CRIMINAL LAW

2024 Bar Examination

Office of Associate Justice Mario V. Lopez

I. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LAW

A. Schools of Thoughts
a. Classical Theory
b. Positivist Theory
c. Eclectic or Mixed Theory
d. Utilitarian Theory

B. Construction or Interpretation of Penal Laws

a. Effects of Repeal/Amendments of Penal Laws
b. Retroactive Effect of Penal Laws
c. Pro reo Principle

C. Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege (Revised Penal Code, Art. 21)

D. Mala in se and mala prohibita

E. Actus reus and mens rea

F. Cardinal Principles of Criminal Law

a. Generality
b. Territoriality
c. Prospectivity

G. Constitutional Limitations on the Power of Congress to Enact Penal Laws

a. Equal Protection
b. Due Process
c. Bill of Attainder
d. Ex post facto Law

II. REVISED PENAL CODE – BOOK ONE

A. Felonies (Revised Penal Code, Art. 3)
a. Criminal Liability (Revised Penal Code, Art. 4(1))
b. Gravity of Felonies: Grave, Less Grave, and Light (Revised Penal Code,
Art. 9, as amended by R.A. No. 10951)
c. Aberratio ictus, error in personae, and praeter intentionem
d. Causes Affecting Criminal Liability
a. Proximate Cause
b. Efficient Intervening Cause

e. Impossible Crime (Revised Penal Code, Art. 4(2))

f. Stages of Execution (Revised Penal Code, Art. 6)
a. Subjective Phase and Objective Phase
b. Spontaneous Desistance

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 c. Attempted, Frustrated, and Consummated Stages
d. Overt Acts

g. Duty of the Courts in case of Non-Punishable Act and Excessive Penalty

(Revised Penal Code, Art. 5)
h. Suppletory Application of the Revised Penal Code (Revised Penal Code,
Art. 10)

B. Circumstances Affecting Criminal Liability

a. Justifying Circumstances (Revised Penal Code, Art. 11)
b. Exempting Circumstances (Revised Penal Code, Art. 12)
c. Mitigating Circumstances (Revised Penal Code, Art. 13)
d. Aggravating Circumstances (Revised Penal Code, Art. 14)
e. Alternative Circumstances (Revised Penal Code, Art. 15)
f. Absolutory causes

C. Persons Criminally Liable and Degree of Participation

a. Principals, Accomplices, and Accessories (Revised Penal Code, Arts. 16-
20)
b. Conspiracy and Proposal (Revised Penal Code, Art. 8)
c. Liability for Repetitive Commission of Crimes
a. Recidivism (Revised Penal Code, Art. 14(9))
b. Habituality (Revised Penal Code, Art. 14(10))
c. Quasi-recidivism (Revised Penal Code, Art. 160)
d. Habitual delinquency (Revised Penal Code, Art. 62(5))

D. Plurality of Crimes (Real and Ideal)

a. Absorption System
b. Single Impulse Rule
c. Compound Complex Crime (Revised Penal Code, Art. 48)
d. Complex Crime Proper (Revised Penal Code, Art. 48)
e. Special Complex Crime
f. Continuous/Continued Crime
g. Continuing Crime

E. Penalties
a. Revised Penal Code, Art. 21
b. Philosophical Theories
c. Classification of Penalties (Revised Penal Code, Arts. 25-26, as amended
by R.A. No. 10951)
d. Duration and Effects of Penalties (Revised Penal Code, Art. 27)
e. Application and Graduation of Penalties (Revised Penal Code, Arts. 46,
50-57, 61-65 and 76-77)
f. Accessory Penalties (Revised Penal Code, Art. 25)
g. Preventive Imprisonment (Revised Penal Code, Art. 29, as amended by
R.A. No. 10592)
h. Subsidiary Penalty (Revised Penal Code, Art. 39, as amended by R.A.
No. 10159, Sec. 1)

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 i. Community Service (Revised Penal Code, Art. 88a, as inserted by R.A.
No. 11362, Sec. 3; A.M. No. 20-06-14-SC)
j. Release on Recognizance (R.A. No. 10389)
k. Successive Service of Sentence (Revised Penal Code, Art. 70)
l. Three-Fold Rule (Revised Penal Code, Art. 70)
m. Indeterminate Sentence Law (Act No. 4103, as amended by R.A. No.
4203, Secs. 1-2)
n. Anti-Death Penalty Law (R.A. No. 9346, Secs. 1-3)
o. Pecuniary Liabilities (Revised Penal Code, Art. 38)
(Note: The specific penalty for each crime is not included. The questions will
provide the prescribed penalties in problems involving application and graduation
of penalties.)

F. Extinction of Criminal Liability

a. Total Extinction (Revised Penal Code, Art. 89)
a. Death of Convict
b. Service of Sentence
c. Amnesty
d. Absolute Pardon
e. Prescription of Crimes (See Periods of Prescription for Violations
Penalized by Special Acts (R.A. No. 3326, Secs. 1-2)
f. Prescription of Penalties
g. Marriage between the Offender and the Offended Party (Revised
Penal Code, Arts. 266-C and 344)

b. Partial Extinction (Revised Penal Code, Art. 94, as amended by R.A. No.
10592, Secs. 2-5)
a. Conditional Pardon (Act No. 1524)
b. Commutation of Sentence
c. Good Conduct Allowances (Revised Penal Code, Art. 97, as
amended by R.A. No. 10592, Sec. 3)
d. Parole
e. Probation (P.D. No. 968, Secs. 4, 9 and 16, as amended by R.A.
No. 10707)

G. Civil Liability Ex-Delicto

a. Primary and Subsidiary
b. Restitution, Reparation, and Indemnification (Revised Penal Code, Arts.
104-108)
c. Civil Liability of an Offender Exempted from Criminal Liability
(Revised Penal Code, Art. 101)
d.Share of Each Person Civilly Liable for a Felony (Revised Penal Code,
Art. 109)
e. Preference in Payment (Revised Penal Code, Art. 110)
f. Persons who Participated Gratuitously (Revised Penal Code, Art. 111)
g. Extinction and Survival of Civil Liability Ex-Delicto (Revised Penal
Code, Arts. 112-113)

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III. REVISED PENAL CODE – BOOK TWO
A. Title One - Crimes Against National Security and the Laws of Nations

The crimes against national security are:

1. Treason. (Art. 114 )
2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason. (Art. 115)
3. Misprision of treason. (Art. 116)
4. Espionage. (Art. 117)

The crimes against the law of nations are:

1. Inciting to war or giving motives for reprisals. (Art. 118)
2. Violation of neutrality. (Art. 119)
3. Correspondence with hostile country. (Art. 120)
4. Flight to enemy's country. (Art. 121)
5.Piracy in general and mutiny on the high seas or in Philippine waters.
(Art.122)

B. Title Two - Crimes Against the Fundamental Laws of the State

1. Arbitrary detention. (Art. 124)

2. Delay in the delivery of detained persons to the proper judicial
authorities. (Art. 125)
3. Delaying release. (Art. 126)
4. Expulsion. (Art. 127)
5. Violation of domicile. (Art. 128)
6. Search warrants maliciously obtained and abuse in the service
of those legally obtained. (Art. 129)
7. Searching domicile without witnesses. (Art. 130)
8. Prohibition, interruption, and dissolution of peaceful meetings.
(Art. 131)
9. Interruption of religious worship. (Art. 132)
10. Offending the religious feelings. (Art. 133)

C. Title Three - Crimes Against Public Order

1. Rebellion or insurrection. (Art. 134)

2. Coup d'etat. (Art. 134-A)
3. Conspiracy and proposal to commit coup d'etat, rebellion or
insurrection. (Art. 136)
4. Disloyalty of public officers or employees. (Art. 137)
5. Inciting to rebellion. (Art. 138)
6. Sedition. (Art. 139)
7. Conspiracy to commit sedition. (Art. 141)
8. Inciting to sedition. (Art. 142)
9. Acts tending to prevent the meeting of Congress and similar
bodies. (Art. 143)
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10. Disturbance of proceedings of Congress or similar bodies. (Art.144)
11. Violation of parliamentary immunity. (Art. 145)
12. Illegal assemblies. (Art. 146)
13. Illegal associations. (Art. 147)
14. Direct assaults. (Art. 148)
15. Indirect assaults. (Art. 149)
16. Disobedience to summons issued by Congress, its committees,
etc., by the constitutional commissions, its committees, etc. (Art.
150)
17. Resistance and disobedience to a person in authority or the
agents of such person. (Art. 151)
18. Tumults and other disturbances of public order. (Art. 153)
19. Unlawful use of means of publication and unlawful utterances.
(Art. 154)
20. Alarms and scandals. (Art. 155)
21. Delivering prisoners from jails. (Art. 156)
22. Evasion of service of sentence. (Art. 157)
23. Evasion on occasion of disorders. (Art. 158)
24. Violation of conditional pardon. (Art. 159)
25. Commission of another crime during service of penalty imposed for another
previous offense. (Art. 160)

D. Title Four - Crimes Against Public Interest

1. Counterfeiting the great seal of the Government of the Philippines,

forging the signature or stamp of the Chief Executive. (Art. 161)
2. Using forged signature or counterfeit seal or stamp. (Art. 162)
3. Making and importing and uttering false coins. (Art. 163)
4. Mutilation of coins, importation and uttering of mutilated coins. (Art.
164)
5. Selling of false or mutilated coins, without connivance. (Art. 165)
6. Forging treasury or bank notes or other documents payable to bearer,
importing, and uttering of such false or forged notes and documents.
(Art. 166)
7. Counterfeiting, importing and uttering instruments not payable to
bearer. (Art. 167)
8. Illegal possession and use of forged treasury or bank notes and other
instruments of credit. (Art. 168)
9. Falsification of legislative documents. (Art. 170)
10. Falsification by public officer, employee or notary. (Art. 171)
11. Falsification by private individuals and use of falsified documents.
(Art. 172)
12. Falsification of wireless, cable, telegraph and telephone messages and
use of said falsified messages. (Art. 173)
13. False medical certificates, false certificates of merit or service. (Art.
174)
14. Using false certificates. (Art. 175)
15. Manufacturing and possession of instruments or implements for

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falsification. (Art. 176)
16. Usurpation of authority or official functions. (Art. 177)
17. Using fictitious name and concealing true name. (Art. 178)
18. Illegal use of uniform or insignia. (Art. 179)
19. False testimony against a defendant. (Art. 180)
20. False testimony favorable to the defendant. (Art. 181)
21. False testimony in civil cases. (Art. 182)
22. False testimony in other cases and perjury. (Art. 183)
23. Offering false testimony in evidence. (Art. 184)
24. Machinations in public auction. (Art. 185)
25. Monopolies and combinations in restraint of trade. (Art. 186)
26. Importation and disposition of falsely marked articles or merchandise
made of gold, silver, or other precious metals or their alloys. (Art.187)
27. Substituting and altering trade marks and trade name s or service
marks. (Art. 188)
28. Unfair competition and fraudulent registration of trade mark or trade
name, or service mark; fraudulent designation of origin, and false description.
(Art. 189)

E. Title Six - Crimes Against Public Morals

(1) Gambling. (Art. 195)

(2) Importation, sale and possession of lottery tickets or
advertisements. (Art. 196)
(3) Betting in sport contests. (Art. 197)
(4) Illegal betting on horse races. (Art. 198)
(5) Illegal cockfighting. (Art. 199)
(6) Grave scandal. (Art. 200)
(7) Immoral doctrines, obscene publications and exhibitions. (Art.
201)
(8) Vagrancy and prostitution. (Art. 202)

F. Title Seven - Crimes Committed by Public Officers

The crimes classified under malfeasance and misfeasance in office
are:
(1) Knowingly rendering unjust judgment. (Art. 204)
(2) Rendering judgment through negligence. (Art. 205)
(3) Rendering unjust interlocutory order. (Art. 206)
(4) Malicious delay in the administration of justice. (Art. 207)
(5) Dereliction of duty in prosecution of offenses. (Art. 208)
(6) Betrayal of trust by an attorney or solicitor — revelation of
secrets. (Art. 209)
(7) Direct bribery. (Art. 210)
(8) Indirect bribery. (Art. 211)
(9) Qualified Bribery (Art. 211-A)
(10) Corruption of Public Officials (Art. 212)
See also Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act
(11) Frauds and Illegal Exactions and Transactions

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What are the crimes called malversation of public funds or property?
They are:
1. Malversation by appropriating, misappropriating or permitting
any other person to take public funds or property. (Art. 217)
2. Failure of accountable officer to render accounts. (Art. 218)
3. Failure of a responsible public officer to render accounts before
leaving the country. (Art. 219)
4. Illegal use of public funds or property. (Art. 220)
5. Failure to make delivery of public funds or property. (Art. 221)

G. Title Eight - Crimes Against Persons

1. Parricide (Art. 246).

2. Death or Physical Injury inflicted under exceptional circumstances (Art. 247)
– it does not define and penalize a felony.
3. Murder (Art. 248)
4. Homicide (Art. 249)
5. Death caused in a tumultuous affray (Art. 251)
6. Physical injuries inflicted in a tumultuous affray (Art. 252)
7. Giving assistance to suicide (Art. 253)
8. Discharge of firearms. (Art. 254)
9. Infanticide. (Art. 255)
10.Intentional abortion. (Art. 256)
11.Unintentional abortion. (Art. 257)
12.Abortion practiced by the woman herself or by her parents. (Art.258)
13.Abortion practiced by a physician or midwife and dispensing of abortives.
(Art. 259)
14.Duel. (Art. 260)
15.Challenging to a duel. (Art. 261)
16.Mutilation. (Art. 262)
17.Serious physical injuries. (Art. 263)
18.Administering injurious substances or beverages. (Art. 264)
19.Less serious physical injuries. (Art. 265)
20.Slight physical injuries and maltreatment. (Art. 266)
21.Rape. (Art. 266-A)

1. Title Nine - Crimes Against Personal Liberty and Security

2.Title Ten - Crimes Against Property

3.Title Eleven - Crimes Against Chastity

4. Title Twelve - Crimes Against the Civil Status of Persons

5. Title Thirteen - Crimes Against Honor

6. Title Fourteen - Quasi-offenses

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b) SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
1. Comprehensive Firearms and Ammunition Regulation Act (R.A. No. 10591,
Secs. 3 and 28-41)

2. Anti-Online Sexual Abuse or Exploitation of Children (OSAEC) and Anti-

Child Sexual Abuse or Exploitation Materials (CSAEM) Act (R.A. No. 11930,
Secs. 3-8, 11-13, 14, 20, 22 and 25)

3. Anti-Fencing Law of 1979 (P.D. No. 1612, Secs. 2 and 5-6)

4. Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act (R.A. No. 3019, Secs. 2-6, 9 and 11, as
amended by R.A. No. 3047; P.D. No. 677; P.D. No. 1288; B.P. Blg. 195; R.A. No.
10910)

5. Anti-Hazing Act of 2018 (R.A. No. 8049, Secs. 2-3, 12 and 14, as amended by
R.A. No. 11053)

6. Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act of 2009 (R.A. No. 9995, Secs. 3-7)

7. Anti-Plunder Act (R.A. No. 7080, as amended by R.A. No. 7659)

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 A. Definition of Terms (Sec. 1)
B. Definition of the Crime of Plunder (Sec. 2)
C. Series and Combination
D. Pattern
E. Wheel and Chain Conspiracy

8. Anti-Torture Act of 2009 (R.A. No. 9745, Secs. 3-8 and 13-15)

9.Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003 (R.A. No. 9208, Secs. 4-6, as amended
by R.A. No. 10364; R.A. No. 11862)

10. Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004 (R.A. No.
9262, Secs. 3, 5, 8-16 and 24-27)

11. Bouncing Checks Law (B.P. Blg. 22, Secs. 1-3 and 5; A.C. No. 12-2000; A.C.
No. 13-2001)

12. Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 (R.A. No. 9165, as amended
by
R.A. No. 10640, Secs. 4, 5, 6, 11-15, 21, 23-27, 29, 66, 68 and 98; A.M. 18-03-16-SC;
IRR of R.A. No. 9165, Sec. 21)

13. Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (R.A. No. 10175, Secs. 4-7)

14.New Anti-Carnapping Act of 2016 (R.A. No. 10883, Secs. 2(e), 3 and 4; R.A.
No. 11235, Secs. 4, 7, 9 and 11-13)

15. Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation, and

Discrimination Act (R.A. No. 7610, Secs. 3, 5, 6, 10, 12, and 16, as amended by
R.A. No. 9231 and
R.A. No. 11648)

16. Swindling by Syndicate (P.D. No. 1689, Sec. 1)

17.Law on Arson (P.D. No. 1613, Secs. 1-7)

18. Anti-Terrorism Act (R.A. No. 11479, Secs. 3-12, 25, 26, 29 and 36)

19. Terrorism Financing Prevention and Suppression Act (R.A. No. 10168, Secs.
4- 9, 17 and 19)

20. Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law (P.D. No. 532, Secs. 2-4)

21. An Act Providing for Stronger Protection Against Rape and Sexual
Exploitation and Abuse, Increasing the Age for Determining the Commission of
Statutory Rape (R.A. No. 11648, Secs. 1-3)

22. Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act (R.A. No. 9344, Secs. 4, 6, 7, 20 and 38, as
amended by R.A. No. 10630)
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 23. Obstruction of Justice (P.D. No. 1829, Secs. 1-2)

24. Penalizing the Refusal of Hospitals and Clinics to Administer Initial

Treatment in Emergency Cases (B.P. Blg. 702, Secs. 1-4, as amended by R.A. No.
8344)

25. Guidelines for the Imposition of Penalties in Libel Cases (A.C. No. 08-2008)

26. Philippine Act on Crimes Against International Humanitarian Law,

Genocide and Other Crimes Against Humanity (R.A. No. 9851, Secs. 3-6, 10-12,
and 17)

c) PRACTICAL EXERCISES
Preparation of criminal complaint and/or information

NOTE: All Bar candidates should be guided that only laws, rules, issuances, and
jurisprudence pertinent to the topics in this syllabus as of June 30, 2023 are within the
coverage of the 2024 Bar Examinations.

-NOTHING FOLLOWS-

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