ATENEO CASA FAMIGLIA

Servants of the Poor, Inc.

Blk. 13 Lot 34 Brgy. San Rafael IV, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan, Philippines 3024

STUDENT’S NAME: ____________________________________________________Class No. ________

GRADE and SECTION: 11 – GAS DATE: ________ TEACHER: MR. JOMARIE G. SANTOMIN

SELF LEARNING KIT IN PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE - 11 WEEK 2 QUARTER 1

PERIOD COVERED: September 20-24, 2021

TOPIC: Political Ideologies

FOCUS: Political Ideology
RESOURCE CENTER/REFERENCES: Heywood, A. 2012. Political Ideologies An Introduction. 5th ed. Palgrave
Macmillan. China, Islam, S.S. and Abdul Rashid Moten. 2011. Introduction to Political Science. 4th ed. Cengage
Learning. Malaysia.

GETTING READY
Political Ideologies
“To be clear: ideology is a belief system with an inadequate basis in reality; religion is a belief system with no basis, in reality,
whatever.” – Martin Amis, The Second Plane: 14 Responses to September 11
“Fascism should more appropriately be called Corporatism because it is a manager of state and corporate power.” – Benito
Mussolini
Political Ideologies:
This lesson delves into the study of political ideologies which involves the nature, role, and significance of political ideas in
understanding the various political phenomenon. In every dealing of humanity, people express their opinions and/or speak their
mind with the use of political ideas and concepts such as freedom, fairness, justice, equality and rights that they are able to
interpret their individual views as liberal, conservative, socialist, communist, fascist, feminist, etc.
At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:
1. Identify the basic tenets of the large political ideologies.
2. Analyze the political beliefs.
3. Examine the relationship between political ideologies and configurations of political communities.
4. Critique ideas that have a direct impact on how we try to manage ourselves as a political community.
5. Analyze the impact of political ideologies on the social and political aspect.

LEARNING BACK PACK

Political Ideology
Antoine Destutt de Tracy (1754 – 1836) coined the term Ideology during the french Revolution and subsequently used in public in
1796. Ideologie according to Tracy is a new “science of ideas” from a literal term idea-logy (Heywood, 2021). Ideology becomes a
political weapon to condemn or criticize opposing arrays of ideas or belief system. Beliefs are people’s assessment of reality and
what they hold to be true whereas, Values are people’s ideas about right and wrong. Therefore, when beliefs and values are put
together in a coherent system, they form an ideology.
Some of the meanings attached to ideology as enumerated by Heywood are: a political belief system; an action – oriented set of
political ideas; the ideas of the ruling class; the world view of a particular social class or social group; political ideas that embody or
articulate class or social interests; ideas that propagate false consciousness amongst the exploited or oppressed; ideas that state
the individual within a social context and generate a sense of collective belonging; an officially sanctioned set of ideas used to
legitimate a political system or regime; an all-embracing political doctrine that claims a monopoly of truth; and an abstract and
highly systematic set of political ideas. Thus, Political ideologies could be seen as commitments in order to change political system
(Roskins, etc., 2012).
Distinguished Ideologies from Ideas (Macridis in Ranney, 1995)

 Comprehensiveness – An ideology covers ideas pertaining many great matters, such as human beings place in the
universal domain, man’s relationship to the Divine being, the highest goals of society and government, the essential
nature of people, and the best means of achieving the highest social and political objectives.
 Pervasiveness – The set of ideas has not only been known for a long time but has shaped the political beliefs and
actions of many people. Before Christ, democracy, oligarchy, and autocracy are widely talked about, and that great
movement has fought those ideologies for over 2,000 years.
 Intensiveness – The set of ideas commands a strong commitment from many of its adherents and significantly
influences political beliefs and actions.

Characteristics of Ideology
 Ideologies have their levels end in – ism.
 Ideologies provide an explanation for problems that confronts modern societies by providing futuristic vision.
 Ideology is action-oriented
 Ideologies mobilize a large number of people.

Features of Ideology (Heywood, 2012)

 It offers an account of the existing order, usually in the form of a “world view”.
 It advances a model of the desired future, a vision of the good society.
 It explains how political change can and should be brought about – how to get from the two other fearures.

Intellectual Components of an Ideology

 Values.
 The vision of the Ideal Polity.
 The conception of the Human Nature.
 The strategy of Action.
 Political Tactics.

Functions of Ideologies
1. Ideology addresses a basic human psychological needs such as safety, freedom, and community.
2. Ideology provides its believers with a sense of understanding history and with clues about what kinds of things they
should pay attention to or ignore.
3. Ideology is essential.
4. Ideology is powerful.

Societal Role of Ideologies

1. Ideologies answer eternal questions and cut off competing beliefs and values;
2. Ideologies explain how the universe works and why it works that way; and
3. Ideologies tell us how to behave; they help us predict the future

Ideologies
1. Liberalism (The Left) – The term Liberalism derived from the Latin word “liber” which means “free men” in short,
men who were neither serfs nor slaves. A view that sees more need for change and improvement in social
relations requiring governmental involvement (Schrems, 2011) and that society must be free, if it is possible,
 free from government intervention (Moten and Islam, 2011). It supports promoting the individual welfare and
supporting civil rights and accepts peaceful political, social change within the existing political system.
It is a belief that man is generally good and that his ability to reason allows him to attain economic, political, and social
progress (Dooley, 2013). Thus, the central theme of liberal ideology is a commitment to the individual and the desire to
construct a society in which man can satisfy their interests and achieve fulfillment (Heywood, 2012).

Set of values and beliefs of Liberalism (Heywood, 2012)

 Individualism – It is the belief in the supreme importance of the individual over any social group or collective body.
 Freedom – The ability to think or act as one wishes, a capacity that can be associated with the individual, a social group
or a nation. Belief in the supreme importance of the individual leads naturally to a commitment to individual freedom.
Individual liberty is the supreme political value and the unifying principle of liberal ideology.
 Reason – The power of reason gives human beings the capacity to take charge of their own lives and fashion their own
destinies. Humankind we emancipated from the grip of the past and the weight of custom and tradition.
 Justice – It is a moral standard of fairness and impartiality. It is as well denotes giving what is due to each person.
 Toleration – It is forbearance. Willingness to accept views or action with which one is in disagreement.

Classical liberalism as Heywood (2012) puts it, subscribed to egotistical individualism; have a belief in negative freedom; the
state is regarded at best as a “necessary evil”; and have a broadly positive view of civil society.

Neoliberalism posits that states are constantly interacting with each other and that they value cooperation as part of their own
interests. It further to the revival of economic liberalism. It is equated with a belief in market fundamentalism – the absolute faith in
the maker, reflecting the belief that the maker mechanism offers solutions to all economic and social problems.

2. Conservatism (The Right) – The term “conservatism” derived from the term conservation. It is a political philosophy that
tends to support the status quo and advocates change only in moderation upholding the value of tradition and seeks to
preserve all that is good about the past (Dooley, 2013). A point of view that emphasizes tradition and established
institutions and give greater attention to social entities than to individuals having the inclination to oppose any change in
political environment.
3. Socialism – The term socialism derived from the word “socialist” in Latin social meaning to combine or to share. As
Schrems (2011) puts it, socialism is an economic and political doctrine advocating governmental ownership and direction
of production and services but which would retain existing institutions as the means of regulating them. It is also viewed
as an ideology which opposed capitalism and tries to provide a more humane and socially valuable substitute. Moreover,
cooperation is preferred over the competition. Furthermore, socialism adheres to social equality which is the main way to
attain social stability and cohesion (Heywood, 2011).

“The supreme principle of socialism is that man takes precedence over things, life over property, and hence, work over capital; that
power follows creation, and not possession; what man must not be governed by circumstances, but circumstances must be
governed by man.” – Erich Fromm, On Disobedience: Why Freedom Means Saying No to Power
Distinctive ways of understanding socialism:
 Social is seen as an economic model.
 Socialism as an instrument of the labor movement.
 Socialism as a political creed encompasses community, cooperation, equality, class politics and collective ownership.

4. Social Democracy – It is a moderate or reformist brand of socialism that favor a balance between the market and the
state rather than the abolition of capitalism. It is an ideological stance that supports a full balance between market
capitalism, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other side. Social democracy lacks a systematic underlying
theory and is inherently vague (Heywood, 2011). Moreover, it is the mildest form of socialism, stressing welfare measure
but one state ownership of industry (Roskins, 2012). Social Democrats, according to Roskins, et. Al (2012), have
abandoned the state property. They further said that social democracies have become welfare state that focus on the
improvement of living conditions such as unemployment and medical insurance, generous pensions, and subsidized food
and housing.
5. Communism – It is an economic, social, and political system seeking government ownership of the means production
and services directed by a process of scientific administration and universal assent (Schrems, 2011). It is an extreme left-
wing ideology, based on the revolutionary socialist teachings of Karl Marx, characterized by collective ownership and a
planned economy. Thus, each should work to their capability and will receive according to their needs.
 6. Fascism – Fascism is derived from “fasces”, an Italian word, which means a bundle of rods with an axe-blade protruding
that signified the authority of magistrates in Imperial Rome (Heywood, 2011). In the 1890s, an Italian word fascia was
used which refers to a political group or band not until Benito Mussolini employed the term fascism to describe the armed
paramilitary squads he formed during and after World War I. Fascism is a movement that stands for outmoded, repressive
social and political conditions rejecting democracy, repudiates constitutionalism and stresses that all values arise from the
state against which the individual has no rights. Moreover, authentic freedom is in subjugation to an authoritarian,
totalitarian and omnipotent state thus, rejecting equality and replaces the principle of hierarchy to a supreme leader whose
will is law (Moten and Islam, 2011). Fascism has a strong anti-rational, anti-liberal, anti-conservative, anti-capitalism, anti-
bourgeois, anti-communist and so on.

Salient Features of Fascism:

Totalitarianism
Nationalism
Anti-liberalism
Militarism and Violence
Leadership

7. Religious Fundamentalism – Religious Fundamentalism is an unusual political ideology. The word fundamentalism is
taken from the Latin word fundamental, meaning base. It is associated with inflexibility, dogmatism, authoritarianism or
worst violence. It is characterized by a rejection of the distinction between politics and religion (Heywood, 2011).

The following are the themes of religious fundamentalism:

 Religion as politics
 The fundamentalism impulse
 Anti-modernism
 Militancy

8. Feminism – Feminism is, derive from a Latin word Femina meaning women or female, concerned with the attainment of
gender equality in the political, economic and social spheres of life. Its primary focus is the position of women in the
society. The basic idea of feminism is: that women experience a poor state in society as a consequence of the patriarchy,
male domination of women, which has historically characterized all social relationship and that this disadvantage can and
should be overthrown (Heywood, 2012). Feminists contend that patriarchy continues to be manifested in the systematic
deprivation of individual choices, political power, economic opportunities, and intellectual recognition currently
experienced by women.

“ Feminism is the struggle to end sexist oppression. Therefore, it is necessarily a struggle to eradicate the ideology of
domination that permeates Western culture on various levels, as well as a commitment to reorganizing society so that the
self-development of people can take precedence over imperialism, economic expansion, and material desires.” – bell
hooks, Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center

9. Environmentalism – Environmentalism is an ideology focusing on the idea that environment is endangered and must be
preserved through regulation and lifestyle changes (Roskin et.al., 2012). Its concern is about the natural environment and
particularly about reducing environmental degradation that is more of a policy orientation rather than an ideological stance
(Heywood, 2012). The regulation was only part of the environmental credo.

VALUE FOCUS
OPENNESS to GROWTH

1. What good does it bring to young students like you to be always open to gain knowledge?
2. Why is this individual a great leader?
3. How has the concept of ideology related in values and beliefs?
 LEARNING ACTIVITIES

NAME: _______________________________________________________ SCORE: ___________________

Grade/Section: 11 – GAS DATE: ___________________ TEACHER: MR. JOMARIE G. SANTOMIN

Learning Activity #2: QUIZ (2)

 A. JUMBLED WORDS
Directions: Rearranged the words to find the correct answers to the questions below.

1. LIERALISMB=_______________________
2. FMEMINIS=________________________
3. MMUCONISM=_____________________
4. CISOALISM=_______________________
5. ENNTVIROANMELISM=________________________

 B. Fill in the blanks below. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. ___________________ is the struggle to end sexist oppression.
2. ___________________ is an extreme left-wing ideology based on the revolutionary socialist teaching of
Marx
3. ___________________ concern about the natural environment and particularly about reducing
environment degradation.
4. ___________________ viewed as an ideology which opposed capitalism.
5. ___________________ is a belief that man is generally good and that his ability to reason allows him to
attain economic, political, and social progress.

Learning Activity #3: Political Cartooning

Direction: Complete the table by supplying the characteristics of the different ideologies and pinpoint its
significance to one’s life.

LIBERALISM CONSERVATISM SOCIALISM FASCISM

Learning Activity #4: SHORT BIOGRAPHY

Directions: Choose a historical figure. Then write a short biography to share with the class that addresses this guiding
question:
 Why is this individual a great leader?
 How is his/her political belief linked to Philippine politics?

Name of Leader: _______________________________________________

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Home Mission: #2
Research Work: Interview a politician in your community regarding their advocacy and belief. Based on his/her advocacy and
belief, identify the kind of Ideology that he/she believes in.

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