER 5. UNBRl\CED SINGLE STORY FRAr~E 52

CHAPTER 6. MULTISTORY BRACED FRAME 59

6.1 Vertical bracing system ................................ 61
6.2 P-Deita e·ffect ....... "#,. • • o .. t;•<~'•••"·~··~•toviiii911········JII 61

6.3 Joint equillibirium ..........•.....••.•.•......•....... 62

6.4 Joint rotation compatibi.lity ........................... 64

6.5 Drift control ....................•.........•........... 65

6.6 Design Procedure ...............•....................... 66

CHAPTER 7. PU\STIC DESIGN OF A SIX STORY 8iU·,CED FRfif''lE

7.1 Des~igfl Criteria~ ..... c.."'IJ:•u•• .. ~···"··o~e~ ......... o ................ 70

7.2 r~ . ver· t i ca "i Lo.a ds ~ •..• ,. ......... e II ~ " ....... ,. • ..:. •• ~· • .• '"' .... 4> • • 70

B. Latera 1 Loads....................................... 74
7.3 Plastic design of braced bent .... , ................. ., .. 74

7,4 Harking stress des·ign .......... '......................... 96

.. .r.·
7 ;) Weight calculation .......... , .... ,.,.~ ................. 101

iv
~--------------------------------·------------c-··--------------'-----·---·--l

II Page
I_

7. 6 summary ........... Ill • • • • • • ,go •••••••• e • • • • • • • • • • ·}. • • • • • • • • • " • • 10 3

Refet·ences............................................. 105

I
I
! 1
L--:--·---------------~·---· ----- ·----..·---·--· ..... -- -·-- ..... ·-----·----·-- ------------· --------------··-- ·- -· -- ·---.. --~-· ---~~D~

v
 ·---··---·--·-------·--------------------------1

LIST OF TABLES I
I
!
Table Page
1 Co 1umn Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 79
2 000.000000eO&Oe4!108'J.00000.00000eO•ee•ao••• .. ~fiOOO•e 87
3 Drift Calculations ...............................• 94
)

4 Weight Calculations ............................•.. 102

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r~·-----~~-·---··-·----··----·-----~--~-----·---·--·------~···-·---------.------~---~---~-----~·----------~----;

I LIST OF FIGURES '·

Figure Page
1.1 ••••o••••••~•••,.••o..,•••••••••••••••• 4,5
1.2 ••••--••o•••••••••••••••••••••••tt-.ttoe 6
1.3 "••••••••e:.4e!•••"'••••••••••••oaeeeoo 7
1.4 eoeoooee~J••~~<•••••• . . •••-.••••••••• 10
1.5 ...... ~......... ..... ...... . ,. 11
1.6 Cleeeeer-••••o••••••lleOOilleeoe••••••••;:. 14
1.7 17
1.8 •••••••••l)••••~••••••••~•••••••~•e•• 18
2.1 .................... , ••••••••••• :1 •••• 20
2.2 ••e••••••••••••ct••••F.~••••.,•a••••••• 22
2.3 ••••••e••••••,..•••Cieo·~,.••••<~•••v•••~• 22
2.4 e••••••••••••••••••••.e•••••••••"~••4• 23
2.5 ••••••••••••e••••••••eoecoCI••••••••• 25
2.6 e a e e o e e 4 0 e e • • • • • " ' l ' " " • • • • • .. 1o"O~eoeeee 29
O _ . I I I C l • e • t • • • e • & . I ' J e • • · " ' • . e • .. ,. ee'lell.tteeaoe 32
2.8 ,.••••<J<•••~••'ii••••~"""~•.o•tte~ec••• 33
2.9 e"es•••~o•••••••~..,.,•o••~ ,.._.o4f.eeee'JeOe 34
2.10 • • • • • • • • , ~ to .. • • _.. • • •) 0 .. • " • • ~ -) '" • 4> ~ .. ~ • • • ... 35
2.11 ee.s.e•o,..•etteee••••••e•eee<l'eft•.-.a•••~"'' 36
2.12 •••••• a.~••••••o:-~c.eoeeeo••••~aoee 38
2.13 39
2.14- 40
3.1 e " ; "' 1 • • "' .eo • .. (I • "' -. • ,. • " ~- .,.. o.~ • '~< • • ... • • •- • "' ~ o .1 •

3.2 .. to • q. • • Ill ,. • 8 i. • • 0 ill • (I ,, ,r. ~ ~ ... 61 • • ... • • .q .. • • " • • " 46

3.3 ...... ;s."."""'"'"""""'~•oio••·~"''1.····· .. ••-e••• 46
4.1 48
4.2 • • • ., . . . . . . . . . " ' , . " " ! > " o " • oe;~~o'"l.od .. •••••to" 50
5.1 .,.,.la.C"et~ee4'oC!t•••••'"•ct-ee•••"•"••D• 55
5.2 55
5.3 55
5.4
.i . . ..
,~~--·~A ~----~-~~-d---~---~~>->""-•~~-~- .. ·-~------·-·~-~---~·-,n

vii
--·~----· -------------· --·------------·----------·------·--·--1
I

Figure Page I
5.5 ............................. 3 55
5.6 .... .............................. .
~ 56 I
5.7 •••••••••••••-o:·•••••••••e•~•••••,.•••• 57
5.8 57
5.9 57
5.10 •••••o5ao•~•••••••o••••~•••"~••••~••-• 57
6.1 60
6.2 61
6.3 63
6.4 a • a a ..J a II a a S S a • a • a • a 63
7.1 •oaaafloaa ••••••~•••aaaaaaallaO•a-tGOaac.~r- 71
7.2 72
7.3 ··············Q···········~·········
73
7.4 ........... ...... ., .......
~ ~····G.······· 74
7.5 a e a v a a a a , . a a a e a o a v c a a a ' 9 ' 1 a a a ... • e a G a a a O J a 75
7.6 aii••••••••.,••••••••••"•'"'•'-•••••••••• 77
7~7 aaou~aa.,~Ja~ ~••1o•••••••~••oaa.»vaaof"'aa 84
7.8 84
7.9 oaaoaJ~..all ~~• "at>a•~•••••,.•••"••••to•"•• 85
7.10 eaA('•·tt4114i~•••e•••••~taa~t~e•••••••••~ 95
7.11 aeaOt .. a a , . a • • • • • ( J I I a a • • • • • • a • a • a o a a a o 97

i ·····-·-· ________)I
'--~-·-------~~--------·---------·--·-··-----··----··----·-----------·-----------· ·------··--·-- ···--·-----·

'ri i i
~-·--·--··-···-----·---·-···---··-·--·-··-~- ---·----~ .

I . . . i

ABSTRACT

PLASTIC DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTUf<ES

by

Farooq ,L\hmad Maniar

Master of Science in Engineering

January~ 1976

The primary purpose of this project is to familiarise Hith

the PLASTIC DESIGN, the most recent method of designing the steel
structures. At the present time thi3 method is applied to two

story rigid frames and mLd ti-s tory braced fro.mes only.

Till recent date the elasttc portion of stress-strain curve

for m'ild steel was relied upcn though plastic design mainly re1·ies

on plastic portion of the curve together t•Jith ducti 1 ity of struc-

tura1 steel.

ix
 --------~-··--·-----··--·---~--·-··-·-----------·-----------·-····-- . ----·------·-··--,

INTRODUCTION i
I
I
Plastic analysis and design is a ~~ecent technique developed to
!
represent the actual ductile behavior of indeterminate steel frames
under increased loading and to take advantage of the fact that these
frames have a greater load-carrying capacity than indicated by the
allowable stress (also known as ~<Jor·king stress) concept.
'Ductility of steel is more recognized in th·is concept.
1
It is !

i
the ductility, which enables the structure to absorb stress concen-
trations. Knowledge of the ductile behavior of steel permits the
designer to simplify the design of connections by disre9arding the
local stress concentrations and to eliminate costly details intended
to provide actual hinges that would be required on1y if the construe-
tion material wer~ brittle. The saving in fabrication costs that re-
su1ts from a desig11 of details based on an under·standing of ductile
beha.vior may be very great indeed.
In wor·king stress design method! the philosophy is to avoid any
p1astic deformations. Failure is iherefot~e considered to occur as
soon as, in the weakest place, th~ actual bending mo~ent reaches its
maximum elastic value. In the plastic design method, on the con-
trary, one considers as failure load either the maximum load at
which collapse occurs, or the load for which the deflection become
so large that the building is no longer serviceable.

1J,
 2

r~-------··------~--------·------·------------·--·-------------~--·-----·--·--··----···-··---·-----l

I For a large ma.jor·lty of continuous beams, low building frames, :

11
I
the plastic limit load may be evaluated by the so called Simple

plastic theory!!. 1\n attempt is made in this project to present this

"Simple pl as tic theory 11 • It describes the method of designing beams,

!!
columns; single-story rigid and multi-story braced frame. At the

end, six story braced frame is completely designed. For comparison

the same frame is designed by "Working Stress", the method recently

used.

AISC manual PART 2 deals with plastic design method. It limits

the use of this method to simple or continuous beams, one and two-

story rigid frames, braced multi-story rigid frames. Plastic design

of unbraced multi -s tm·y frames has not yet reached the state of

application in practice.
Most of the mate·rial presented in this project is based on

referance No. 3.

L-------------·----·------·----------------·--.. _________...______ ,_ ...........____._____....... ·--- _____ . ____.______________,l

 CHAPTER 1
PLASTIC DESIGN

1.1 Comparison between elas!_ic and plastic design.

(a) Elastic Design: Also knovm as allowable stress
design~ Currently this method is widely used.
Designing rigid multistory building frames involves
the determination of the internal shears, moments
and thrusts caused by working loads using methods
of allowable stress anlysis for statically
indeterminate structures. Because of the high
order of redundancy of the multistory rigid frame
the an~lysis is usually reduced to a statical one
by making appropriate assumptions as in the 11 portal 11
or 11 Ca.nti 1ever 11 methods. Using i nterna 1 forces
and allowab1e stresses derived by div'iding yeild
stress of the material by a suitable factor of
safety and proportioning the member by using ordi-
nary :nechanics of watedals equations. Basic philo-
sophy of this method being if stresses at several
cri ti ca 1 points in the frame reaches the a 11 owab 1e
limit, the frame is considered to_be well proportion-
ed though stresses at other points are well below
the a 11 owab 1e limits. Obviously it becomes unecono-
mical as the material is not being used to its
ma~imum allcwat1e stress limits. This method fails
to recognize that local yeilding in a rigidly connec-
ted stee1 structure permits a redistribution forces
to less highly stressed parts of the structure and
consequently it underestimates the load carrying
capacity of the structure as a whole. Loca1 yei"ld-
ing is not detrimental to the structural behavior
prov·lded it is contained by adjacent elastic regions
of the frarne.
! i
L---·-------~----·-----··---~----,·----··---·--·--~·--- ···-·--·- -···· ·--· ...... -···-~-- .. ----·----- . ---···· -··-- ·-··-·······- ---··-----J

3
 4

~----------------------·---------------~------·---------·--1

, I

I.
1 (b)
.
Plastic Design: Basic approach of this method is
. I
:
( the recognition of the redistribution of internal
forces that take place when complete yeilding
(plastic hinges) develops in regions of high bending
moments. Limitation is called for in term~ of an
"Ultimate Load 11 that a structure can carry just
before the structure develops a sufficient number
I
I
of plastic hinges to permit-unrestrained deformation
I
~ .
of the structure. This ultimate load is an indica-
tion of the strength of a whole structure and it
exceeds the working ioad by a factor F (this factor
will be defined in details later).

1.2 The Plastic Hinge: I

(a) Ductility: It is a property of material (particular-!
I
ly steel) due to bending a plastic hinge is formed
and experiences large rotations without reducing
the bending moment.
(b) Str;ess-St1·a in Rel_~_!:·i onshi ps:

~ 2o ~-l---;----r--r_:.
E=~xlO !Ps·l
___r--TII__T_j
iI ---- .' _. _____ 1 •
0 L._ I __ 1, _________l__ _ _ _
! _ _ _j

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40

 5

ELASTIC RANGE

Llastic rang~
- STRAIN HARDENING RANGE
60 .......-r--..-----r----t--r----r------.....__,,__.......____,._ _- r
I I
......, I! I! I B
VI
~ 40
V)
V)
LLJ
0:::
I- 20
V)

(0,0-)

I STRAIN IN INCHES PER INCH

JI .
(b)
.J.
I"
Ii

I
! .

~
._,
r·----·---·--·- · - - - - - - - - -
.- 8 l I
·-----~_:
/_______

--·-------
'
----'-------'

STRAIN
(c)

FIGURE 1 ~1
----•~m~
·
-~ ·-~· ····- ~------------~--·------·-~--- --,.~-- ----·--. . . . -- ____________,. ______ "___ ·--~-----~--~~----·-¥·-~ -~~ --~---
 6

- - · --··-----··---·-

{a)

(b)

__ __
FIGURE
,..._..,_._,....1.2
 7

Wr A
I

0
·~
1-- ~._L_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. , . 8

L PERrvtANENT sET
I
(a)
j
w
t
Wei - - .. ~·-t
B C

I I y
! I /
ij
I.
'I --..
ol_. ----~8-

II IDEALISED LOAD - DEFLECTION CURVE

I Fb<Fy l (b)
Fv
t-l.J ~~ ~t
I
I
-- ~ .
f- 'i
T/' P-t
.,. il
I
I
INeutral J~
LJ
I I
'I? r-~_J
jAxis
I . M<My
;1
LJ
M~!My
u
M=Mp
I
I {c) (d) (f)

CROSS SECTION Y-Y SHOHING STRESS VARIATION

(SEE FIG. 1.2(a))
FIGURE 1.3
 8

,-----' ··-----------·--"-·---- ------·------~

Fig. 1.1(a) shows a typical stress-strain curve. The

region of the elastic limit is up to point A, beyond
which the structure designed by elastic method ·is
considered unsafe. The region of plastic limit is
up to point B the beginning of strain hardening.
Fig. 1.1(b). Fig. 1.1(c) is an idealized stress-
strain curve for the portion of curve up to B.
The plastic strain from point A to B is about 15
times the elastic strain up to point A and repre-
sents the ductil it.Y of the steel. The strain
hardening beyond point B is ignored in plastic
design and is an added factor of safety against
unrestrained deformation.

An engineering structure needs to be strong enough

to resist the external loading (and its own weight)
without collaspsing and stiff enough not to deflect
unduly under that loading.

Examining the beam shown in Fig. 1.2 where the load

Wis s1ow1y increased. If the deflection b and
load W is plotted a load deflection curve of the
general form as shown in Fig~ 1.3(a) would be
observed. Up to P_!Jint A the material is elastic.
Beam will regain its original position after un-
loading. Fig. 1.3(c) represents loading from point
'0' to just before point A on the load-deflection
curve, while Fig. 1.3(d) represent the limit of
elastic design, corresponding to point A on W-b
curve. If the baam is loaded further, there is
some permanent set of the beam, the deflection in<-
creases rapidly in the portion of curve A-B. Note
also Fig. 1.3(e) showing greater portion of the
section is under Fy. If the load is reduced in
 9

I I

this region unloading of the beam will occur elastically,!

if the load is removed completely the beam will be seen
to have roughly the shape shown in Fig. 1.2(b) .with
more or less a definite kink at the central cross
section. As the load is further increased the deflection
increases very }~apidly mainly due to strain hardening of
the material. The curve shown in Fig. 1.3(a) & (b) is
typical for mild steel. Note also for central point
load this curve will have steeper slope because of
comparatively larger deflection. Fig. 1.3(f) represents
the stress distribution corresponding to point 'B' of
W-b curve. We further note the full strength of the
material is reached.

Fig. 1.3(b) represents an idealized curve for which

deflection increases without limit at a constant load
We a1ong the pm~t; on BC of the curve. The i oad We is
called as collapse load of the beam. Since the collapse
load is constant the corresponding bending moment is
constant. The unrestrained deflection at collapse is
produced by extremely localized defonnation at the
central 'Kink' in the beam. The.centrbl cross-section
behaves like a 'rusty hinge connecting together the
1

two halves of the beam, v!hich arc hy comparison, almost

completely rigid. The hinge is known as 'Plastic Hinge'
s1nce 1t occurs at the section of greatest bending
moment in the beam its formation corresponds to same
maximum limit to the bending moment that can be imposed
on the beam.

l
--------~---"·-,.-·-~----- ·--~--~~~---··~-··-·-·-~--~·~a
 10

1.3 Tensile St_ren9!Jl: I

The ultimate tensile load that a steel section can re-i
i
sist equals the specified yeild stress (fy} times the i
cross sectional area (A).
Py = Fy A
In.most of the steel connections where eccentricity
exists and by current method of elastic analysis this
eccentricity is ignored and yet joints do not fail.
It is mainly due to redistribution of stresses remem-
bering that once the portion reaches its yield stress
it will load the other portion till it reaches its
yield stress. (See Fig. 1.4)
,.

I
I Tension bar welde~ to gusset plate eccentrically.
l
I I
---t P/A r--
l
I
Tension--+--/-
/.::-=:!
---«4 Fy r-·--
I
P/A+Pe/S I
Stress distr1bution Stress distribution
at working load. at ultimate

Determine the load P that can be suspended by the tie-

I
rods as shewn in Fiq.l.5 with the following properties
fvlembP.r
---
Area
--2
Fv
I
I
AD 4.0in 3~.n ksi f,

Bn n~ 2 50L.~') k51·
~-··--~n
. 2
, CD 5.01n 36.0 ksi ,
l____,., __,_. _._+•-~•-•••·--··-~~ •--- ~ •- ••••- -···~---~-·-·--- •-·-~n-·----~-~·-~•••• ••·•--•···~•·-••••-•--~•-••••--·---------·~~ ·-----•··-------·~--j
 u

----------· ------~---------··----

6'·-0 11
+ B

A=6.in 2
Fy=50 ksi

2
A=5. in
-~-=-Fy-="'"""'36,__.-.,k-s...,....i~~-·
p

{a)
SOLUTION:
~ tPv=50x6
'\ =300.k1pS
Py=36x4
=144.kips
·'\
\Il
~Py=36.5
~ =1801(
p

(b)

144k. 144x8/10=115.2k
'fT\1
h. ...

300"
'/

I
144x6/10 -tf-- ·- ~ _
=86.4k, \
.86.4k

~P=415.2k.
EQUILLIBIRIUM CONDITION
(,... \
\'-'/

FIGURE 1. 5...
------···--
L-u.. -•~~···--------·-·--··-·-----~-•-'""" """' -~----··-"""'' • • '""" ·•·••·•··"---
 12

--------~---,

Note in Fig. 1.5(b) the max. load that each member

could carry is calculated while Fig. 1.5(c) shows the
equilibrium of the joint to be satisfied.
l
l 1.4 Compre~sive Strenoth:
It is.same as tensile strength. Max. compressive force
I a section can resist equals specified yield strength
(Fy) times the cross sectional area (A) resisting it.
i.e. Py = FyA
Basic concept of redistribution of stresses is true
with compressive strength also when part of section
reaches its yieid strength then remaining portion of
section gets loaded until the whole section reaches its
specified yield strength.

Main cons i deration for rnax. compressive ·1 oad is the

buckling factor. A compression member may buckle be-
fore it can reach to max. yield load. Governing load l
called the cr·ippling load Par is determined by
Par = F A Fa
Par = Ultimate Load in kips.
I
F = Co-efficientspecified by AISC I
I

- 1.7 per A.I.S.C. egn. 2.4.1 P.5-59.i

Fa =Allowable working stress of the :
~ · des1gn
mem ber 'oy elaStlc · 1
ru 1es~ 'Ks ,· ._
-

A
Now Per A.I.S.C.
- . ?1
Fa =11-JKLjr 2"- j Fy
L 2
2Cc J
--F.S-.--·

Where
 13

! ---------------------· ~

! F.S. = il. factor of safety specified by AISC l

I
I
which varies between 1.67 for KL/r equal l

to zero and 1.92 when KL/r equals Cc. I

When KC/r exceeds Cc
fa =--r/E _149,000
F. S. ( KL/ r)
2
(KL/r) 2
Where
F .S. = A constant factor of safety specified
[by A.I.S.C. sect. 1.5.1.3.2 p.5-12~ as
I 1.92.
I
Il Note that KL/r in above eqns. is the larger slenderness
ratio about either axis. K for cols. in braced frames
equals 1 (for plastic design) while for cols. in un-
braced frames K may be greater than 1. depending upon
the degree and nature of fixity at the two ends of the
.. ,I'
1
I
column .
I

In plastic design K is sufficiently accurate to refer

to AISC table C-1.8 P. 5-138 and choose the condition
closest to that in question. Good engineering judge-
ment should be used to interpolate values as far as
conditions are concerned.

Illustrative Example:
--·----------
Select a column 13-ft. long for an ultimate vertical
load of 1350 kips fixed at the bottom against rotation
and translation. The top is fixed against rotation,
but is free to translate use Fy=50 ksi.

Solution:
From AISC table C-1.8.1 P. 5-138
Co:1dit·i or1 C ccrrresponds to the qut~sti on therefore
 14

---------
K ~ 1.2 selected.
Try W14xll1
~L = 1.2 X 13 X 12 = SO.
ry 3. 73

From AISC manual P.5-87

Fa= 24.35 ksi.
Per= 1.7 x 24.35 x 32.7
= 1360 kips >1350. kips. o.k.

1.5 Bending Strength:

A~ discussed in sect. 1.1(b) and also referring to
Fig. 1.3(f) the complete section is reached to its
max. strength. Under the max. ultimate moment called
the plastic moment Mp.

. lI
r Fy ~
r----- I
1 I ~Tension
I
----~ · . Lever Arm

; Fy· I
~---+! FIGURE 1. 6
As in elastic analysis
Me. X • Mom. = Fb x S
Where Fb ~ Allowable bending stress ksi
~ "" Sect1'on ·nodulus
...,; • lu
~...._ 1.:n
3
I , .,

In plastic design
Max. ultimate mom. = Mp = Fy x Z.
Fy = Specified yield stress ks1
Z = Plastic modulus defined as the sum of
 15

~-------------------~;~~~n~~---~f the profi 1e area above and

I · 3
bel ow the neutra 1 axis, i n .
· Shape factor is the ratio for a given shape of the
plastic modulus Z to the section modulus •s•
i.e. Shape factor=~
Note 'that plastic moduli for rolled steel sections are
listed in the AISC manual .

.I 11 ustrative Exampi ~:
Find (i) Section Modulus
(ii) Plastic Modulus
(iii) Shape Factor
of rectangular section of width 'b' &depth 'd'.

--r
J.-_Q~

~
---·t-·
d/4 I
.d/~l"ll..
.I
F·-·-·t-r·---
II
I

!
k!/2
I
I
Neutra 1 Axis
- I
i
I

-->"+·-~ .J r/2 i
'~L- l- I

so·iution:
r
(i) Section Modulus = ~·'-' . ., 2
bi .j ' b.
s == --~-- 1 ~ = _9__
12 2 6
2
(ii) Plastic Modulus "' Z =2 [bd x d""'j = bd
2 4: 4
'l

(iii ) Shape Factot~ = 1 = bdt:: x _§__. = 1. 5

s tj. bd 2
 16

r ~-----~------

Note that shape factor of most rolled !-beams and

1
wide flange shapes bent about their strong axis varies I
between 1.09 and 1.2. For design purposes, 1.12 is
usually used.

Illustrative Example:
Design a wide flange beam to span 20 ft. between simple
supports and carry an ultimate load of 4.0 kip per foot.
I Assume continuous lateral support and A36 steel.

- Solution:
2 2
Required Mp wL
= -g- = 4x20
8 = 200K.ft.

Required Z = 200x12 = 66 . 7 in3.

36
From AISC manual
Select ~Jl8x35

Z = 66.8in 3 .> 66.7in 3 . o.k.

1.6 .~lelds:
Ult·imate value of weld is obtained by mult·iplying
eiastic allowable stress by factor of 1.7. ~1ost of the
weld metal is stronger than the base metal, therefore
the strength of welded connection depends upon the
strength of- base metal. Butt welds may be assumed
capable of developing o~ their min. throat section the
tensile yield stress Fy of the base material, wh·ile
for fillet welds the allowable stress in pla~tic design
is obtained by multiplying the elastic allowable stress
by a factor of 1.7.

Thus for an E70xx electrode allowable fillet weld

stress for elastic design equals 21.0 ksi while for
;
i
L____ ~------- ·------------------------------..·------·- --··------------------------·-···-·····------ --·-·--------------·---------·----------~'
 17

plastic design it will be 21.0 x 1.7 = 35.7 ksi. It

is convenient to calculate the allowable ultimate
strength (kips per inch) for each } 6 in. of fillet
size. For E70xx this value is

35 7
· 1 ~· 707 = 1.58 kips per in.
Values for all other size of welds th~n could be worked
out by proportion. For instance ultimate allowable
value for 1/2'' fillet weld would be as follows. Since
111e weld strength equals 1.58 kips pi.·!" inch therefore
11
for l/2 11 i.e. 8x(_l--c. ) would be 8x1.58 = 12.64 kips per
Ii
10
inch length of fillet weld.

Illustrative Examp]_e:
Determine the maximum load P that the connection
I
sho\!m in Fig. 1.7 can carry. Assume 50 ksi steel and I'

E70xx electrodes.
,j
i

FIGURE 1./'
------
So 1uti on:
----- Min. PL area = 7x 38 ==
21
-8 sq. in.

Ult. Tensile Load = -2 ~x50 = 131k.

Tot. weld "length = 10+10+6 = 26 11

3 .
Ult. Lead by \'telds = Strength of
16 ~~ v.•e1d x length of
\'Je 1d.

= 2xl.58x26 = 75.8k.
 18

The governing condition is welding, therefore, the

maximum load is 75.8 kips.

1. 7 Bolts:
---
As in welds the ultimate value for bolts is obtained
by multiplying elastic allowable stress by a factor
of 1.7. A307 and A325 bolts are most commonly used
with A36 steel, while the A490.bolt is used with
higher grades as well as with A36.

The tension stress must be reduced if the bolt or

rivet is also subjected to shear. Interaction equa- 1

tions for this purpose could be obtained from the AISC I

!
handbook. This would be elastic allowable stress. To .1

obtain plastic stress multiply elastic allowable stress I

by factor of 1.7.

Illu~tr:f)."ti'Le ExamQ.],~:
Determine the max. load P that the connection in
Fig. 1-8 can carry. Assume 50 ksi steel, A490 bolts
and threads excluded from shear plane.

[]___ j i-}!j_-_·___j
2PL-6 11 xl/4' 1 1-·1/8 -+(Tr--r+-r+-+··-1-1/8
11
' !__......________ ill
11
LrL-6; 1xi/2 11
! ~

P/2-4-~­
·-----r-=t==r- -r-L --· a. Bolts.
4-7/8
L j·-;-·-t---r ---------·--,.
11
Di
~
----- . . -··--:--r-------~::::::!t ,...p
P/2 ....~ I ~----+-J ,

FIGURE 1.8
 19

,--·-------------·--·-----·-
!

S~tiQn: Max. load:Bolts in shear

P = 32.7x4 = 131 kips.
Max load:Bolts in bearing
from AISC manual (page 4-7)
P = 1.7x29.5x4 = 200 kips.
Max. load:Plate material in tension
P = 1.7x50.x6xl/2 = 253 kips.

Note: No deduction is made for the bolt holes because

the area of net section is greater than 85% of the
gross section.

The governing condition is the shear in the bolts.

Therefore, the maximum load is 131 kips.

1. 8 ..b..ru!s.L.Factor:
In plastic design the basic design stress being the
yield stress and corresponding forces developed are
the ultimate loads. All service loads are therefore I

converted to imaginary ultimate load by multiplying I

by a factor (greater than 1) known as load factor.
I

/USC has recommended the fo i 1owing 1 oad factors:

I
Case I - Live load + dead load = 1~7
Case II - Live load + dead load in tonjunction
Il
with wind or earthquake forces = 1.3.

i
~·· ---~-- --·- ~-·~--~ ·-~--~*·~---- -~-.- ·-----~~--~------·--"
 -------------------·---------------..-.--.--.-----·--·1
CHAPTER 2
CONTINUOUS BEAMS

2.1 Plastic Analysis By The Equillibirium Method. I

Steps involved:
(1) Computation of plastic moments
(2) Consideration of load redistribution after plastic
hinges have formed
(3) Calculation of the ultimate loads which exist when
the collapse mechanism is created

Illustration:

·
v .
: .....---.~--"'+--~ -~--~~~--1-r
1,_ WL2
24
'\l_L HL 2/12

Designing this beam by elastic method, we know the max.

B.M. (at suppot~t) = ~!L . = 6.~?<18~ = 175.5
2

12 12 k=ft
Sr·eqd = 175.5x12 ~ 87.8 in. 3
24
Use W18x50 (S = 89.1 in. 3 )
I It is novJ desired to find an ultimate load that this
I
t---·----------·--·-··-~--···-··--------- --------- '-· ---·- _............ ,______________________ --···--·----······-------------_)1

20
 21

~---------·-----~-------~------------------ -~-----···-----------l

l section can carry before collapse.

I
l The maximum possible fixed end moment in beam in elas- '
l tic range will be as shown in Fig. 2.1. If the beam
is loaded further the plastic moment Mp as shown in
Fig. 2.2 ·(b) will be developed together with formation
of plastic hinges as shown in Fig. 2.2(c). Note that
central mbment still below Mp. Beam now converts to
a simple supported span between plastic hinges as
shown in Fig. 2.2(c). As the loading is increased l• J
I
further the moment at the center wi 11 increase as it
would in the case of simple span beam. It will in-
crease till the moment at mid-span of span reaches to
plastic moment Mp. See Fig. 2.3(b) dotted line. This
moment now leads to the formation of a third hinge at
mid-span. See Fig. 2.3(c). Hith the fOl~mation of i

third hinge mechanism is developed permitting I

collapse.

To find the uniform ultimate load Wu take moment at

center line of the beam (knowing there the moment
is Mp at collapse). See bea~ reaction Fig. 2.3(a).
Mp = -Mp+(Wu L/2) (L/2-l/4)
= l•lu L2
T6
Hu = .=...16Mn
....:.!.C...
?
L'-
Mp = FyZ :.: 36x101 ::: 303 ft-·k
--12
Z = 101 in. 3 From AISC handbook
Wu = 16x303 = 14.95 kip/ft.
"'182-
 22

r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -..----- ---,
I
i

~ ---J--J-J:--L.i~4

(a)

. . ~-Less
than Mp
v---------=r
(b)

Plastic Hinge 1, r Plastic Hinge

t'\.S.r----- ----&>
{c)

FIGURE 2.2

r~p ( t.-r-•
1 i~u

<
k/ft.
1 t * 'l
I
r (a)
I
II
I

'b'I
\

r------r l
-0:-- --- ---- --r-· ------- -----~

L__ Plastic Hir.gf: ~-L

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
(c)

~-----·-- --------·-·-······ --··---··---~·······- ·----·· ___________ ,_ ______ ,FIGURE

.
___--.-. 2.3 -.
. .........
1
-- - --- --- -·-- -----------·-------·--------------'
 2.3

~~-------~ ---_ --------------···--·---·-----~---------------l

The plastic safety factor = 14.95/6.5 = 2.3 1

Note that after the mechanism is formed at no point I

moment exceeds the plastic moment Mp.

2.2 Virtual Work Method.

The structure is assumed to deflect through a small
additional displacement after the ultimate load is
reached. The work performed by the external loads
during the displacement is equated to internal work
absorbed by hinges.

Illustration:

L L/2
r
Figure 2.4_

The work performed external load (WuL) is equal to

by
\!JuL times the average deflection of mechanism.

Average deflection of mechanism = l/2x9xL/2

The _internal work absorbed by the hinges or the sum of

Mp at each plastic hinge times the angle through which
it works,
 . 24

- - - -·---------·---·------·-·---------------l
Equating External work = Internal work
Mp (9+29+9) = WuL(9xL/2xL/2) I
= Wu L2
16

2.3 Locat.Js>...:.Yl_Q.f P"lastic Hinges For Uniform Loads.

There is no difficulty in locating plastic hinge for
a beam with fixed ends, but there is difficulty in
locating plastic hinges for beams such as propped or
continuous beams.

Illustration:
To locate hinges in propped or continuous beams assume
hinge is formed at distance x. See Fig. 2.5(b).

The virtual work expression for the collapse mech-

anism of the beam shown in Fig. 2.5(a) is written as
follows:
Mp{G+eJ:.~~)= ~Jul (9) (L-x) (L/2)

Solving this eqn. for ~1p, taking dMp=O

dx
X =-0.414l
Knowing x a11 other relevant values ~r~ calc~lated
and shown in Fig. 2.5(d). This value is also applic-
able to uniformly loaded end spans of continuous
beams with simple end supports.

2.4 Plastic Brvl. Desj_g_Q.

2.4.1 Local Buckling:
It occurs mainly due to large compressive
stress applied t6 a relatively thin element.
- j
"---~- -~--·---·-· .... - ·-· --·----··-·----~----" ·- - -~--··-- ·----··----·- -~------"- ---~-~------~--~------· ---·--·- -----~~--~J
 25

--~

!' (b)
I
!!
j

i '
I
:e -}9(L-x) l i ,_-
_L
(L··x)9

~-·Real Hinge
II
!
. bg~lS.. g
~

i (c)

• 586LG -1 r- L 4149
~----If~
I . I .
. g 7
-:"""'~~ L ._A\ ,
: ' . ......._ ~-2.4149
. ·-~
~--~86L____,~: 414L t
(d)

FIGURE
.....
_-~ ~---·
.2_J;_
- -----·~-···-~----~--------.J
 26

r--·
i
I AISC specifies rules for flanges and web limits
of slenderness.

Max. ratio of flange width bf to I

thickness tf. I
F bf/2tf-
36 8.5
42 8.0
45 7.4
50 7.0
55 6.6
60 6.3
65 6.0
Max. ratio of beam depth d to web
thickness tw in the absence of
axial load
.ELf.--9/t~
3o" I 68.7
42 62.9
45 61.4
50 58.3
55 55.6
60 53.2
65 51.1

I Sections conforming to above mentioned restric-

l tion are termed 11 plastic de.s~gn section 11 •
Others are not permitted in plastic design .
I
When an axial load is present in a beam, the
.I d/tw ratio is restricted further as follows:
' 41?
-~- = -=-~ = (1.4 P/Py)-
tw jFy
i
Hhen P/Py < 0.27
t
'~~----·----·-•·•·-- r-•~---~-- ~-~•• ---·-•···•·--~- ,,_._ ~~--- ..--:~-••·-•-' ..- '•-•••-•••------•··--~-·--·~·---··-·----~-~-··-------------·-~ ,,_,,,.!
·----.------·-
27

-~~,.-·-----·--------

--,
1
1
and d
tw
= 257
ffY
when f>0.27
Py
I!

2.4.2 Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB).

To prevent failure by this buckling mode prior
to the formation of a mechanism~ lateral
braces are required within a certain distance
from these first hinges so that they can ro-:-
tate adequately without general buckling of
the member. This lateral-torsional buckling
is more general in nature than local buckling~
affecting larger regions of the beam.

LTB develops more readily in segments of the

beam where the bending moment is almost con-
stant than in segments having a steep moment
gr,adient. I
I

Design procedure is to assume Lcr either con- I

sidering moment gradient or uniform moment
and then check the moment gradient ~p·

The AISC yules for the maximum laterally un-

supported distance Lcr from the first hinge to
fm·m are:
M.omen~t gra d··
• 1en t M
vMp < 0.. .r::]

Lcr = ry IJ.375 + 25]

LFY
Uniform moment. ~1
f1p :;:. • 5
Let~ ~ ry r13J_§_ l
L FY J
 28

!
. .1 . I
In segments where the beam is be hav1 ng e ast1- j
caily or at the last hinge of the plastic mech- l
I
anism the spacing of braces is determined by 1

rules of allowable stress design.

2.4.3 Shearing force in beams:

- In order for a hinge to for·m~ tests have shown

that excessive shear should be avoided. Based
on test results AISC specifies that:
v = 'i.< 0.55 Fy
dtw
Where v Shear stress, ksi
=
V - Shear resulting from factored
loads, kips
d ~ Depth of section, in.

tw = Thickness of web, 'in.

If the shear stress v exceeds the above value

a new section must be selected or the web
must be reinforced, Tw_o types of reinforce-
ment are used - doubler plates or diagonal
stiffners. In both cases, the re·i nforcernent
is designed to resist the excess shear vex.

Vex. V
=dtv.;- 0.55 Fy.
I
I · Illustrative E_~ample:
Fig. 2"6(a) is a propped cantilever.
(1) Draw plastic moment diagram.
(2) Design the beam and determine the bracing
requirement.
(3) Check shear r'equirement.

lw•·••--·••••,.----.,·---..···--···-··------·~·-•··--.,-····-·-··· ......,,,..,..,.... _ ...,,.,, .......... ,.,,,,_,.,. ,,,,,_,,_,._ -·•• .,,,_,,.,.,_,___j

 29

125k.

~-.,
't.j -O"~l., gn_ou
AL
---r
(a)

Hinge
~ . ±Real

Pla5tic
_..,__-~
Hinge
(b)

28l.k-ft ~ ~Inn .
--+-AlllilL_~
;
{c)

I
I
I

(e)

FIGURE 2. 6
---·--
l~--,-·--
 30

----·--·--
l
Solution:
(1) Simply supported bending moment = l25x3x9
12
I
i

S.B.M. Fig. 2.6(c) = 281 ft-kips.

Adjusting the base line of SBM diagram so that
Mp at point A is same Mp at point B.
Fig. 2.6(d)
By similar triangles
!12_ = 281-MP
12 9
MP = 161 ft-kips

(2) Z = Mp/F.y = 16x12/36=53. 7 in. 3

Use \~16x31, Z = 54.0 in. 3 , ry::: 1.17 in.,
bf = 5.525 in., d/Af = 6.49 assuming lateral
brace is available at point B~ M = 161 K-Ft .
..11 = +~1 { +ve ratio as member- bends in reverse . .

Mp curvature between A and B) 1

r -,
Lee = ry ll~~2.. +25 J
= 1. r7 [1~~5 +25 J
= 741i
First hinge will for·m at point P... At 74 11 ft·om
this first hinge lateral brace is required.
fwai1able brace o.t 36 from A ·is thGrefoy·e OK.
11

Hinge at B is last to form.

As per AISC Sect. 1.5.1.4.1 (elast. design
requit~ement)

76. Obf ·= . . .
{Fy-- 70 , 16 Hl.

20,00G
I
I

85.67 in. f
fd/?.fTFy -
 31

r -~

Hence provide lateral bracing between B-C I

6'-0 11 from B.
I
I
Or provide one lateral bracing at 74 fr·om A 11
i
which will satisfy Elastic and Plastic require- I
ment.

(3) Shear:
Max. Shear (at A) - 125x9+161 kips.
1212 = 107
I
v = 107
1:-::5=-'-.s=4..x=o--::.2=7=5 = 24.7 ksl. I
Allm.Jable = 0.55x36. 19.8 ksi < 24.7 ksi.
=
I!
Using diagonal stiffner for excessive shear '
cross-sectional ar-ea~ _24.?_:}9._§_ = 0 • 192 in.2
'·,
">~ j~6to
\' 0
707)
I ,

Provide 3/16 x 2in. plate.

A~ 0.375 in 2 , see Fig. 2.6{e).

2.5 Continuous Beams

Designing continuous beams by elastic method involves
rather complex methods giving results which do not
repr-esent the actual picture. Plastic analysis is
applicable to continuous structures and gives more
realistic limiting strength picture of structure.
The following examples illustrate the above facts.
These examples worked out should be checked for shear,
local buckling. etc. which are already described in
previous chapters.
 32

,-------·---·---------·--·--------
1
I Example 2.5.1. Select a steel shape for the two span
beam shown in Fig. 2.7 using A36 steel, the AISC
specification, and assuming full lateral support.

40K.

~IO'u
---+
t-~ -J.-
(a)
201
----..t
u
Real Hinge~\ _______/, ,{ Plastic Hinge :;:)

/~g
.9~
29
Plastic Hinge '
(b) Collapse Mechanism

Fiqure 2,7

So1ut·ion:
Plastic Analysis
Mp(29+9) = Pu(lOG)
~1p = 3.33 Pu

Plastic Des·ign:
Pu = 1.7x40 = 68k
M~ ~ 3.33 (68) = 226.7 Ft-K

Use H18x40.

Example 2.5.2. Select a steel shape for the beam

shown in Fig. 2.8, use A36 steel, the AISC specifica-
tion, and assume full lateral support.
I

I I
;·-····-~---··---··-······-- ··-· ···-····-···········-···---·· -·-···-·- -····· -·--·-···-··---·--···--· --·-····--···----·----·-·-··--·----··--!
 33

,---------------·----·-·
Solution: Plastic Analysis:
-·--------, I
Mp{29t9) = Pu (159)
t4p ::: 5Pu I!
30K. 30K. 30K.
A yB C yo E ~F G
~lr-=--~·-15_1_:.;_ 15 1 u-15' 15 1 ~ 15 1 I
I
t~~-------1~~------~r--- ~-----~-- l

{a)

Real
Hinge

I.
t
(b) Collapse Mechanism

I Figure 2.8=

1
P1astic Design:
'
Pu = 1.7x30 = 51k
Mp = 5x51 = 255 k-ft.
Z reqd. = 12x255 _ 8h • 3
36 - ::> 1n ~

Use W21x44

Note:
(1) Additional spans have little effect on the
amount of work involved in the plastic design
procedure.
(2) In example 2.5.2 we know by expedence of elastic
analysis that max. mom. will be at first interior
s~pport. We also know that end span will have
max. +ve moment. Hence the first plastic hinge
will form at C & 0, next will form at B & F
: shown in Fig. 2.8(a). .
l·-·-···-·---···--····-~--------···--------~-------·--··----------··---··-··--·-----·-·-·--·----··-----------·-----J
 34

-----·~---- -------

(3) . In case of unequal spans carrying the same load

I
collapse mechanism will occur at longer spans &
correspondingly the steel section will be sec-
lected. However providing the same section will
be uneconomical as the steel in the shorter
spans has not yet reached its ultimate capacity.
The more economi ca 1 sma 11 er section is chosen &
for longer spans cover plates are added corres-
ponding to its strength requirements. The cost
of providing bigger sections for all spans &
cost of providing smaller sections for all spans
&welding cover plates for long spans should be
evaluated and then the final decision could be
made. This fact is illustrated in example 2.5.3
and 2.5.4.

Ex amp 'l e 2 • 5 • 3
Select a section for the beam shown in Fig. 2.9 using
A36 steel, the AISC specification, assume full lateral
support.

I
I_

Plastic Hinge
(b) Collapse Mechanism.
f:Lg!we 2.9.
 .35

Wu = 49.4
l
Plastic Design:
Wu ~ 1.7x6 ; 10.2 K/ft.
Mp = 49.4xl0.2 = 504 Ft-K
Z reqd = 12~~04

= 168 in. 2
Use \~24x68.

Example 2.5.4 select a section for the 18-ft. span

of the beam of example 2.5.3 (see Fig. 2.10) and de-
sign the necessary coverplates fm· the 24.fr span.
6K/ft.
p I I I 1·1 I I ITIIT-I
~- 18 1 ~ 04'
~.
~
-i'
f fI
·-----
(a)

10. ssg
1.4149 -~ 1
1

,~-i~~- ------8···

. ;2.4149
17. /J.t:: I ''If
~a t::':; I l
(b) Co 11 apse r1echani sm
I '
.
1"-'-~- _:L_~--i Figure 2. !Q

Solution:
Plastic Analysis for 18.ft span
Mp (2.4149~9) = (18Wu) (10.55Q) (1/2)
II ~1p = 27. 8 VJu
Plastic design for 18 ft. span:
I
Wu ~ 1.7x6 = 10.2 K/ft.
I
;
Mp = 27.8x10.2 = 284 ft-K
i
·-------··------..-··--··---·-··--····------·-·-----------..----···---------·-·----·--------------------·------------··---1
 36

Wu=1.7x6=10.2 K/ft.
l..-.1-......1---.-·LTJ: £11··...--1
I.--.--[] I~

]._.8_' --+ 24' j

{a)

-~l1i1o.sK I
Jbl 4-r I
Ll07. 7K .l
!
(b) Shear Diagram

6001<-ft

(c) Moment Diagram

FIGURE 2.11
.,
~~-·-~~--- _..~---~-----·~ ··--··---,----~--. ·---~---·-.---·-~-------·----- ·-~---~---·--·· ·---·---~----··-·--·---~-----~----~---~---,- ---- ----------·~-----~·-·_;
 37

r------------_-------·-------·-
1 . Z Reqd. =
12
~~ 84 = 94.5 in. 3
Use W21x44 (Z = 95.3 in. 3 , d=20.66).
Actual Mp = 36 x12
95 · 3 = 285.9 Ft-K

Let Z be the reqd. plastic modulus for the entire

moment.
I
ZS ~:rt~~ep~~:~::rm::~~us for the section selected j
I d be the depth selected fa~ the shorter span
I
i
tp be the thickness of one cover plate J
Ap be the area of one cover plate I
f -I
II An approximate expression for Ap can be written as I
follows:
Z = Zs+2Ap (d/2+tp/2)
Z Zs
Ap =d+tp -d+tp
Design of cover plates for longer span:
See the moment diagr~arn Fig. 2.11
12x600
Z Reqd. ,., -
. 3
.- = 200 1n.
36
Assum·ing tp = 1/2 in.
II 200
-
q" 3
- ._." - LJ 05 •
r.p 2o~ 66+. 5 -20. 66+0. 5 - . · -' sq • 1 n ·
Try lOxl/2-in. cover plates (t\p = 0.5 sq. in.)
3
Z"" 95.3+2x5xl0.58 = 201.1 in. >200 in.
3
Use 1/2xl0-in. cover plates 17.0 ft. long.

Note: Extend cover plates 6 to 12 in. beyond

theoretical cut-off point at each end.

2.6 SQ1Jces in Beams:

In continuous beams~ as mentioned previously, the
! location of first plas~ic hinge is at first interior _
[___________________ .:_, _______ , _____________ ----··--·-"""-•··--···--· ... -----··- -- ··----·---·-----··-··-------- -------·-··------·---:________ j
 38

"'--------------
.lr--·· -------~

I
i
support and then at end spans. To use the material I
j more economically the location of splices in plastic !
I
design is an important consideration. Following
I figures 2.12 and 2.13 are self explanatory and by
lo~ating splices at different locations its effect
on the plastic moment diagram can be seen.

(1) Splice in 2nd. span (Fig. 2.12)

t-----splice Location
I w K/Ft.

(a)

Real Hinge Plastic Hinge

~~~~-~
(b) Collapse Mechanism

(c) t~1oment Diagram

'i F I GU RE ~~ , 12
l l
[__________________ ·----------~---·------··--·---------··--·'"·-·· ·----··---------- ·-·---·· -· -----· ------ ------------------··-·---------_i
 39

________ ,__ -----~----------

I
T Splice in end span

f ~ l :~&-....,.........,!
' ~ .
4---r--,}r----r--[~IJ---,---,1 i
I I
(a)
i

l Real Hinge-~- I Plastic Hinge- ,

I ---- _,./~~----~---·?·'..,·--~
-- ·- ~ "0' ~-

(b) Collapse Mechanism

I
I

------- ---·-·---------- ------ r

...,. __ _

.0625HL 2 _j
(c) Moment Diagram

FIGURE 2.13
;
!L.~ ~--····----- -·'"··--.. .--..• -~------------- ,.···-·-----~--- -·-··"-~···--··-----.,---····--·- -- ·- ·····----- -·- .. - -----·-·- ----~-- -·-~···-~----~-----~------~-----~-<
'
 40

-------------

2.6.2 Splice Design:

Splices can be designed for either of the follow-
1
ing~

(1) Full plastic moment: It is a very con-

servative approach because usually the
splice location is selected where the
moment is zero.
(2) Simple Shear: Very economical
(3) For moments less than the plastic moment.
j Comparatively less economical than simple •
!
shear condition. I
l'

I For plastic design simple shear connections are

I
adequate provided the connection is felexible
I'
enough to redistribute moments.
If the connection is too rigid it will be unable to
resist moment imposed at it at service loading and
it may actually fail.

Fig. 2.14 shows two recommended connect·l ons.

- :J-_ Pl ~ te~
l
?:
-- 1_:5E___..
.I- ++- !!
l!I•
+
-t-
_r--.--- fl
.
ei~he;
of web
on
s·ide

L ·
_·_ -lb-
. .
-·d
I

.r --------,r--
+ +-v---- J
~Angles on
either side
Tf
I
+ •;
+ ,,,

1 . + I
.J
T of web

b_ Jc_·--------·---·-·:=:1
I FIGURE 2.14 '
l--~----·-..··--·-·------···-·--·----------------=:====--:--~--- -- -------..·--·----------------------'
 41

l
2.7 Deflection. I
rI Plastic design is basically useful for continuous.· !
structures. As an example take a span of a conti-
I
nuous beam. There always exists an end moment
which reduces deflection at midspan. Live load
deflections for floor beams or girders are seldom
of concern. Deflection could be checked by assuming
a simple span or conservatively assuming end res-
training moment such as wL 2/16 and then finding
max. deflection.
t,

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
l
I
I
CHAPTER 3
· COMBINED_ BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD
I
3.1 Axial force in beams with reduced plastic moment Mpc.
If a member is short and buckling effect is not the
criteria for the axial load, the plastic hinge deve.l:..:'
ops at a t~educed plastic moment value designated as
Mpc. Mpc depends upon the cross-sectional properties
of tht~ member, the yi e 1ding s tt·es s of the s tee 1 and
the magnitude of the axial load.
I The influence of the axial force in reducing the
value of Mpc is seen in Fig. 3.1 approximate inter-
t'
action given by AISC.
I ~~c == 1.18 (1-~Y) --(3.1)
For values of P<Py it is permissible to take f~pc=t,lp

I
I
i
3.2 Beam-Column
I
l
For long columns interaction shown in Fig. 3.1 is
! true because of the fact that axiai load depends
upon the s 1enden1ess ,~a ti o K;.

Interaction formula for this case is the sum of two

parts
(i) Ratio representing that portion of the
total section stn:ngth used for axial load.
(ii) Ratio representing the portion remaining
to resist the concurrent mome~t.

Added together these two ratios shnuld not

exceed unity. t~athematically expr·essed

As Per
~ + ~~- ) / 1 0 ~--( 1 ? ).
\1-P/Pe ~1m~ • ~ ....

- · · · · - · - ...... - ... ,,_., ................... _ . __________....... - --- - - · ----- .........~ ... ---····- ' ...........- ...... _ . , ......o...................- ....... _________ ........- - - - - · - - - - '
 43

Short column
with axial force
& moment.

(b) Stresses due to

axial force only.

~-~
~Mpc~11p
{c) Stresses due to
rrtom. only. lillI .
-·
~

(d) Stresses due

to mom. +
axial force.

~ (e) . Interac- Analytical Solution

tion of
ax ia 1 and
I mom. for
strong axis
I bending
of short 0.5
WF column.
"'~Mpc/Mp = 1.18 (1-P/Py)

I
0.15-+o _ -.......-
,_
0.5
I -· l.ff"
- - - . - t:- r·1 pc/t1 p
F I "lJ R,... "' 1
!._~--~··~.,--~--~-
\;1 t·-- --·-·--
.:;_.-:::-___ ----- --------------- -··-· -- . ------- - ----·--------·--·--------·-- ·----·~-~---··--------~-~·
 4-4

------~·

~Jhere

P =Applied factored axial load, kips

Per = 1.7 A Fa kips.
M = Concurrent permissible moment resulting
I
l

from factm~ed loads.

ft- kips
Pe = 1.92 A F 1 e kips where F•e is the allowable
Euler stress specified by AISC as

F, = rlE (KLb)2
eyb 1.92
lb = Actual unbraced length in plan of bending,

K = !;;ective length factor in plane of bending. I

rb = Radius of gyration in the plane of bending 11.i

Values of F 1 e can directly be obtained from AISC

tab1e.2, P.S-94.
Mm = t~aximum moment that can be resisted by the
membm~ in absence of axial load Ft. kips

For column braced in weak direction.

Mm = Mp

Fo~ columns unbraced in the weak direction, lateral

torsional buckling may be critical. In this case:
r- . ~:y; Fy l I
Mm = l_L 07 3160 J~p <Mp I
j
Cm = Coefficient depends on (see Fig. 3.2)
Case 1. t~embers in an unbraced fl~ame such as I
In Fig. 3.2(a}
~em = .85
I Case 2. Columns in a braced frame subjected to
end moments only such as AB in
Fig. 3.2(b)
I
i
Cm = 0.6-.4q but not less than 0.4.
!1..~_.-.-----·---·-----·--~-~~·---·----·---~-·-"-----,---~-·~-----------~-----.:..·~·~-~-n-•---•·----•·--·----·----·-~-·--~-.J
. i
 45

r The value 2 is the algebraic ratio of

the end moments described in sect. 3.3
Case 3. Beam-Column in a braced frame sub-

I
j
jected to transverse loading. If the
member is restrained against rotation
Fig. 3.2(c), Cm = .85. If rotation is·
not restrained Fig. 3.2(d), Cm = 1.0
Case 2 is the typical case for columns in real build-
ings and design aids have been developed for the so·lu-'
tion. I
3.3 Ultimate Strength Of Beam Column:
There are two possible failure modes
(i) In-Plane bending (IPB)
(ii) Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)
I
Both IPB and LTB depends on:
1. The material properties expressed by Fy I
2., The slenderness ratio KL/r J!
.'.>.
"' Th.e ax1a
. ,•. l oa d iAatw
. . Py
p I

4.
.
magnitude of upper and 1ower ena moments,;
The
I
Mu and M~, respectiv~ly. I
5. The direction of end moments expressed by q, l
I
the ratio of the numerically smaller to the
numeritally larger end moment.
The ratio q is illustrated in Fig. 3.4. There are
three conditions of end moment ratios.·
1. Fig. 3.3(a) is for q = -1. End moments act
in opposite directions resulting in single
curvature.
2. Fig. 3.3(b) is for q = +1. The end moments
act in the same direction resulting in
single curvature.
3. Fig. 3.3(c) is for q : 0. There is end mo-
ment at one end of the co 1unm.
 46

~----·---~-----·----· .------------·--·--·-----..-l
I Bt-
I .
B p I
I
Cm:::;.85

A
Case (1) Case (3)
(a) (c)
p p

--~~---

·A Cm=.6-.4q
~" ·.
Case (2) Case (3) Unrestrained
(b) {d)

FIGURE 3.2 Values Of Coefficient Cm

- ----
p

+~u
-1; I
~
i I
.

\ I

~L p p
~f
~-· _/~M
L
'\I
·~
Ip
Least favorable l~os t favorab 1 e LTB or IPB governs
LTB governs IPB usuaily governs
(a) (b) {c}

i
i..p~------,--·-~------~---------------~---------~---------
FIGURE 3. 3
-·--. .. . -. -·- -·-· .--· .
1
-""----------·-···--------~--~··--·-----·---~---------------·"""'
 47

---·-. --·-----·---~--·-·-··-----·------------------~------------·---,

IPB takes place about the strong axis and results

when column is sufficiently braced about weak axis.

LTB takes place when there is insufficient bracing

about the weak axis.

3.4 Desi[~ Proce~ur~ (One story only)

Columns with end moments about their major axis de-'
signed as follows:
Step 1. Find end moment ratio q, chart for arith-
matically closest value of q is selected.
Step 2. Assume a col. section. Calculate P/Py,
L/rx and L/ry and enter the chart chosen
in Step 1. The ~pc ratios for IPB and
LTB are read and the lower values chosen.
Step 3. The Mt"pc ratio chosen in Step 2 is used in
conjunction with the reduced plastic mo-
ment eqn. 3.1 to determine the allowable
n~ment M. If the applied moment on the
column is greater than r~, a larger section
·is tried.

. j

I
I
I
l
I
'
t---~--·--~--------·---- ·---· - --.---------·--·---- - - --·· · . . -.. ·---· -.· · ·-· ········--···· · -
----- ------ - ~ -- --- ------- -- -· - - - ---- -- -------- ----· ·- ------------------------~--~-----~ ...- \
"._ _ _ .__:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ . J
 48

CHAPTER 4
SINGLE STORY BRACED FRAME

In any framed structure lateral stabil1ty can be

acheived by:
(1) Bending stiffness as in the case of rigid
frame.
(2) Diagonal bracings on the frame or shear
wa.lls.
lp p P· p
,6..
,-~

r----- -
I I
h
I
I
I
I
I
l
I
I

~·
"'! "

(a) (b) I
FIGURE 4.1 II
A fr·ame can become unstable due to vertical
I
l

loads,
I 4.1 Horjz._onta1 force and vertical loads. (Drift)_,_

V~rt·lca1 Loads: A brace frame may move horizontally

I
due to vertica·l ·1 cads only (buck1 i ng effect). As 1
the frame moves horizontally the vertical load become~
!
eccentric causing an overturning moment 2PL\. This
moment causes an incr-ease in/\_\';hich in turn causes
more moment. This cycle continues until the frame
becomes unstab.le. To acheive stabi'lity a restt·ain·-
ing moment P~should be provided and th·is in turn
is acheived by providing an elastic member such as
l_ 0~'>·--·•-•·~-·-•~-----·--------·--•• --·------··•·--•··-------~---•-•----· -- -·----.--•·-·~-·-~ --~-- -··-~ -----.-·-~·----·-~--=----J
o:.v--·----•
 49

~---·-----··---------------

!
diagonal brace.
Force in rod (see Fig. 4.l(b))R = fAb
f == Ee,e=Lb
Lbx

R = E.6.lbx Ab
Lb
f = Stress in psi
e = Strain in inches
Lbx = Change in bracing length in inches
Lb = Length of brace in.
Lbx =~Cos 9
= E~Cos Q Ab
So R
' ' Lb

The hori zonta 1 component of R is

2
R cos g = _E.6Ab Cos 9
Lb

The resisting moment RM about the base of the frame

is R.M. = RcosQh

For stability resist·ing moment must equa 1 the ovel~­

turning moment.
2
EL\AU_gs 9r:. = EP
Lb

Note in der·iv"ir1g the above formula it is assumed

that horizonta1 force due to unsymmetrical loading
is negligible.

lllys tra 11.Y§L.~~ 1e:

Calculate the required area of X-bracing to prevent
instability for the frame shoHn in Fig. 4.2. Assume
bracing to resist tension only.
 50

-----------·--·--·

I
I
Figure 4.2

p = 15xl0+100+100 = 450 K
Ab = !-.Q.~P
2 Lb = 12.8'
Eh Cos 9
12.8x450 Coso::::i~. 8=.7812
3 ~ 2
30xl0 x3x·7812

2
= 0.0394 in.

4. 2 Drift - P-· 6 f'lloments.

Shear force caused by P..6.. effect ·1 s given by
QLt=
Pb.
-T-.l

in which:
P :::~P ::: total gravity load above floor.
h = height of story
QL\.= total shear force caused by P,6 effect.

The bracing therefore must be designed to resist I

Qli+ lateral force. By providing bracing the tendancy
of frame instability is not ~~uled out therefore a
sutitable drift limitation at combined \>\fOrking load
1eve 1 is necessary. The influence of PD. effect in
the design of braced frames may be considered in the
following steps.. _
--- --·-------·----··----~·-·-----'- ·- ____ ......: -------- ----·------· -~--~-···-·· -------~--------c- ----~----~~-.....;____
. ______j
:
 51

--··--.--·--------------·---- I
1. A suitable drift limitation must beset up. 1
I,
2. The bracing must be designed so as to re-
sist the lateral load plus the shear force
I
caused by PD.. effects.
3. Check frame instability by suitable provi-
sion of bracing in combined load condition.

The maximum drift at working load may be around

0.002h. The P.Q..effect must be included in all the
load conditions with appropriate load factors. For
example, a load factor of 1.7 may be applied to
gravity and P.6_shears in one load condition, while
a load factor 1.3 be applied to the combined loads
including the P~shears.

In a single story braced f~·ame contribution to drift

by elastic deformation of the girders and column is
relatively small and can be safely ignored. Hence
drift can be approximated as follows:
See Fig. 4.1
H
R = Cos 1f
Also R = E6Cos ~_;~b
Lb

By equating and so'IV'ing for.6

/::. :!
HLb
--,---

Cosl-8 E Ab

I j

~~~~-~-~-----------~---~ .. ~-·---~-------· __ ... _ ... ____ .______.,_ ---··-<·----------- -- ______.._·-<-···----·~--------------·-·------.--·-----~---:..- ·------~---~-- . -··--------- J
 CHAPTER 5
·uNBRACED SINGLE-STORY FRAME

There are two possible ways of failure for this

type of frame.
(1) Frame may become unstable under the vertical
load only.
(2) Failure mechanism could occur due to the forma-
tion of a sufficient number of hinges.

The first one can be taken care of by properly de-

signing the columns as described in previous chap-
ters giving proper consideration to the effective
column length factor 'K which is always greater 1
,

than 1 for an unbraced frame. For a single story

structure the effect of crippling load per is not
too significant as compared to multistory buildings.

The second failure criteria is the same for the

braced frame but the degree of complexity is great-
er. The comp-lexity is magnified to a greater ex-
tend while solving m1.1ltistory frames. The basic
difficulty lies in recognizing the critical failure
mechanism.

There are th·ree useful and popuiac Hiethods for

dett:::rmining the fai"lur·e mechanism.
(1) Statical or graphical method:
It is ve:~y useful for solving frames (t~etangu­
lar or gabled) with one redundant. It works
well for uniformly distributed loads or con-
centrated loads.
(2) Moment balancing method:
It can be used with any type of ft~ame and load ..
ing. Basic approach in this method is to
-··'•••-· •• -•-• ...' .. ~_ .. ,, ••--•··-~---•••-•.-•• -·-
i··
--~··-~-.--- ·-•-•··--~-:;_a•-----=-• ---------.:..-~~..J
 53

--
~-----------~--.-..-. .
..,._._.~ _________
__ _....

adjust or balance the moments in a frame-:l

. I
conform to the moment capacity of the sections. I
!
This is very usefu1 for further refinement of
frames once selected by preliminary investiga-
tions. This method leads to minimum weight de-
sign of the structure. ·
(3) Mechanism or virtual work method:
Plastic limit theorems fer beams and frames:
(a) Upper bound theorem:
A load computed on the bas-is of an assumed
mechanism will always be greater than or
equal to the true plastic limit load.
{b) Lower bound theorem:
A load corresponding to an equilibrated
bending moment diagram in which the rna~
ments are nowhere greater than Mp, is less
than or equal to the true plastic limit
1oad.

This ·is very useful method for complex frames having

degree of redundancy more than one. This method
is based on upper bound theorem stated above.

Basic approach in this method is to assume a failure j

mechanism, -There are four failure mechanisms as ·
mentioned below:
(a) Beam mechanism: Results when there is a high
proportion of vertical to lateral load.
I
I
(b) Sway mechanism (panel mechanism): Resu 1ts ;
l

i
when there is large lateral force and is appli-
ed to the top of the frame.
(c) Combination mechanism: Results as a combina-
tion of beam and sway mechanism.
 54

---------· ~----

(d) Gable mechanism: This is a special case of the

I 1

combination type and applies to gabled frames

only.

The step-by-step procedure for this method follows:

Step 1: Assume a specific collapse mechanism
Step 2: Calculate the amount of internal vir-
tual work which is defined as the sum
of all the products of the plastic

I moments and their corresponding inter-

nal virtual angle changes. The inter-
I nal virtual angle changes are computed
by des·lgnating any one angle as 9 and
I calculating all others in terms of e
and the geometry of the frame.
Step 3: Calculate the amount of external vir-

I tual work which is defined as the sum

of all of the external loads times
Il the virtual distance through which
they move at the collapse mechanism.
This distance is calculated by recog-
.I nizing that it-is the product of the
i angle 9 and the distance from the
I angle change to the load.
II Step 4: Equate internal to external work.
II Step 5: Sufficient co11apse mechanisms are
tried and the one which gives the lar-
gest Mp is picked up. _Mechanism thus
picked up is tested so that there
does not exist plastic moment larger
than Mp in the structure.

Examples: 5.1 and 5.2 illustrate the above proce-.

dure. Example 5.1 deals with hinge supports while
'
i
!..-.~--------~---·-----------~----~-·
example 5.2 with fixed
·---·--·-····-- _______________. ----· .. ··--
·--~ ···-~-----
support.
··--· --·-· --- -· -··· ---. ----.
--------·-·"'----~-- __, ___________
--~-----·-------,.l
i
 55

---------··---------· -~-------·--··------·--

Example 5.1: Determine an expression for the plas-

tic moment in the frame shown in Fig. 5.1.
50.K
3 0.K--~~--2-0-.--~----2-0-.--~
rFIGURE 5.1 :---1

20 I
ISol uti on:
L
Pu
!IFIGURE 5.2
.6Pu~--------~------~
1 Equivalent
ILoading
I
f
~-9·_::t_··ag
I"

I
1

~
FIGURE 5.3

1 "I/ --- ~
_a-
I
I
·J
I
I
!I. case (a) Beam Mechanism
l 209-·t---+ I
f FIGURE 5.4 ~-~ "~9
I
~~B· • " 4/e 1
•
I
""'~-- ~-
I
~
I FIGURE 209-"r~~:~~g
"fa !'a
5.5_

I 29."
I
II Case (c) Combination Mechanism
 56

·-·---· ·--------
Case (a) Fig. 5.3
Internal = External work
Mp(9+29+8) .- Pu 209
Mp = 5 Pu .

Case (b) Fig. 5.4

Mp(9+9) = 3/4(.6 Pu) (209)
Mp = 4.5 Pu

Case (c) Fig. 5.5

~1p{29+29) = (3/4)(.6 Pu)(209)+(3/4)
(Pu )(209)
Mp = 6 Pu (Controls)

Critical Value:
Mp = 6 Pu
Or Pu ~ .167 Mp.

Note: When lateral loads (seismic or wind) are

involved AISC allows reduction from 1.7 to 1.3.
Ratio 1.3/1.7 = 3/4.

Example 5.2: Determine the critical value of Pu

for the frame shown in Fig. 5.6.

SK . ~ 30K - - .
-,::_10'_ t w -~ 1 1

I ·1 .
?n •
L..U

I
..l,.J-
FIGURE 5.6
i . i
L-·--·---~-··-------·---·····----.:____ ----~ ·------·--· _________ _!_ ______________.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _..J
 57

Solution: -

FIGURE 5.7
Equivalent
Load·ing

I
I
I
Exter'na 1 Work
I FIGURE 5.8 = Mp(9+29+9)
Internal Hark
= 6 Pu (109)
Pu = .067 Mp

l BEAM MECHANISM

External Work
= ~1p ( 9+9+9+9)
fnterna l Work
= 3/4 Pu (209)

FIGURE 5.10
 58

Mp(9+920+Q=Q) = 3/4 Pu 209+6 Pu lOQ 3/4

Pu ~ • 1Mp
l
Critical value is the smallest value of Pu or largest
I
value of Mp.
Critical Value = Pu = .067 Mp.

Solution of above problems reveals an important fact ~

that superposition of different mechanism is not I
true in plastic analysis: Combination of results of
I beam plus sway mechanism does not add up to the re-
Ii sults of combination mechanism. The superposition
technique ·is very true for elast·ic analysis.
l
I
 ---------------·-------------- ---·--,
CHAPTER 6
MULTISTORY BRACED FRAMES
I
I
I
In this chapter complete method of designing multi- I
story braced frame is outli1ied step by step. Fol.:.
lowing these steps complete design of braced frame
is done which follows this chapter.

Bracings are mainly relied upon for lateral force

and P-~ effects. After studying carefully the
plans location of bracings are selected in each
direction giving enough thoughts about economy,
architectural requirements, doors and window loca-
tions etc. Frame which carries vertical braces
are classified as braced bent while non braced
frames are known as supported bents.
I·
! Effect of lateral forces (i.e. wind or seismic)
becOines more effective when combined with vertical
loadings (i.e. dead loads and live loads), as com-
pared to one or two story frames. It should be
noted here that each e1ement -· beams, co 1umns brac-
ing - must be designed for strength under gravith
lo.;.ds oniy (F "" 1. 7) and for cumbi ned gravity and
lateral loads (F = 1.3).

Effect of 1 P-L' • is magnified to a greater extent

in case of multisto·ry buildings as compared to
single story fl~ames. It therefore requires detail
considerations. Also the lateral forces causes
building to move laterally .. Therefore a limitation
on the lateral movement, or drift, may be imposed
so that the occupants do not feel the movements.

59
 60

r
I

I
I
I
II

C..!)
z
......
(..)
:I
w
..:X: cr
0::: ~
o:t c.!J
.....
-::.-! 1.!-

I C.!'l I
I
i
:z:
......
(._)
o::t: I
0:::
co I
I -><
- I
I
I I
I
I
I
I I
I I
!
 .,
' 6.L

r-----~-Ve~tical bracing system. ------~_,___

A building may consist of masonry or concrete shear
wall (extending the entire height of the building)
as a lateral resisting system within a braced bent or
one. of aeveral types of steel bracings may be used.
The most common types of bracings are (see Fig. 6.1) ;
(a) 'X' bracing (b) 'K' bracing (c) ~larren Truss.!
(a) •X' bra<:.i!l9_: I
It·has all membets in tension and as a r·esult I
the connections are simple. It has disadvan- I
tage of a redundant member and requires con-
I l

siderably more mater:ra·l than a 'K • system or

Warren Truss.
(b) 'K' Bracing:
It has great architectural advantage of per-
mitting doors and other openings. It reduces
the girder span \'lhich may provide economies.
i

(c) !19 rre.rl..Jru2.~: .J

i
.I
Requires less material than 1 X1 bracing .
!
I 6.2 p-~_E.ffest.
Due to lateral forces each story moves a distance
·~·with respect to story below. Axially loaded

II column also moves with load 'P' it carries. This

. causes eccentr·i city with the ax·l s of the co 1umn.
P--6 moment is created and must be r·esisted by shear
Q and moment M. (See Fig. 6.2).

vp
v
~ ;··r: 1
Q____,.. . . I M
~ ·'-... ~~
lp ------~
(a) (b) (c)

~-----·-···--····-···-·-··-··--··-----·----. ----------~~-~~-~--~~!-. . .----------··--------·---~------~---C....______ j

 62

Where: P = The sum of all vertical loads at the l

particular level, kips. A load factor
F of 1.3 is used.
= Relative drift of a particular level with I
referance to the level below, inches.
H = Story height, inches.

In braced frame i t is assumed that all P-b.moment is

resisted by story shear moment Qh, M is assumed to
be zero as bt~aces are much more rigid compared to
beam-column joints.

6.3 Joint Eguillibiriu~:

Columns are designed for the axial load plus unbalanc-,
· ed moment resu 1ti ng from adjacent beam or beams.
Fig. 6.3{a) shows a th~·ee bay frame. 3-hinge girder
mechanism is assumed (see Fig. 6.3(b)). Fig. 6.3(c)
shows plastic moment diagram. Fig. 6.3(d) shows ·
equillibirium of joint vvhi1e Fig. 6.4 sho\'JS moment
shared by co'lumn above and belmL

For exterior column A or D, the unbalanced moment

Mj = M'+Y'd/2

For a typical interior column such as B or C

r 1
i\ljj :=: M'p - f•1 p + d/2 LV '-Vl!J
11

Equill ibirium of joint }'equires that

Mj = Mu + t\.
Note: d =Depth of column
Mu = Moment capacity of the upper column
M:,_ =Moment capacity of the lower column
, For preliminary column selection it is assumed that
i hA • · .
j Mu == [·1L "'- ~ - . . i
·---- -------·-----· ·--··'"------·-···--·--· -----·------·--·-·--·-·--·. -·-...... 2 ... -----· --..... ---·-·- . -· ·--··-.. ·--~--- ----·--···----- ---····---··.._j
 63

,----- -~.· ---···--------.

(a)
i
;'
l. l

~·~~
l .

(b) I
I

M''
p
p
(c)
 64

6.4 Joint Rotation 1 ity: Co~patibi

Rotation of a joint in a multistor'Y building causes '
l
'
upper and lower joint to rotate together. Preliminaryi
!
size selected for columns as mentioned above should
be checked to see if the moments for which the col-
i
umris were designed occur at a common rotation angle 9. j

The basis of Moment-Rotation

.
curves is the M-P-·"'~ curveJI
Where$ is the angle of curvature of the member causedl
by bending. I

Moment-Rotation Curves (M/Mbc-9 curves) are obtained

by numerically integrating the M-P-$ curves.

The factors which influence the magnitude and shape

of the (M/Mpc-9) curves are:
(1) Yield stress of steel Fy
(2) P/Py rat·io
(3) Slenderness ratio C/r
(4) ~nd moment ratio q

t~1
There are three types ofr.r~
1·1p .....
- .g curves, depending on
the end moment ratio q. They are for q=+l,O and -1,
(see reference no. 2 ). The appropriate moment-rota-
tion curves and consulted knowing Mj = Mu+Ml (Mu~ML).
If both the upper and lower columns reach their· max·i-
mum mument at a common 9~ the orig·ina1 column section
is adequate because their combined moment equals the
applied moment Mj.

In actual building design, for instance, using A36

I stee·l, with P/Py..(0.9 and h/rx<4o (a common easeL
I there is no reduction at all in Mpc when q=+l. There-
fore following equation as discussed in previous
i

L. ·---··---------·---~---·--·--··---~---~"--. . C...........o ........................... ~------·-·--"·-·--'--··---·--·-·-·--·-------:._-----------·-·-·-J

 65

chapter is the one which governs and there is no need

to consult any column design charts or moment rota·-
tion curves. The equation is

~
Mp = 1.18(P-P/Py)

6.5 Drift Control:

Horizontal deflection a floor level due to wind or
seismic is called drift. It is measured by 11 dr'ift
index 11 6./h, where 6 is the deflection and h is the
height or distance to the lower level. At working
load it may vary betweer. .0015 and .003. In a braced
frame the calculation of drift D.. is essentially the
computation of the elastic deflection of a pin-ended
cantilever truss.

In.designing the braced frame which follows this

chapter, the virtual work method is used. According
to this method, a dummy unit load is applied to the
truss at the point under consideration and the direc-
tion at which the deflection is wanted. The desired
defiection6then is determined ft'om the relat·ion-
ship.
_ PL
-~AE m
Where ~=Deflection of the truss, in
P = Force: in a partictt:"lar member of the truss
resulting from the applied load~ kips.
L = Length of the particular member, in
"h e part.1CU
A :-: ,Area of. 1:. . 2
.... 1ar mem ber, 1n
E = Modu'lus of elasticity of members ksi
I m = Unit force in the particular member re~
sultir.g from the dummy force applied to
I
l
the truss, no units.
 66

--------·-------· · - - - - - - - - - -
As a general rule when drift exceeds the allowable
1
limits, increase the size of lower columns.

6.6 Design Procedure:

Step 1. Design the girders for gravity loads only:
F = 1.7.
Find required plastic moment Mp.
Step 2. Design the columns fm~ gravity loads only:
F = 1.7.
A column must resist end moments imposed on
it from the girder as well as the axial load::
1.7P I
The calculation of the end moment is dis- :i,

cussed in Sec. 6.3. Live load reduction 11

factors specified by the appropriate code

should be used.

Step 3.
i 1oads from adjacent Supported bents.
t~~--.--·¥·----~·-----.-- ----~--· ---------~
I
Column sizes are selected as discussed in
Chapter 3~ except that special attention
must be given to joint equilibrium and joint
rotation compatibility. These concepts are
discussed in Sees. 6:3 and 6.4.
Determine the required bracing to stabilize
the co 1 umns under gravity 1oads only:
F = 1.7.
The area of the diagonal bruce is computed
frcnr
A = 2Plb
b ---
Eh cos 29
It should be emphasized that::?!P includes all
vertical loads above the brace which depend
on the particular brace for stability. 2;oP
can, and very often does) include vettical
11 11
,
--------·-- --,-~---'----~---- ··-·----·" --·--------·------.. ~~-·-----. ·-----~-~---- , _________________ j
 67

Step 4. Compute '"''e hypothetical lateral force

applied at each story level of the vertical
truss due to the P effect by
=P.6.
h
The story drift at each level must be esti- ·
mated at this stage because the members of
the vertical truss are unknown and accurate
deflection computations cannot be made.
Therefore, story deflections are assumed
so Hp can be calculated. I
Based on these assumed Hp values, prelimi- ·:
6
nary members of the vertical truss are sel
. I
ee-l
ted as illustrated in Steps 5,6,7 and 8. 1

With these members~ a more accurate truss de-~

n ect·ion estimate can be made and new story
drift values D. computed. Corresponding new
v~lues of H are calculated. With these
p~
values Steps 5,6,7 and 8 nBy be repeated to
check the adequacy of the original me1nbers.

In making an estimate of story drift, it is

useful to recognize that the vertical truss
is essentially a cantilever with a variable
moment of inertia, maximum at thE base.

Usually a sufficiently accurate initial es-

timate of stor·y drift can be made by assum-
ing that the story drift is the same at each
I level. The drift at th~ top of the structure
I
I is determined from the drift index, where H
I equals the total height.
!
1
L1top = H x drift index x 1.3
L----·-·--··--··----··---'0··---------·--·-··-···--···--- ,--·-·-~-------~-~------------·-·----·----·---------~-------~-------J
 68

,.-----------~ --·-·----
~top is then divided equally among all the

floor levels.

After the preliminary selection of vertical

truss members has been made, a more accurate ; ·
distribution of top is possible. I
Step 5. Compute the axial forces in the vertical I
bracing system for combined lateral and ver-
i
tical loads (F = 1.3). These forces include
the axial forces resulting from the hypothe-
tical force Hp as well as the wind and gra- ;
vi ty forces. For this computation, the brae..:.!
ing system is considered to be a vertical I
pin-ended truss.
Step 6. Check the girders in the vertical truss sys- I
I tem for combined loads: F=1.3. Axial loads I
I result from Step 5 above. Find grav·ity mo..;
ment Mp with F~1.3. Following eqn. is used
I for the interaction of axial force and mo-
ment.
p + cmr~ / 1•0
1'cr p ~
( 1-·"'" )M
I Step 7.
Pe m
Check the columns in the vertical truss sys-
I tem for combined _loads (F=1.3). As \vith. the· j'
girders, axial loads result from Step 5 '
above.
I The end moments can be propor·ti oned ftom the
lI end moments calculated in Step 2 for F=1.7
. 'j

by applying the ratio 1.3/1.7 or 0.765.

I With the forces and moments calculated

i . I
L___"______________________"__. ----------··------~--·-·--·-------~.:..-·"-----·--·-·-----·-----·J
 69

AISC restricts axia1 stress in members of

the vertical bracing system to 0.85FY. This
applies to steps 6,7 and 8. The purpose of
this restriction is to provide for the fol-
1m-1 i ng effects :
1. Loss of stiffness due to residual
stress.
2. Effect of secondary moments from
I
j
the vertical bracing system.
l
!
3. Later·al torsional buckling effect.
i Step 9. Compute the drift at the top of the vertical
·I bracing system for horizontal loads: F=l.3.
This is done with the forces calculated in
I Step 5. The latel~al ·loads applied to the
truss should include all load delivered to
i
the truss from adjacent sup ported frames ,
which depend on the br·aced frame for· support. !

The computed drift is compared to the speci- I

fied drift index. If the computed drift is
eKcess·ive, the structure must be stiffened.

! !
L·---------·---·-·------·--·--·-------..--------..~~--···-·-·-····---.. -·--···----·-···---'--~--..-----·-·--..--··---·--·---·----·..:_J
------·--·---------------·------.,-l·.
CHAPTER 7
PLASTIC DESIGN OF A SIX STORY BRACED FRAf'~E j

F·ig. 7.1 shows typical f'loor plan of a six-story office

I
building. Following assumptions are made in designing
the build·ing.
(1) Only wind forces are considered for lateral analy-
sis. Also the building is analysed for the North-
South direction only for lateral loads.
(2) 'X' bracing location is available at GRID 1 and 7,
i
BAYS C-D, from architectural consideration. '
(3'
\ J Floor system is chosen so as to meed rigid diaphragm 1
requirements.

7.1 DESIGN CRITERIA:

{1) Uniform Building Code (U.B.C. 1973) is used for
I
arriving at vertical loads (Dead Load, Live Load) I
and Lateral Loads (Wind Loads).
{2) A-36 steel is used for beams, cols. etc.

A. VERTICAL LOADS:
7.2 -·----·-----
All floors including roof are assumed to have the follow-1
ing ioads:
DEAD LOAD:
(I) 2 1/2 11 Lt.~Jt. cone. fill over steel deck =28 p.s.f.j
I
(II) F"loor· beams = 4 p.s.f.l
(III) Ceiling, Flocr·ing, Mechanical = 8 p.s,f.l
{IV) Partition =20 p.s.f.l
~
TOTAL D.L. =60 p .s. f ·i

LIVE LOAD:
Basic office Live Load= 50 p.s.f.
(Reducable per U.B.C. 1973)

70
 ------------
120'-0 11
-!- --· -------Jr
¢ 20'-o" CD 20'-0" Q) 20'-iJ" q:> 20'-o" Q) 20'-0" ~ 20'-o" ~
®-91~---~_·=tll. ~ f___ t _-f
"
_...t..___
t
.. . -'it

•
1
!"'

I
'
l
ill
--. --
BRACING
l
!
I
~11 ~
1v '1v i
v -·-: l -I II
i

t';\__li~- t ·rI ti - ·- t t t t i-t I

(~-1] --
t t
:t:.-"--

I t t t t
I
I
1 !

~II t t - - -1 - -
~
!•
l
r
I
t t =
0 II
I -0'
~~~~
Ml
t ,-I 1
!I
1
I
1
v
·I·
-
1 t
--
1
"
00
t I
. I I t ~---t--- ~ I
1 t 1
v el deck I
CD-·tt- . f
1
----t. . h 2 1/2"1
ht I
i 1
_I I
0 v
i ·1
_, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1 • " 1 t t ght
c. fill.
I
~· I I t 1 t i

I
1
W-lLJ__J~-t t
~~ I --•
i
t
.
1
1
t
l
-1--

r
- t
T
t 1
r
-
t .J
I

Braced Bent
I
:Braced Bent-----4 Supported Bent
i TYPICAL FLOOR PU1JJ Scale 1 11 =20'
I
li FIGURE .7.1
!____ -~·--·~---------~-~·-·---~~---····------------~..- - - - -..- - - - - · - - - - - - · - - - - - - · · - · -~- " ------------------ J

"'-..
1-'
 72

---~----·-- ---
l

7th. Floor·i·
23'-0"
·----~
Cf
(Roof)

---,
16th. Floor
[

FRAME ELEVATiON
AT GRID 1 ~NQ_l_
 73

~---------

18. K --~·23 .4· ~,___.,

15.6K _.j20.28K

14.4K J18.72K

0.181~· 10.8K
i
llst. Flr . .J._ U I
_....;.._.

I . F=l. F=1.3
· Wind pressure t~ind force at Tot.:1l wind force
pounds per sq. each floor per shal~ed by bt·aced bent
ft. per U.B.C. ft. 1 ength of A-B-C @ GRIDS 1 and 7.
1973. the building.

(a) t'b)
FIGURE
- -7.3
~-·· ...-
 74

-----·----
B. LATERAL LOADS:
Building is six story high, each story being 12' high.
Fig. 7.3(a) shows wind pressure diagram and shows hori-
zontal force at each floor per ft. length of the build-
ing •. U.B.C. Table No. 23-F with '20' p.s.f. 'column'
is used to arrive at wind pressure for different height
zones.

7.3 PLASTIC DESIGN OF BRACED BEND A-B-C-D AT GRID 1 AND 7:

Design procedure outlined in section 6.6 is closely
followed here.
St~p No. 1: Design Girder with F=l.7.
(a) Exterior Girders: (A-B)
Beam is continuously braced laterally by steel deck I
and cone. fi 11 •

Q I P•7 .8K P=7 .8K .

'sl
~
~ .17..,-l ----1L.t---=--7 .6~7 I -·t-ur-·~ I

FIGURE 7.4

Beam Tributary = 23xl0=230 sq. ft.

R = .08x230~18%-----{U.B.C. 1973)
Therefore Reduced Live Load = (1-0.18)x50
"" 41 p.s.f.
Total load = D.L.. + L.L.
= 60+41 = 101 p.s.f.
::: 0,101 k.s.f.
1
1 . . Cone . .' oa.d "" .1., 0 1~.x 7.• 67Jx 10.J = 7, • 8K i
L.--~--------··--·-. -·-·. -·-·-------·--·---........ ____. _,______ _,....-·------·-----·--------·------.._j
 75

,-
1

~ Pu=l3.3K Pu=13.3K ~
I!
I
ID---=7 .17' i'-·--=-7. 6'~7-i~·~_7
I -$
--:-:-T'.17!

r 7.179
~-;-
nc ......_,d-. J.
--r--+----7
/ '""~
COt.Lt'.r-.:;~E
• ;1
~ti- · g"'--ft
I t1ECHANISr~1 ~--... ---~
Mp(B-~9+9+9)=2x(13.3x7.17Q)
Mp=47 .lK-Ft.

··········/-

r/-------- --------·~'""J
/ "", 47.7
K-ft.
------,l''--47 ..,
K-ft.
• I
l
I
j
!
!
. _jL_ _ _ _ .. _ _ _. ----~----·--~---~
~-- I
;
ULTH'IATE MOMENT DIAGRAM

EXTEP.IOR GIRDER A:.-8

, FIGURE 7.5
j ' ---- i
L--------------------···-.. -·--·--·-·-·--------·------··----·--··------·-·--·-·-·-----·--·-----·------..J
 76

Ultimate load= 7.8x1.7·= 13~3K

From Fig. 7.5 Mp = 47.7 K-ft
Z = 47.7x12
36 = 16 ,. n. 3
l
Use W12x14 (Z = 17.3 in. 3 )
·Check Shear:
v 13 3
• 5 • 64 I • < 19 • 8 kSl•
V =dtW = 11.9J.X@.l98 = KSl

(b) Interior Girder: (B-C)

~ P=8.2K P=8.2K P=8.2K cp

rrHw ----~--__:e._*
lLLJl
_j__ . - W 1 _ :-~
8.0 8.5 8.5
+ :---~Ji.
1 1 1

+·~---~-- 8.0

I
I
Beam is continuously braced laterally by steel deck
and cone. f"ill .
Beam Tributa~y = 34xl0 = 340 sq. ft.
R = .08x340 ~ 28%

Therefore Red~ced Live Loads = (1-0.28)x5Q;36 p.s.f.;

Total Load~ D.L. + L.l., I
= 60+36 = 96 p.s.f. = .096 k.s.f.
Cone. Load = .096x8.5xl0 = 8.2K
Ultimate Load= 8.2xl.7 = 14.0K
From Fig. 7.6 Mp = 114.0 K-ft.
1 =
114 LR = 38 o· 3
- 36 • 1 n.

Use W 12x27 (Z=38.0in. 3 )

; j

I . ;
!..-·---··--····---·--····-··-·-·-····-·--------------·-------·---·--·-·----·------··---·~~
 77

~-----------,-------. --------

~ Pu=!4.0K Pu=14.0K Pu=!4.0K ~

~1 --····--1-.~
r.r~
1'= s.o• + _ _,!;_·
s.s•
8 5•
i
---·-.t·---:W'
. --+__:___ · a o• ~
1
fJ

16.59 I
9. I

~~
--------
29

t•1p( 9-1·29+9) =2xl4x ( 89) +l4x16. !:58

Mp = 114K·-ft.

COLLAPSE f~ECHANISM

ULTIMATE jvJCt~ENT DIAGRJ.\ivl

INTERIOR GI~DER B-C

 78

~----------------------------------------------~-----------------------
"l
Check Shear:
1 21.0
Shear Stress = -:::-:11:::-::_.-=-96-=-x-=o--:.2=3:-:-7
I
1
= 7.41 ksi<0.55x36=19.8 ksi(o.k.)

Step No. 2: Design co·lumn for gravity loads only

(F=L7)
(See Table No. 1 for column loads)
Exterior columns A/1, D/1, A/7, D/7
Mj = 47.7+13.3x~ = 54.4K-ft.
Moment at upper and lower column =
5
~· - = 27.2K-ft.
4

Interior columns B/1, C/1, B/7, C/7

~

Mj = 114+2lx-~ - 54.4 = 70K-ft.

Mu = ML i.e. moment at upper· and lmJer column
7
= ~
'-
= 35K-ft.
I

pesign Of Exterior Col. A/1, AL~

1st. To 2nd. Floor
II
Moment ~ 27.2K-ft. 1'

Axial Load P = 112.0K (From Table No. 1) .

Try W8x24
q=O, Mp = 69.3K-ft., Yy = 1.61 in., Py = 254.K 1

(AISC Page 2-19)

I

Refer to Page 108, refer·ence no. 2 fot· Later·al

Tor-sional Buckling Chart.
p 112
Now P:v = 254,- = 0. 44
p
t,1pc = 1.18 {1 - ·p-y) Mp

= 1.18 (1-0.44)x69.3
= 46. K-ft.
 79

r-;;BLE NO. 1
l COLUMN LOADS:
EXTERIOR COLUMNS: A/1, A/7, Dj1, D/7
COLS. D.L. L.L. IN KIPS TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL
IN (REDUCED LIVE LOAD DL+LL DL+LL DL+LL
KIPS X·TOTAL TRIBUTARY AREA) F=1 F=1.3
--- F=1.7 i
7th. To 6th. 8. 0.045x121 = 6 14. 18. 24.
I
I
!
6th. To 5th. 16. 0.040x242 = 10 26. 34. 44.
5th. To 4th. 24. 0.035x363 = 13 37. 48. 63. I
4th. To 3rd. 32. 0.03x484 = 15 47. 61. 80. Ii
3rd. To 2nd. 40. 0.025x605 = 15 55. 72. 94. I
I
I
I
2nd. To 1st. 48. 0.025x726 = 18 66. 86. 112. I
I
I

INTERIOR COLUMNS: B/1, B/7 L C/1, C/7_

II
7th. To 6th. 19. . 038x300 = 12 . 31. 40. 53.
6th. To 5th. 38. .026x600 = 16. 64. 83, 109.
I
l
i
5th. To 4th. 57. .025x900 = 23. 80. 104. 136. I
l

4th. ·ro 3rd. 76. .025xl200 = 30. 106. 138. 180,

I

I
3rd. To 2nd. 95. .025xl5QO = 38. 133. 173. 226. i
I
2nd. To 1st. 114. .025x1800 = 45. 159. 208. 270o i

Maximum Live Load reduction = 23.1 (1+~)

= 23.1 ( 1~_Q_,1 = 50%
50
23 1 10. s•
EXTERIOR COLUtv1N: TRIB. AREt~ =~X
t..
= 121 sq. ft./flr.
At 0.08%, LL reduction = 0.08xl2J = 10.% per floor.
i.e. 45.0 psf fo\'' top column, ~;.o.c, 35.0, 30.0, 25,0, 25.0 psf
respect·ively for columns below.
23 1 +34'
INTERIOR COLUt·1NS: TRIB. AREA '"' ( - -)xl0.5 '
2 = 300.0 sq. ft.

At 0.08% = LL reduction = 0.08x300.0 = 24% per floor

l
i.e. 38.0 psf for top column, 26.0 for column below and 25.0 psf for;
al'l remaining columns. [
I I
Ij '
!
..
L-..,~------~~~---~~--------~- ~-··----·---~~.--~----~·~-~-~-·---·--u--•---· ·-·---~-·-·----:-M•--·-~-~~----·••,•-----"''J
 80

c·------------------·-·--:-----·---------------··-------------~

.h = 12 •x1~ = 89 44
ry 1.61 ·

From chart (Reference No. 2, P. 108)

For P/Py = .44, 11/l~.Y = 89.44
M/Mpc = 0.59
,Therefore a i1 owab 1e M = 46. OxO. 59
= 27 K-ft.
Note: That actual applied moment is 27.2 K-ft.
Therefore section chosen is O.K.

Use H 8x24
2nd. To 3rd. F1o01~:

P = 94.0K M = 27.2 K-ft. q - 1.0

Try W8x24 Mp = 69.3~ ry = 1.61, Py = 254.K
Mpc = 1.18 (1 - 94
254 )x69.3 = 51.5 K-ft.
h. = 12xJ£ = 89 44
ry 1.61 ·

~pc (Frc'm charts) =1

Therefore t~ -_, 51.5x1 = 51.5 K-ft.)727.2 (O.K.) 1

Use- W
- -8x24
--
3rd. To 5th. Floor:
P = 80.0K M = 27.2 K-ft. q = 1.0
I
Try W8x20 'Mp = 57.3 Py = 212.0 ry = 1.25!
1\'tpc = 1.18(1- ~~2 )x57.3 == 48.7 K-ft. I
h = 1_?~12_ = 115
ry 1.25

~pc' (From char·ts) = 0. 65

M = 0.65x48.7 = 31.6 K-ft.> 27.2 K-ft. (O.K.)

I
I
I i

L------------------------------------------------------------------~----l
 81

- ·- · - - - --------------
1I
----~---~--------------------------- ------~----------,

Use W 8x20 - I
5th. To 7th. Floor: I
I P=44.0K M=27.2K-ft. q=l.O I
Try W 8x17 Mp = 47.7 Py = 180.0 ry = 1.22!
I I
Mpc = 1.18(1- i~ 0 )x47.7 = 42.5 K-ft.
1

h
ry = 12x12
1.22 =
118

~pc (From charts) = 1

M = 1x42.5 = 42.4 K-ft.> 27.2 K-ft. (O.K.)

Use W 8x17
Col. B/1, B/7:
1st. Ta 2nd. Floor:
P = 270.K M = 35. K-ft. q = 0.
Try W 8x48 Mp = 147 Py = 508. ry "' 2.08
270
u
I"IPC = 1 • 18'1
\ - 508 ') X147 = 8-1- . 5 K-fr.
"

h = 12x12 = 69 . 23
ry 2.08

~pc (From charts) = 0.82

M = 0.82x81.5 = 66.8 K-ft.') 35. K-ft. (O.K.)

Use VI 8x48
·-------
2nd To 5th Floor:
~---·--------...-----

P = 226.K M = 35.K-ft. q = 1.0

Try VI 8x35 Mp == 104 Py = 371 ry = 2.03
226
·Mpr.... - -- 1 • 18('1-371 ) u • = 48 .OK-ft.
X 1f"i4 " .

12· 1?
-hry : : -=--~=-
2. 03
:: 10 0
·

I M
Mpc (From charts) = 1.0
I
1
r-1 = l.Ox48.0 = 48.0 K-ft.>35.0 K-ft. (O.K.) _
L---------------------------------------·-·------------------··----···--·~------------------------J
 B2

-------------·---------··---..-·
5th To 7th Floor:
1 P. = 109.0 k M= 35.0 K-ft q = 1.0
Try H 8x24 Mp = 69.3 Py = 254.0 ry = 1.61
Mpc = 1.18(1-~~~)x69. 3 46.6 K-ft.
I =

h = 12x12 = gq
ry 1.61 - · 44

M~c (From charts) = 0.95

~i = 0.95x46.6 = 44.0K-ft>35. K-ft {O.K.)

At this point it is important to realise that mem-

bers designed are:
(1) GIRDERS A-B, B-C at GRID 1 & 7
(2) COLUMNS A/1, A/7, B/1, & B/7

All of these members do not get affected by Lateral

Load, as these are not tne part of vertical bracing
system.

St.ep No. 3 Compute bracing area required to stabilize

i
vertical loads. In Step No: 6, bracing requirements!
for Lateral Loads will be computed. Therefore, onl~
minimum areas of bracing will be computed at this !
stage. Final bracing will be determined in Step 8. ·

Each braced bent stabilizes 3 1/2 frames (see II

Fig. 7.1). The total vertical load per floor to be !
stabilized by the braced bent is:
P = (D.L.+L.L.) x Area stabilized by br'aced bent.
I
- (60+30) p.s.f. x 60'x80 1

= 430,000. lbs. or 430. Kips. per floor.

-----'-·- .....---··---··------ ·-·---------··....,- ....... ··-·- ------ ..- ·--·· ... ----- ' _.................. -·-··-·- ··-·-·-·--·-----·---·---·- ----- ---~~------------·---··'
 83

~------.-----···-------:···----------------:-·-··-------. ---·--·---'-------·---·--
! The area of bracing required:
l A = .::.E_PL..;::.B--=~
l b Eh cos 2e
Between fl oar 6 and 7:
A = 430x26
I b 30x10 3x(23/26) 2x12
= •02 in. 2

BebJeen fl oar 1 and 2:

Ab ~ 6x.02 = .12 in. 2

Step No. 4: The hypothetical Lateral force H

~ P6
is computed by assuming the drift index for
each story to be 0.004 unde~· factored combined
load.
= P x drift index
= (430.0 X 1.3) X .004 = 2.24 K.

Step No. 5: HPL\ of 2.24 kips is applied to each

floor level and the forces in the members are
I
calculated by statics (Fig. 7. 7).
I!
As there are two braced bents provided (at grid :
I

1 and 7), each will share half ~f the total

lateral force. Fig. 7.3(a) shows wind force
at each story per ft. length of the bui1ding
while Fig. 7.3(b) shows total wind force at
every story level shared by each bent at Grid 1 :
and 7. This is computed by multiplying the
fon~es on Fig. 7. 3 (a) by tributary width of 60' .:
Fig. 7.3(b) also shows the factored (F~1.3)
I wind load.
J
i I

L----·~-·------"----------------·---------··"·-·~-'---·· ···---····-----···------·'<--···-·---····--··-··----····---·----·--------J
!7th. Floor
! - 2. 24K

6th. Floor

5t~. Floor K .

4th. Floor
--~---

brd.
!
Floor
---,---
2.?.4K

2nd. Floor
2.24K

1st. Floor
i.
\.
FIGURE 7. 7. .::__________
, ..•, ..
FIGURE 7.8

co
A
 85

I -------·------ .----

I
..-J
e:::'
o!
_JI
0
1.1...'
.j

\I
.....,,
.CJ
r-,!
- ..._..ii
C•!
....q
1- i
1-!
c.Ci
o!
Ll..l I
:::1 l
n.!

--~
a.!
c:c!
- --- a!
c:c::
o'
s..l ~- i s... s..l s.. _JI
~I
0 01 0
0 _gj Q..i

r:l
0
~~
r-• ..-- ....-
1.1...

~I
.....,,
1.0
.
LL.

.s=.
.....,
-.:t .
1.1...

"0'
~-I
.
(V') •
·I
-o'
cl
Nt
l
:I r=:l
~~
r-1 i

J ";

.... l
wl
c:c: !
::> '
(_!:)f
f-j !

~!
l
i
j

I
'~------~---
-·-_______,_________ j
 86

~------------ -------··-------·-·---·--·-~--·-~-----------·~---,

The wind loads are applied to the vertical truss: J

and forces are calculated. Fig. 7.8. The

forces are also calculated for a 1-Kip load
applied at the top of the truss (Fig. 7.9).
Table No. 2 shows the net forces in members due
to combination of HP + Wind forces acting from 1
left and net combined forces when wind is acting:
from right.

Step No. 6: The girders in the vertical truss are

Ii
designed for F=1.3.

Mp calculated in Step No. 1 for girder A-B

corresponding to F=1.7 was 47.7 K-ft. therefore: i
MP for F=1.3 = 47.7xi:~ = 36.5 1<-ft.
G·irder sizes a.re assumed and checked by the in·w
teraction formula:

P + C-:;-m-'fv::i-l-;;:::"-~-
pc r w(l- PIPe )t"lm 1.0 I
Cm is taken as 1.0. The girder is a beam column:
I
corresponding to case 3 in ~ig. 3.2(d).

GIRDERS C-O:
Plastic Moment Mp = 36.5 K-ft.
P - 115.64 (Max. Of Ta b12 No • 2 ) :
T~·y W 12x27'
Ft·om AI SC
A = 7.95 d/tw = 50.5 rx = 5.15 ry = L52
I
Mp = 114 Py = 286. I
h = 22x12 _ ~
rx - 5 , rs· = ~2. Ot

··Fa = 18.17 Ksi, F•e = 55.23 Ksi I

!
Per= 1.7x7.95xl8.17 = 246. K I
j ;
l-------··--------··--·-··----···---~-----~·c·--·-·--··--·-··---·--,.------·----·-·--·---~··-----·--·-·-"·-·---J
 87

~- ~~-B1-.E--NO-.-;-.- - 'l l
Member Hp~= Wind from Total Total lK load
(See 2.24K right t~ind +2Hp.6. Wind;+2HP.6.
Fia .7 .2j:___ _ _ _ _ ___;F:....:.r....::o.:..:.:.m~R.:..:.i_gb_:L From L.eft
applied
at 7th Level
I
+24.6 +191. 2 +215.8 -215.8 +3.13
-24.6 -191.2 -215.8 +215.8 -3.13

1-2 -24.6 -191.2 -215.8 +155.8 -3.13

2-3 -17.6 -138.2 -155.8 +104.4 ..:2.61
3-4 -11.8 - 92.6 -104.4 + 61.3 -2.09
4-5 - 7.14 - 54.2 ·- 61.34 + 28.72 -1.57
5-6 - 3.66 - 25.6 - 29.26 + 8.74 -1.05
6-7 - 1.34 - 7.4 - 8. 74 0 -0.53

8-9 +17.6 +138.2 +155.8 -215.8 +2.61

9-10 +11.8 + 92.6 +104.4 -155.8 +2.09
10-11 + 7.14 + 54.2 + 61.3 -104.4 +1.57
11-12 + 3.66 + 25.6 + 28.7:2 .. 61.34 +1.05
12-13 + 1.34 + 7.4 + 8.74 - 29.26 +0.53
13-14 0 0 .Q - 8.74 0

8-2 +15.2 +115.2 +130.4 +130.4 +1.13

2-9 -13.4 -102.2 -115.6 ·-115.6 -1.0
9-3 +12.6 + 99.4 +112 .0 +112.0 +1.13
3-10 -11.2 - 88.2 - 99.4 - 99.4 -·1.0
10-4 +10.2 + 83.6 + 93.8 + 93.8 +1.13
4-11 - 9.0 .. i'4. 2 - 83.2 - 83.2 -1.0
ll-5 + 7.6 + 62.4 + 70.0 + 70.0 +1.13
5~12 - 6.8 - 55.4 - 62.2 - 62.2 ··1. 0
12-6 + 5.1 + 39.4 + 44.5 + 44.5 +1.13
6-13 - 4.5 - 35.1 - 39.6 - 39.6 -1.0
13-7 + 2. 7 + 13.0 + 15.7 + 17.7 +1.13
7-14 - 2.24 - 11.7 - 13.94 - 13.94 -1.0
NOTE: ALL FORCES SHOWN ARE IN KIPS.
+ INDICATES TENSION. .
i - INDICATES COi·~PRESSION. . .
k--.,----~-------~-----·------·----~-------- --·----~------- ---- ~- ---- -- .. --·- ----.--- ·-·- ·····---··----· ---------------"~-~--------,--~--·----~-----l
 88

.--·~--
!

I By interaction formula mentioned above:

115 . 64 , -rlX;;:,;3::..;6:-;;-.~5-::-:-~=-<"-=-::;-:--
246 T (1-115.64/843)xl14.
= 0.47 + 0.38 = 0.85<1 (O.K.)
I
Check d/t = 257 when P/Py
I Fy
0. 27

I P/Py = 115.64/286 = 0.4 0.27

II ~ = 257 = 42.8 50.5 N.G.

36·.
I
Therefore Provide W12x36
~w = 40.1 42.8 O.K.

Provide W12x36 for girder C-D all floors.

Step No. 7: The co·lumns in the vertical truss are

designed for· F=l .3. . TI1e moments can be detel~­
mined by direct ratio from those computed for
F=l.7 in Step No. 2.

P shown in t~is step is the max. combined ulti-;

mate load due to:
{I) D.L.-rt.L. (f:::1.3) See-Table No. 1.
(II) Max. load from Table No. 2.

In this step columns c/1, c/7 and D/1, D/7 are

designed.

I
L--··---------·----~·-·-··-··--·---. -------- ----~----~-·--·----·~---------·___j
 89

r.---·--·----··--------··---------···--·----------··---------·-:-·-··---
Ij · Inter-tor Co 1umns C/1 and C/7 .
-1 .
I 1st To 2nd Floor: 1

p = 208+215 = 423 K. I
I M
= 35.(From Step No. 2)xi:~ = 27. K-ft. I
I
Try ~112x58 Py = 616 Mp = 260 ry = 2. 51 q=O •·
P/Py = 423/616. = 0.687
Mpc = 1.18(1-.687)x260 = 96. K-ft.

h = lZxl 2 = 57 37 q =0
t'Y 2.51 .
r4 "' 0.7
Mpc (From charts reference No. 2)
M = 0. 7x96. 0 = 67. >
27. K-ft .. ( 0. K. )
We can use smaller section.
Use ~J 12x53
2nd .. To 3rd. Floor:
P = 173+156 = 329. K
M = 27. K-ft. q = 1.0
Try W12x45 Py = 475 Mp = 194 ry = 1.94
PI Py = 329 I 475 ": 0 . 7
Mp~ = 1.18(1-0.7)x194 = 68.68 K-ft.

b. :.: 12x} 2 = 73 2
ry 1.94 ·

d;c = 0.4 (From charts)

M = 0.4x68.68 = 27.6 K-ft. 27. K-ft. (O.K.)
I
Use J:L!_?x45_
3rd. To 5th. Floor:
P = 138+104 = 242 K.
M = 27. K-ft. q = 1.0
Try W12x40 Py = 425 Mp = 173 ry =-1.94
I P/?y = 242/425 ~ 0.57
I Mpc = 1.18(1-0.57)x173 = 88. K-ft.
I . ,
i I
L--···--------..---------------·-----·--··-·-~··---------------··--··----·-·--··-··- -------·--· --·----·------..........J
 90

~--------------~-·--·-----------·--------------~-----·-------~-------,

j !L = 12x1~ = 74 .
j ry 1.9

I J:L
Mpc
=
•
95

II M= .95x88=84 27 K-ft. (O.K.)

Use W 12x40

5th.To 7th. Floor:

P·= 83+30 = 113. K
M = 27. K~ft. q = 1.0
Try W12x36
Py = 382 Mp = 155 r y = 1.55

d/ +w•
I.
= 12.2~
.305
= dQ' . 2

P/Py = }~~ = 0.3

l
_l
Mpc = 1.18(1-0.3)x155 = 128
--hr·:y = 'l""l'i
~-=- = g·~
1. 55 ~·

I .J:L.
Mpc
= 1•

I
Selection of this column was mainly based to meet I
t•equiremer:t by AISC eqns. (2.7-la) & (2.7-lb) p.S-61./

P/Py = 0.3> 0.27

d = .~::...!_
··- ?5' 7
=· 8 --. <10 ')
!l? I.'O .- K. • )
I
r 36. · · .... · - · · . .

Use W12x36

EXTERIOR COLUMNS D/1 D/7 5

1st. To 2nd. FLOOR:

P = 86+220 = 306. K
M = 27.2 (From Step No. 2) x i:~ = 21. K-ft.

' '
L.____-~~_,____ ,___,___·---~----~~-~-·~-~---~~~----.~~_;. . ~ . . . . . . --~---~---·-----~-------..-~--~··~·-·~~-·-"-""_. . . ~--~-···--·---~' .
 91

,--
Try ~~12x45
Py = 475 ~1p = 194 r Y = 1. 94 q = 0.
l
P/Py = 306/475 = 0.64 II .
Mpc = 1.18 (1-0.64) x 194 = 82. K-ft. i

, _ 12x12 _
_r,ry- 1.94- 72 . 9
M/Mpc = 0.43 (From charts reference No. 2)
~~ = 9.43x82 = 35>21 K-ft. (O.K.)

Use H 12x45

2nd. To-~th~ Flbor~

p = 72+156 = 228
M = 21.0
Try W 12x36
Py ~ 382 Mp = 155 ry = 1.94
228
I P/Py = 3S2 = 0.6
i

! Mpc = 1.18 (1-0.6)x155 = 73 K-ft.

li h'r = 12x12 = 93
I y 1.55
M/Mpc ~ 0.3 (From charts)
M = 0.3x73 = 22 > 21 K-ft. ·O.K.

Note: This section is chosen to meet AISE require-

ment of Section 2.7.
USE W12x36

5th. To 7th. FLOOR:

. P = 29.26+34.0 = 64. K q = 1.0
Try W 12x31 ·
Py = 329 . Mp = 132 ry = 1.54
·d/tw = 45.6
P/Py = ~ 420 = 0.1945 <0.27
..J .:/

l . I
!. . . --..--..--..~---~-·~-~-----··--·----------·-~··'---·----·~-~-~~--~------·--·-;._....~-·-~~-. ·--~---~--.-...J
 92

,--------~----··-------- ---~-------·---·---·------------l

I Use AISC eqn. (2.7-1a) I

Q. = 411 _ f_ ) I
r vY 0 1 .4 Py j

= 412 (1-1.4x0.1945)
. ~36
. = 50>45.6 (O.K.)
Mpc = 1.18 (1~0.1945)x132 = 124

Jl = 12xl2 = 93
rY 1.54

M
Mpc =1
M = 124xl = 124> 21 K-ft. (0. K.)

Note: Selection of this column section is governQ c

by AISC eqn. (2.7-la)
l
I USE ~1 12x31
- -----
I
I STEP NO. 8:
I
Area required for diagonal brace ·is computed using
max. axial load from Table No. 2. I
BRACE 2-8, 3-9 (See Fig. 7.2)

130.4 4 26 . 2
Ab =.85x36 = · 1n •
USE 2 L5 5x3x5/16.
BRAC_L1_~10 '-~-11

nb _ 93.72 _ ,·n.2
.85x36 - '-' · 06
?
t'. ·•

USE 2 Ls 4x3xl/4
BRJ1.C E 6-12 .J.:-13.
 93

---·-··----·--·------··-·----·--·---·---·-------·-·-····--·--------1
~------
STEP NO. 9 The deflection or drift b. at the top of the ,
j
vertical truss is calculated using the forces re-
sulting from wind and P.6 given in Table No. 2. The l,
virtua 1 work method is used and the force m resulting
from the unit load applied at the 7th. Level is given
in Table No.2.If the drift at other level is requir-
ed, the value m can be found by applying the 1 kip
load at that level. Calculations are shown in
Table No. 3. After the total drift has been found,
the drift index can be checked. The drift at any
level can also be determined if required to verify
the assumption is Step 4.

The total drift is:

;
Column 1.214 in.
Bracing 1.660 in.
Girders 0.356 in.
Total = 3.230 in.
I
-l Working load drift index =11top
HF
!

-- 372'xl2
· 23 xl.3-- · 00285 (0 ...
11 K)

This includes P-6. effects. As a1lowable dr"ift at

working load varies between .0015 and .003, therefor 1

ab~ve calculdted drift is O.K.

I
Final designed sizes of all members in the braced II
'l
b·ent A-B-C-D at GRID 1 and 7 is shown in Fig. 7.10.

l
L-------:·----••-•••-·---·---··----••··-·--••»·---··-~---·••·•-•n•••••----·-----·•·---·--_j ·
 94

r~~~--~~~-~--------.------~~-~-;~~LC-ULAT~~~-:-----
I
! p ----·
--·------l
I Wi-nd From Right
l COLUMN r~embe~~ Vert. Wind +P6 Total m L A PL( ) i
See Fig. See Table See Table 1k at AE m,
7.2 No. 1 No.2 7th. Floor
\ See Tab.le
No: 2
1-2 W12x58 -208. -216. -424. -3.13 144 17.1 +0.385;
2-3 w 12x45-173. -156. -329. -2.6 II
13.2 +0.321
3~4 w 12x40 -138. -104. -242. -2.1 H
11.8 +0.214,
4-5 w 12x40 -104. - 61. -165. -1.6 II
11.8 +0 .121:
I 5-6
6-7
w 12x36
w 12x36
- 83.
- 40.
- 30.
- 9.
-113.
- 49.
-1.1
-0.5
li

II
10.6 +0.058
10.6 +0.012
' 8-9 w 12x45 - 86. +156. + 70. +2.6 II
13.2 +0.078'
9-10 w 12x36 - 72. +104. + 32. +2.1 II
10.6 + .042:
10-11 W12x36 - 61. + 61. 0. +1.6 II
10.6 + .002:
11-12 W12x36 - 48. + 30. - 18. +1.1 " 10.6 -0.007:
12-13 H 12x31 - 34. + 9. - 25. +0.5 !I
9.13 -0.007i
13-14 W12x31 - 18. 0. - 18. 0
II
9.13 - 0 l /
I

DRIFT DUE TO COLUMNS = 1.214 in.

BRACE Member p L A m PL ( , I
I See Fig.
I 7. 2
AE m; i

---
18-2 2L 5 5x3x5/16 130. 312 4.8 1.13 .329
9-3 2L 5 5x3x5/16 112. II
. 4.8 I!
.284
I
10-4 2L 5 4x3xl/4 94. II
3.33 II
.338
11-5 2L 5 4x3xl/4 70. ll
3.38 .251
II

12-6 2L 5 2 l/2x2x3/16 45. II

1.62 !l
.337
13-7 2L 5 2 l/2x2x3/16 16. II
1.62 II
.120
I DRIFT DUE TO BRACINGS ... 1.66 in.
GIRDER Member p L A m PL
See Fig. ~m)
7.2 -- -··-·-- ---
2-9 w 12x36 116. 264. 10.6 0.0996
1.0
3-10 II
100. II II
0.0860 II

II
4-11 II
83. I! II
0.0713
II II
5-12 II
62. II
0.0530
6-13 II
40. II II
0.0344 II

II II
7-14 II
14. II
0.0120
DRIFT DUE TO GIRDERS "'" 0.356

L i
j
-----,.·----------~~-----~-- .. --~·----~------~~--------------------------.------ ..~---) .
 ----------"-·--··---c=----
7~h-.-~@
r
i
f W 12x14 CD W16x21j W 12x36
.;- I
j {Roof) . (W 12x22) '5 \0

~I
1.0
II X
"'co"
N
X
2L 2 l/2x2x3/16
(BRACE) --- ~-!--'----;
I
i co .-I

!6th. ::;:: W 12x14 :;::I W 16x26 ::;::

I
!Floor (W 12x22)
I

~.}----!
5 \0
! r--. I o:::t
2L 2 l/2x2x3/l6
I' ...-~
X
N
>< N
I co co .-I

! 5th. ::;:: I W 12x14 3 W16x26 3

!Floor
i;
1 (W 12x22) I 5

~I
0 ·2L 4x3xl/4
. N
: X
I co
!4th. ><I W !2xl4 3j W 1·"'··'"6 ~~ 71
fF1~--
Q.v;. , " • " -- - -
(W 12x22)
~~
X
~X 2L
5
4x3xl/4_~-- ..
.l3r~. ~I ~
..s. ~J 12xl4__ , ... ~.J__ . ·-·~--_! 16Y__,2_6_·_ __
:Floor (\4 12x22)
! <:::t
N
Lf)
2L 5 5x3x5/l6
II . X
co
(Y)

(~I
!2nd.:. 3
I. ~~ 12~14 ::;::
W16:x26
~loor I (W 12x22)
i
c:;~- co 2L
S
5x3x5/16
M~~
~ . ~
Ln.

~~ ~ ~ ~~ I
I.

!i (BRACE) ·
!. . .
co co
~ :3:~ J
I

~~~ :~r~· ~ II~~~~GU~E N().: ~~ Fjii~ZES Qf_M_EMBE;:;_! B!ll\g:~_Bi!!T LG~ rp ~1\J:l!LL____~~=IIII ~nw·-=-··_·
3 ::;::

7. - N

1.0
0'1
 96

,~--:c----------·-. ·----------------·--------·----.---------···------··---------,
I 7.4 WORKING STRESS DESIGN .· .. I
The braced bent A-8-C-D at Grid 1 and 7 was designed in
1
Section 7.3 by 'Plastic Design Method'. In this section5
i the same frame is designed by 'WORKING STRESS METHOD'.

Fig. 7.11· shows results of final moment distribution due

to D.L. and L.L .. Design moments for each span is also I
;

shown, which is maximum of +ve or -ve moment for each

span.
(A) DESIGN OF GIRDERS:
(a) Exterior Girder J.ll:JD_:
I,.
Design Moment (See Fig. 7.11) = 48.0 K-ft.

As beam is continuously braced laterally by

steel deck and cone. fill, therefore~Fb=24~0
ksi.
4 2 3
Modulus of section= S = ~b= \~~~ = 24.0in.
Pro vi de ~~ 12x22
,.~

(b) lnteriCl~ Gir·der (B-..U:

Design Moment (See Fig.7.11}= 76.0 K-ft.
~ =M = 76.Dx12 = 38 0 1.n.3
v Fb 24.0 .
Provide W 16x26
(c) E~~erjor Girder (C-D):
Des·ign rvJoment (See Fig. 7.11) = 48.0 K-ft.
For worki~g stress design, F = 1.0
Axial load in Girder (For F=l.3s See Table
No • 2 ) = 115 • 64 K.

Therefore for F=l.O, Axial Load =

{ :-~
4
11
:: 89.0 K.
As one-third stress increase is allowed there-
fore reducing load to account this effect.
l
!I '
I

L-------·-------·---------------------~------·······-·----·--~-·------------------·-----·-----~-J
i-·-····· ..·- --.-----------·
1

I
i Col. 12. K-ft. 20. K-ft. 20. K-ft.
' t~om.

co
!
f
.004 Ft,4
~
I i II = .006 Ft~ mlI I = .017 Ft~
I.
~ I Ill 7 .BK 7 .8K II 8.2K 8.2K 8.2K I 7 .8K 7 .8K
I .. I ~21.
I i I ~-ft.*
-48.1 ' I -76. I
K-ft.~
-48. I.
K-ft .. !
-48.
K-ft .J.. Jr
-21.
K-ft.

I .~
v.wK-f.t.!
- t-1! f---.!~ .008 F q I = .02 Ft~ !
I I! I
N
r-1
I I '!I..-
iI ;.
I
t .,.
• "'7
0
I
25
+ ' K-ft.

i 7 6..,
:J
I"
_,:__ I

.
=
'.,
I
7 • 67
Ill
u
I I I
1
8. 5 I
7.~_:_-----'f
.
8 5I
+54.7 K-ft.

.
... /1•
,i 8 5I
,Jf'_. • i 8 .5 I
~l
I
+25. K-ft.

!_:_67 I jf 7. 67
.
~-11"67
'.
I I
I
ill!,=.017 Ft.4 II
I li • .'
II I .1 = . 004 Ft.
't
,, I "'. . 009 t t. !
4
I = .023 Ft.
i T

_J_ J+l iBm. Design Mom.==48.K-ft.! Bm. Design fv1om.=76 K-ft.

Li .• I
IBm. Des.ign Mom.=48 K-ft.l
I .

I :-:; . I
·I
I
MODEL FOR MOMENT DISTRIBUTION l
I

I FHJAl MOMENTS
l
L______ ------ FIGRE7.11
_____ ..... -----------

1.0

""""
 98

r-·
I
··---. --------~---1--~~----::·-·--·----···-,

Des1gn moment- 48.0 x1 _33 - 3o.O K-ft. I

Axial Load = 89.0 x 1 ~ 33 ~ 67.0 K. I
Using AISC eqn. (1.6-la)
Fa . Cm fb
-s:.l
'Fa T (1-fa/F~x)Fbx
Try W12x36
A = 10.6 in. 2 S = 46.0 in. 3 rx = 5.15 in.
KL = lx22xl2
__ .
rx 5.15-- = 52 07
Fa = 18.17 ksi, F'e = 55.23 ksi
Cm = LO
fa = ~b:~ = 6.32 ksi

fb = 36.0xl2 = 0 4 kr.::,·
46.0 J. -

~8~I7 = 1~-6432 = o.ss (o.K.)

(1-55-:32) 24.0

(B) DESIGN OF COLUMNS:

Cols. A/1, ~/7 (1st. To 21~~)_:
P = 66 • 0 K. (Tab 1e No • 1 , .F=1. 0)
M = 12.0 K-ft. (See Fig. 7.11)

Try ~J 8x24

A.=7.06in.,. ---.
3
2 ~-20- 8"1n., ry=l.6lin .
rx=3.42in,
fa. = §6,000
7. 06 .0. = 9. . 3'"!) ked
"

~L = lx! 2 ~~ 2 = 90.0 F ~ 14.30 ksi !I

ry Lb... a

r1<1_
x "-- _lx1.2x12 ,
3 . 42 -- 42 . 0 F~x == 84. 65 ks i iI .
Lc = 6.9 1
Lu = 15.1 1
I
; Fb = 22.0 ksi, Fb = 12xl2/20.8 = 7.0 ksi l
~--·-·---·-----~---·-·-----·-·-··----·---·--·---~--·--·-----·--------·--------··------··---·__j
 99

I ---us i~~:~c-:~~~~~6- ~: )---·-.___,_, ______ l

· M1
em = 0.6 for q = M2 = 0

914.3350 + 0.6~735 = 0.87<1 (O.K.)

I . (1---=- ) 22 0
84.65 .
. NOTE: W8x20 was tried but it was found in-
adequate.

Co1s. B/1, B/7, (1st. To 2nd.):

P = 160.0 K (Table No. 1, F=l.O)
M = 20.0 K-ft. (See Fig. 7.11 ) I
Try W8x40
3
A=11.8 in 2 , 5=35.5 in , rx=3.53 in, I
ry=2.04 in.

Fa = ~~~:~ = 13.6 ksi

-KL '" ------

lx12x12 ~ 70 6. F = 16.33 ksi
ry 2.04 · ' a

KL = 12xll. = 40 · 8 ~ F• = 88 · 8 ks i
r 3. 53 ex
y
Lc = 8.5', Lu = 30.3' F~ = 22.0 ksi
Fb = ~ 0 35.5
· 0 ~12 -' = 6 . 8 ksi

~ "' ,n
em _ . o- .f or q = Ml
r~ 2 = .o

13.6 , 0.6x6.8
16.33 (1-~~:~) 22.0
T

0.83 + 0.?.2 = 1.05 >1

Therefore provide W8x48
 100

1
--------~----------_----·------------------·--------.

Cols. C/1, Cj; (1st. To 2nd.): I

p {From Table No. 2 for F•1.3) • 423. K. I
4
I P (For F=1.3) = i:3o = 326. K j

I M (From Fig. 7.11) = 20. K-ft.

l Try W12x53 .I
' . 2 3
A=15.6 1n , 5=70.7 in , rx=5.23 in, !
ry=2A8 in.

Design Axial Load = P = 326xL 33 = 240. K

Design Moment= 1"1 = 20.oxi. 33-= 16. K-ft.

Fa = .?i~:~ = 15.4 ksi fb = 16.0x12 = 2 7 •..1

70.7 · r,S

K~ = lx12x12 = 58 Fa ··· 17. 62 ks i

ry 2.48 ·

KL lx12x12 27.53 F'ex = 196. ks i

y.x = --·s. 23 -

Lc = 10.6;, Lu = 22.0' Fbx = 22. ksi

Ml
Cm = 0.6 for q = M2 = 0

15 .4_. + 2.:. 6x2. 7

17 62 I ( 1-..tS.A '22 0
196.0.. .
0.874 + .08 = 0.954<:1 (O.K.)
Provide W12x53

Further design of columns by working stress is:

I

not carried out because of the fact that col- :

'
umn sections obtained by plastic design areal~
so adequate for working stress design.
 101

----~---·-------- ----- . . . --- ----------------- ---------------l

fa em fb I
Fa + ~1 .I:USC eqn. (1..6-1a) .
- I
(1-fa ) Fb For working Stress de- '
F'
ex sign).
I
P em ~1
--+-- AISC eqn. {2.4-2)
'Per (1-f.
' p ) (For plastic design).
e
NOTE: That both of the above equations are
similar. To obtain plastic design equation,
multiply working stress design eqn. by a factor
F=l. 7.

Hence column sizes obtained by Plastic Design

holds good for working stress design also.

{C) BRACING:
Some sizes will be obtained for working stress
design because allowable tension by AISC Sec-
tion 1.5.1.1 P.5.16.
Fr = 0.6 Fy

It should be noted that factor 0.6 is nothing

but approxima.tely equal to _!__.
1.7

7.5 WEIGHT CALCULATION:

Total we·ighi: of braced bent A-8-C-D with sizes
·
glVen 1· n Tabl. e ,No. 4.. •

I
i
· - - - - - - - - - - · - .·----~----------------·-·-········-----·-----------·------··----·--·----·------- _ _ ....J
 102

,------
-
--·--.----------- ---·---· -, ·----------------------,
--------------------------··--:··~

TABLE NO. 4: WEIGHT CALCULATIONS i

PLASTIC DESIGN . I
Member Section Wt. in lbs/ft Length No. of Total Ii
!
Units Weight j

Col. at A W 8x24 24.0 12. 2 576.

!
I
II
W8x20 20. 12. 2 480.
II
W8xl7 . 17. 12. 2 408.
Col. at B H 8x48 48. 12. 1 576.
II
W8x35 35. 12. 3 1260.
II
W8x24 24. 12. 2 576.
Col. at c w 12x53 53. 12. 1 636.
II
w 12x45 45. 12. 1 540.
II
w 12x40 40. 12. 2 960.
II
w 12x36 36., 12. 2 864.
Col. at D W 12x45 45. 12. 1 540.
II
w 12x36 36. 12. 3 1296.
II
w 12x31 31. 12. 2 744.
Bms. 11.-B l~ 12x14 14. 22.33 6 1876.
Bms. B-C i4 16x26 26. 33o 6 5148.
Bms. C-D W 12x36 36, 22. 6 4752.
5
Brace 2L 5x3x5/16 16.4 26 4 1'706.
5
II
2L 4x3xl/4 11.6 26 4 1206.
5
II
2L 2 l/2x2x3/16 5.5 26 4 572
TOTAL WEIGHT BY PLASTIC DESIGN =24,716 lbs.

Total weight by elastic design is same except that beam

A-B is W 12x2~ inste~d of~ 12x14) 1.e. increase of weiaht' _
by (22-·14) x 22.33 x 6=1070. lbs. ~ I
Therefore tota"J weight by Elastic Design= 24,716.
+ 1,070.
I
i
I
!
25,786 1bs.
Ii
About 5% more wt. in ~lastic design as compared to plastic'
design. l
I
I
I :
L ___~__,_____----------------~------~-----------------~-----·----~----·------------J
 103

7.6 SUMMARY
An attempt is made in this section to note down few
assumptions, conclusions and observations made thru the
process of designing the braced bent by both methods.
(1) Checkerboard Loading or skipping of Live Load was not'
carried out for simplicity.
(2) Composite action betvJeen beam and cone. over steel i
I.·
deck was not considered. I
(3) During the design, consistency was maintained in both:
i

the methods in selecting the sections, various con-

stants etc., so that one method does not get pena-·
1 i zed over the other method. I
(4) For working stress design carrying out moment distri-:
bution was necessary, which is a little tedious
while plastic design method does not require this.
(5) About 5% savings in steel weight \'Jas found by plastic,
l
design method assuming connection cost same in both ·
methods.
(6) Basically there is no savings in columns.
(7) Plastic design gives more understanding of struc-
tural behavior, it gives comparatively better feel-
ing regarding collapse of struct~re as a whole.
(8) It is emphasized again that plastic design is econo-
mical and useful for continuous structures. The
reason being redistribution of moments or stresses.
Si'.!ving ·in steel was due to beam. This fact is. dis~
cussed in more detail.

Looking at final moments (Fig. 7.11), Span A-B~ it

is seen that max. +ve moment is 25. K-ft. while max.
-ve mom. is 48. K-ft. This beam had to be designed
for max. moment of 48.0 K-ft. It h the plastic de-
sign redistribution technique which re-adjusts the
+ve and -ve momerts so that both are almost equal.
iI • !'
.
L....----~-------~------------~--------··---··--- --.-.·----··-··-~·--·-···------·-·-----·---···-------·-------·--·-----·····-·--·.l
 104

---------------·---·--·-----------~----~---------------~----------l

!
Hence there exists one max. moment for which beam is
designed while in working stress design, section
selected for 48. K-ft. had to be provided for +ve.
Moment of 25. K-ft. which is uneconomical.

Considering span B-C, actual Z required is 38. in 3 ,

section W 14x26 is adequate but for the same weight
section W16x26 is available which gives more value
of Z for the same weight, for working stress design
required S is 38.0 in 3 which definately requires
W 16x26. There could have been some saving by plas-
tic design byt availability of W 14x26 and W 16x26,
both having same weight, results in no saving by
plastic design method.

Considering span C-0, note that actual section re-

quired by plastic design is W12x27 but to meet the
requirement of AISC Sect. 2.7 W 12x36 was chosen,
while W 12x36 was definately required by working
stress design.
r----- -------·-- --·----c··- ···-··- ~--··--·----····-· ----~--·--·-·· ·------· -·----··--·-··--···-- -·····-···--~--------·-'-·--·---·-·-;
I . l
I I
I
. I
I
I 1
ll REFERENCES
!
I
i
l
II
i
I 1.
I
Manu a1 Of Steel Construction.
.
j American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. 7th. Edition. j
!I ,_.
? Plastic Design of Braced Multistory Steel Frames.
American Iron and Steel Institute. 1968. I
3. Applied Plastic Design In Steel, by Robert 0. Disque, P.E. I
June, 1971.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. I
I 1
I 4. Structural Steel Design - 2nd. Edition, by Jack Me Cormack.
I
Intext Publishers.
I
II t;
·J. Planning and Designing of Tall Buildings, Vol. II.
Structural Design of Tall Steel Buildings Proceedings,
International Conference on Planning and Designing of Tall
I Buildings.
Leigh University. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
August 21-26, 1972.
Sponsored by U.S. National Science Foundation.
6. Plastic Design of Frames.
1. Fundamentals by Sir John Bakel~ & Jacques Heyman.
Cambridge at the University Press :i969.

7. E'lementary Steel Structures by Vuan-Yu Hsieh

Prentice-Hall$ Inc.
Englewood Cliffs, Ne~J~I Jersey

j
~-•-'•~·-•-~*-----•~---~----~---~--.-.,--~·~:--···---~.----·~~··,.,..-,.---~-~~.,------...,-~,-•.,•-•-·••-•• ,.__,-,.;,.-.~-·~~-~v--~---~~-~~~~~••-·•-·••--·~"·-·~~--·•-»,.:i

105