Q4a) Describe the terms of simla agreement.

(4)

Ans) It was an agreement signed in July 1972 between Z.A. Bhutto and Indira Gandhi. The two Prime
Ministers agreed to resolve mutual conflicts like the Kashmir issue, bilaterally. This means such issues
would not be taken to a third party like the UNO, Bhutto successfully persuaded Indira Gandhi to release
more than 90,000 Pakistani prisoners of war captured by India in the 1971 Pak-India war.

Q4b) Explain why the Congress and the Muslim league opposed the Cripps mission of 1942. (7)

Ans) The Proposals of the Cripps Mission Plan were not acceptable to the INC and the ML. In March
1942, the British sent sir Stafford Cripps Mission Plan were her of the British Cabinet, to India. The
Mission proposed to grant India the dominion status in the form of a Union of India after the War, and
framing of a new constitution by a newly elected Constituent Assembly. It also suggested that the state
could opt out of the proposed Union of India.

It, however, did not define the political status of the provinces opting out of the proposed Union, Jinnah,
in his presidential address of the ML in Allahabad, analyzed the proposals. He expressed the
disappointment that their main objective was the creation of a new Indian Union, and Pakistan was
treated only "as a remote possibility". He rejected it as he was not satisfied with the opting out clause
and wanted a direct recognition of Pakistan by the British as the ML had formally demanded the same in
March 1940. In order to reiterate the demand for Pakistan, he declared it an unacceptable plan.

Gandhi, on the other hand, did not trust the British offer as he was sure the British would not implement
the proposals after the war was over. Having the support of the Hindu majority, he rejected the plan in a
more sarcastic way. He declared it a post-dated cheque on a failing bank He thus equated the British
rule in India with a failing bank, and the Plan with a postdated cheque. He firmly believed the British
would incur huge losses after the WW2. They had to leave India after the War and, therefore, they were
not in a position to make such offers. He demanded immediate independence from the British so that
the INC could gain control over India. There- fore, in May 1942, he started his Quit India campaign and
was arrested.

Q4c) Ayub Khan's agricultural policies were the most effective of the domestic reforms that took place
between 1958 and 1969.How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. (14)

Ans) Ayub Agricultural reforms were very successful. He wanted to modernize agriculture and ensure a
fair distribution of land holdings. Majority of farmers were poor and possessed smaller than standard
size land holdings (fragmented holdings of less than 12.5 hectares) which caused poor yield. On the
other hand, a small percentage of rich land owners (Zamindars) were in possession of unusually large
land holdings that were under the tenant cultivators. Under the 1950 land reforms, no land owner could
possess more than 1000 acres of un-irrigated or 500 acres of irrigated land holdings. The excess land
was to be taken by the government and given to the poor farmers. The smaller holdings were joined
under the land consolidation.
In order to produce agricultural raw material and feed a growing population agriculture was
modernized. Under this, mechanization, chemical fertilizers, HYV (High Yield Variety) or GM (genetically
modified) seeds, insecticides/pesticides and modern irrigation methods were introduced. Under the
Indus Water Treaty 1960, three new dams and several perennial canals were built. Loans were given to
poor farmers. Land productivity increased impressively and, therefore, Ayub's agricultural reforms were
called Green Revolution.

Ayub's industrial reforms were also important. An oil refinery was setup at Karachi to reduce the import
cost of oil. To extract minerals, the Mineral Development Corporation was setup. To encourage the
private sector, a number of incentives were offered that included subsidies and taxes, tax holiday and
the Export Bonus Scheme (EBS). Large scale industrialization took place in the 1960s that resulted in a
robust economic growth rate of 7%, one of the highest in the world.

In politics, Ayub believed in a kind of "controlled democracy" or "democracy with discipline" because
there was high degree of instability in the 1950s, especially 1955 to 1958. Ayub introduced the Basic
Democracies (BD's) under the Basic Democracies Order of October 1959 it was a four tier system under
which elections were held at village, tehsil, district and division level to elect the union council and tehsil
councils District and divisional councils comprised elected and official members. These Basic Democrats
were responsible for local development including health, education, local taxes, water and sanitation
and roads. They also formed an Electoral College to elect the members of the assemblies and the
President. Ayub shifted the Capital from Karachi to Islamabad, a new planned city.

In my opinion, Ayub's agricultural reforms seem to be most successful because they benefitted not only
the farming community but also contributed towards an appreciable industrial growth by providing
plenty of raw material for agro-based industries.

Q3a) What happened in Allahabad in 1930. (4)

Ans) Allama Iqbal gave the explanation of the inner feeling of the Muslims of India. He narrated the
basic principles of the Islam and loyalties of the Muslims to their faith. He gave the idea and concept
about a separate homeland in this address because the Muslim were a nation and had a right that they
got the identification and passed their lives in order to the Islamic principles. Due to these reasons, he
expressed his thoughts in the Allahabad address of 1930.

Q3b) Explain why the Muslim league was formed in 1906. (7)

Ans) In 1885, the Indian National Congress was formed to represent the aspiration and demands of the
Indians to the British government but within years it turned out to be a Hindu dominated body. It was
only working for Hindu interests neglecting other communities. In 1905 when Bengal was partitioned,
Congress was against it and immediately demanded for its reversal. The Muslims were disappointed at
this. The Hindi-Urdu Controversy back in the year was another major cause. The Hindus openly
demonstrated against Urdu language neglecting the importance it had for the Muslims. They wanted
Hindi to become the official language. The congress also demanded competitive examination to be held
for government jobs. Since most of the Muslims were uneducated, they were unable to pass them. The
congress also felt that there was no need for separate electorates for Muslims as India was a cultural
whole.

The role of Hindu extremist groups like Arya Samaj was another factor which aroused Muslim attention.
These extremist played loud music outside mosques which was disgraceful and offensive and also
banned the slaughter of cows. Not only this but these groups also wanted Muslims to be forcibly
converted to Hinduism. The Muslims were not to tolerate it anymore. These anti- Muslims activities
increased the need of a political platform for the Muslims from where their interest could be projected.

On 8 October 1906 the Simla episode took place in which a group of Muslims leaders led by the Aga
khan met Viceroy Minto at Simla to present their demands. Their demands were granting of separate
electorates for Muslims in all local and provincial elections and also that Muslims should be given a
greater weightage than their population. These demands were readily accepted which were truly a
victory for the Muslims. The success of Simla Deputation made it imperative for the Muslims of the
subcontinent to have their own political organization. These events ultimately led to the formation of
the ‘All India Muslim League’ in 1906.

Q3c) To what extent were the outcomes of the war of independence beneficial for India? Explain your
answer. (14)

Ans) The 1857 War led to disastrous consequences. As far as its immediate results are concerned they
brought miseries to Indians in general and to Muslims in particular. Raids were conducted at the houses
of several notable people on the ground of suspicion and harsh treatment was meted out in general.
Sepoys were blown away by tying their bodies at the mouths of the cannons The purpose was to create
awe and horror in the minds of the Indians.

Gradually, Muslims were exclusively targeted because British had taken political control from them and
they wanted to erase any sense of "imperial pride" from their minds. At many places mass executions of
Muslims were carried out publicly and the dead were stitched in the pigskin. Muslims were denied all
respectable posts. Mughal rule was officially abolished and the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar
was exiled to Rangoon (Myanmar/Burma) where his sons were beheaded and he himself was given
death sentence that was commuted to life imprisonment due to his advanced age.

Instead of getting rid of the EIC rule, India went directly under the British government. British also
became cautious and selective in military matters. They began to recruit troops from the relatively loyal
provinces such as Punjab KP and Kashmir, and followed the policy of encouraging the "martial race of
Pathans and Punjabis. Thus, a new version of divide and rule policy was implemented by the British.

INC in 1885 and ML in 1906. Indians got leaders and reformers like Sir Syed, Bal Ganga Dhar Tilak,
Gandhi and Jinnah. British government abolished the EIC in the famous Allahabad Declaration of 1858.
Under this, all annexation policies were abandoned e.g. the doctrine of lapse, British government
promised respect of local religious faiths and practices. They also decided to train Indians in politics by
introducing political reforms periodically. These included various Indian Councils Acts. Gradually, Indians
were included in these councils, and the Indian Civil Services. British government introduced a "chain of
command" to govern India. British parliament would make laws for India with the assistance of a
Secretary of State for India and a Viceroy. Secretary of State would visit India when needed while the
Viceroy was stationed in India. He was assisted by a team of governors (always British) and the Viceroy's
Executive Council

In my opinion, it seems that the War benefited the Indians in general. It revolutionized the Indian
mindset from a conservative to a westernized way of thinking. It was easier for them to continue the
development projects introduced by the British after gaining independence in 1947. It is also true that
the War benefited Indians in many ways. Indians learned the hard lesson that militarily they were no
match to the British. Therefore, now they would resist British rule politically. They began to develop
political awareness and founded political parties