On Recent

Diseases - Ebola
Abstract;
The Ebola virus is a lipid enveloped virus in the family Filoviridae. Members of
this family also include Marburg, Lassa, and other viruses that cause
hemorrhagic fever, a group of illnesses that damage the vascular system and in
severe cases, lead to bleeding under the skin, in internal organs or from body
orifices (e.g. mouth, eyes and ears)1. Infection with the Ebola virus is now
referred to as: Ebola virus disease (EVD)2. There is a diagnostic test to
determine if the patient has EVD. There is no current FDA approved effective
medication or treatment for those who become infected with Ebola other than
supportive hydration, electrolyte balancing and oxygen. The death rate of those
infected is between 50-90%. There is no vaccine or preventative treatment.

Ebola Proteins;

Symptoms of Ebola;
• Initial symptoms are nonspecific - may include fever, chills, myalgias, and
malaise.
• Patients can progress to develop gastrointestinal symptoms:– severe watery
diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
• Other symptoms:
– chest pain, shortness of breath, headache or confusion, conjunctival injection,
hiccups, seizures, and cerebral edema
• Bleeding not universally present but can manifest later as petechiae,
ecchymosis/ bruising, or oozing. Frank hemorrhage less common.
Some develop diffuse erythematous maculopapular rash that can desquamate

Diagnosis of Ebola;
• Diagnosing Ebola can be difficult at first since early symptoms, such as fever,
are nonspecific to Ebola infection.
• However, if a person has the early symptoms and has had contact with Ebola
they should be isolated and public health professionals notified.

• Samples from the patient can then be collected and tested to confirm infection .
Treatment of Ebola;
• There are no approved treatments available for EVD.
• Clinical management focus - supportive care of complications:
– Hypovolemia, electrolyte abnormalities, hematologic abnormalities,
refractory shock, hypoxia, hemorrhage, septic shock, multi-organ failure, and
DIC.
• Recommended care includes:
– volume repletion
– maintenance of blood pressure (with vasopressors if needed)
– maintenance of oxygenation
– pain control
– nutritional support
– treating secondary bacterial infections and pre-existing comorbidities
• Among patients from West Africa, large volumes of intravenous fluids have
often been required to correct dehydration due to diarrhoea and vomiting.
• Several investigational therapeutics for Ebola virus disease are in
development. There are no approved vaccines available for EVD. Several
investigational Ebola vaccines are in development, and Phase I trials are
underway for some vaccine candidates.

TRANSMISSION OF EBOLA;
Person-to-person transmission occurs by very close personal contact with an
infected individual or with their body fluids during the late stages of infection or
after their death3,4. During the care of an infected individual, spread of the
virus can occur through contact with infected body fluids on the patient, on
their clothes or bedding, on surfaces such as bedrails, side tables, the floor, or
on reused unsterilized syringes, needles, thermometers or other virus-
contaminated medical equipment. Humans may also be infected by handling
sick or dead non-human primates and are also at risk when handling the bodies
of deceased humans in preparation for funerals5,6.
Virus containing body fluids from individuals infected with the Ebola virus:
• Blood
• Breast milk
• Organs and tissues
• Saliva
• Semen
• Stool
• Sweat
• Urine
• Vaginal secretions
• Vomit
• Amniotic fluid (possibly)
Note:Ebola virus has been isolated from semen 61 days after the initial
symptoms of infection appear. Transmission through semen has occurred 7
weeks after clinical recovery
Incubation period: It requires 2 to 21 days (more often 4-9 days) before
symptoms of infection occur. The infected individual is not contagious until
symptoms appear. Hemorrhage begins to present 4-5 days after general
symptom onset
Survival outside the body: The virus can survive and remain infective in liquid
or dried material at room temperature for a number of days10 or at 39°F (4°C)
for several days, and is indefinitely stable at -70°C. Infectivity can be preserved
by lyophilization (freeze-drying)

Epidemiology;
August 26, 1976 in Yambuku, a town in the north of Zaïre.
A 44-year-old school teacher returned from a small hike. His went to the doctor
and because of his high fever they gave him a quinine shot which is good
against malaria.
A week later, he had uncontrolled vomiting, bloody diarrhea, trouble breathing
and then bleeding from his nose, mouth, and anus.
He died ~14 days after the onset of symptoms.
He started an epidemic that killed 280 of the 313 infectedpersons (88%).
-- It struck two countries within that year
--a. Sudan – in a town called N’zara
b. Zaire, now known as the Democratic Republic of Congo
-- In these two instances the mortality rate was between 50 –90%
-- Following those epidemics, Ebola hit Africa in many other instances the
worst yet being in the year 2000 when it struck Uganda infecting more than 400
people

Reference;
• Biology textbook, NCERT
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.google/images.com
• www.NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute).com
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the following
individuals and organizations who have helped me throughout my
project:

 Shri. Jose Mathew – for his unwavering support,

encouragement, and understanding throughout the entire
process.

 Miss. Nekki – for providing me with valuable advice, guidance,

and support throughout the entire project.

 My friends – for sharing their knowledge and expertise, and for

helping me brainstorm and troubleshoot when I encountered
challenges.

I would also like to thank all of the participants who took part in this
project, without whom this research would not have been possible.

Finally, I would like to acknowledge the help and support of all of my

teachers and mentors, who have inspired me and contributed to my
intellectual and personal growth.

Thank you all for your invaluable contributions to this project.

 INDEX
1. Acknowledgement

2. Abstract

3. Varieties

4. Manufacture
5. Chocolate and Health

6. Procedure

7. Result (Test 1-7)

8. Conclusion

9. Reference