READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER
CHAPTER 1: MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY, AND NATURAL RESOURCES
GEOGRAPHY AND ITS SETTING
GEOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINES
• the Philippines is an island country located on the
Western Pacific Ocean, which is part of the Southeast
Asia Continent
• the Philippines is a group of islands surrounded by the
South China Sea in the West, the Philippine Sea in the East,
the Celebes Sea in the South, the Sulu Sea in the
Southwest, and the North, the island of Luzon and the
country of Taiwan which are separated by the Luzon Strait
• the Philippines is part of the Southeast Asian Region of
the Asian Continent, and its neighboring countries are:
- Brunei - East Timor
- Malaysia - Cambodia
- Indonesia - Thailand
- Vietnam - Laos
- Singapore - Myanmar
• the Philippine Archipelago consists of more than 7,500
islands that are broadly characterized into three (3) main
geographical divisions:
- 1. LUZON: the 15th largest island in the world by land
area, the largest and most populous island in the
Philippines
- 2. MINDANAO: the 2nd largest island in the Philippines,
and the 7th most populous island in the world
- 3. VISAYAS: Visayan Islands
• the Philippines sits on the typhoon belt, an area in the
Western Pacific Ocean where nearly 1/3 of the world’s
tropical cycles forms
- approximately nineteen (19) typhoons enter the
Philippines each year and around 6-9 of them make
landfall
• the Philippines is situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire,
making it vulnerable to frequent earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERMS REVIEWER
TOPOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINES
• the topography is highly diverse with most mountain
ranges oriented roughly north to south
• MT. PULAG (2,928 m above sea level/9,606 ft)– 3rd
highest mountain in the Philippines located in Luzon
• MT. APO (2,954 m above sea level/9,692 ft) – the highest
peak of the country found in Mindanao
• MT. KANLAON – the highest mountain in Visayas
• the PHILIPPINE TRENCH has a length of approximately
1,320 km (820 miles). At its deepest point, the trench
reaches 10,540 m (34,580 ft) or 5,760 fathoms
• GALATHEA DEEP (10,540 meters deep/34,580 ft) – the
portion of the Philippine Trench exceeding 6,000-meter
(20,000 ft) depths in the southwestern Pacific Ocean
- also known as EMDEN DEEP, the deepest point in
the Philippines and the 3rd deepest point in the
world
OTHER INFORMATION
• MT. EVEREST – the highest mountain in the world
• MARIANA TRENCH – deepest oceanic trench in the world
DR. DEO FLORENCE ONDA
• the first Filipino scientist to reach the surface of the
Emden Deep via DSSV Pressure Drop
VICTOR VESCOVO
• owner and founder of the private organization, Calagan
Oceanic
• current record holder for deepest man descent on
Mariana Trench
SIGNIFICANCE
• The strategic location of the Philippines has affected its
history
1. Its nearness to mainland Asia has led to the migration of
Negritos, Indonesian, and Malays
- Negritos traveled to the Philippines using land bridges
that connected to Asia
- Indonesians and Malays crossed the seas to get to our
shores
2. Because of the proximity of the Philippines to other Asian
countries, the Ancient Filipinos were able to establish
trade contacts with the Chinese, Indians, Japanese, and
Arabs.
- These trade contacts were economically and culturally
beneficial to Filipinos
3. The proximity of the country to the Spice Islands or the
Moluccas resulted in the coming of the Spaniards to the
Philippines
4. The country’s strategic location in SEA leads the United
States to acquire the Philippines from Spain and
colonize it
- enabled the US to exert a powerful influence in the
region with the installation of military bases in our
country
5. Because of its strategic position in the SEA region, it has
become an important part of trade and travel in Asia
- international airlines and ships stopover in the
Philippines on their way to Australia and other Asian
countries
LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER

CHAPTER 2: THE FILIPINO PEOPLE

ORIGIN AND FOLKLORE SUPERNATURAL

ORIGIN
• the Philippine history writing started during Spanish time
when Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippine
archipelago in 1521
• before the Spaniards came, there were archeological
records of early Chinese and some Muslim scholars
narrating the existence of civilization in the Philippines
EARLY DWELLERS
IN THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO
TABON MAN
• 1962 – Dr. Robert Fox discovered the Tabon man skull cap
in the Tabon cave in Palawan
• lived in the early days of called Stone Age inside the cave
• found evidence that they already knew how to make and
use tools
NEGRITO
• THEORY OF MIGRATION – introduced by Heny Otley
Beyer and said that the first human who came to the
Philippine archipelago through the land bridges were
Negritos, the ancestors of the Aetas
CALLAO MAN
• 2007 – Dr. Armand Mijares (U.P.) and his team found a
foot bone inside the Callao cave in Cagayan
• existed 20,000 years older than the Tabon man
• used a method called Uranium Series Dating to determine
the age of the bone
LAGUNA COPPERPLATE INSCRIPTION (LCI)
• the oldest written documents in Philippine History were
found in the Lumbang River in the Province of Laguna by
a sand worker
• ANTOON POSTMA – translated the artifact and proves that
Manila was already populated and civilized before the
arrival of other countries
• involves the fair folk, dwarves, mermaids, demons,
strange beasts – and other phenomena
- Kapre, Manananggal, Tikbalang
HEROES
• people who have tapped into the social consciousness
- Princess Urduja
MIGRATION THEORIES
• a belief that seeks to understand the reasoning behind
and motivations for the decisions of individuals and
households to move from one location to another
WAVE MIGRATION THEORY
• proposed by Dr. H. Otley Beyer and was disproven
• people migrated to the Philippines in waves
- CAVEMEN migrated to the Philippines in search of
food through land bridges that connected the country
and Indonesia
- NEGRITOS crossed the land bridged from Malaya,
Borneo, and Australia until they reached Palawan,
Mindoro, and Mindanao
- MALAYS traveled in boats
AUSTRONESIAN MIGRATION THEORY
OUT OF TAIWAN BY PETER BELLWOOD
• based largely on linguistics
• some groups migrate southwards toward the Philippines
and started to differentiate into subcultures
ISLAND ORIGIN BY WILHELM SOLHEIM
• based on archaeological data
• northward migration

FOLKLORE
• any bit of knowledge handed down from generation to
generation that describes or depicts the beliefs and
lifestyle of the ancestors of a chosen ethnic group

MYTHS AND LEGENDS

• MYTHS – based on religion or faith belief systems and
explain natural phenomenon
- Myth of Malakas at Maganda
• LEGENDS – based on history
- Ang Alamat ng Pinya

FABLES
• short narratives that revolve around moral lessons
• animals are the heroes in most fables
- The Monkey and the Turtle

READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER

CHAPTER 2: THE FILIPINO PEOPLE

EARLY COMMUNITY SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE BARANGAY

• SOCIAL CLASS/DIVISION – a basic classification
THE EARLY PHILIPPINE SOCIETY method whereby a community ranks one another as
• the Early Filipinos started building their communities superior or inferior
along the mouth of the river or coastal areas
• community was a Barangay setup with 50 or 2000 people RAJA OR DATU
as residents • the title of the leader in the Barangay during Pre-
Hispanic time
THE STORY OF TEN BORNEAN DATUS • LAKAN – term used in Tagalog
The BARANGAY was originated from the story of the • makes important decisions in the community and is
Ten (10) Bornean Datus who were believed to have sailed with regarded as the savior
their family and other people in the direction of the Philippines
using their boat called Balangay to escape the cruelty of Sultan UMALOHOKAN
Makatunaw of Borneo. • the barangay messenger or announcer of messages
When the group of the Bornean Datus reached the
Philippine Island, they settled in various places. At the time of
MAHARLIKA
their arrival, there were already inhabitants in the archipelago,
the Aeta with their chief Marikudo. • the class of people that do not pay taxes in the
Datu Puti and Marikudo entered into a trade alliance by community
purchasing Panay Island for a golden ticket and since then, the • relatives of the Raja or the Datu (the aristocrats)
Aetas left the land to the Datus and settled in the forest.
TIMAWA (THE FREEMAN)
THE TEN (10) BORNEAN DATUS • the free commoners
• could own their land and from time to time obliged to work
1. Datu Puti
on a Datu’s land
2. Datu Sumakwel
3. Datu Bangkaya • free to change their allegiance to another Datu
4. Datu Paiburong (marriage/move)
5. Datu Paduhinogan
6. Datu Dumangsol ALIPIN (THE SLAVE)
7. Datu Libay • there are two (2) types of alipin
8. Datu Daumangsil
9. Datu Dumalogdog ALIPING NAMAMAHAY
10. Datu Balensuela • an alipin who had received a piece of land from his master

TRADITIONAL FILIPINO COMMUNITIES ALIPIN SA GIGILID

• the Raja or Datu ruled the Barangay
- DUTY: look over the people and maintain peace within
the community and lead them
• two (2) ways of solving disputes
1. Sandugo
2. Arrange marriage
HOW DO THE EARLY BARANGAY CHOOSE THEIR
LEADER AS RAJA OR DATU?
• sets qualifications for their leader
AGE
• must be at around 30 years old and above
PHYSICAL FIT
• expected to be physically strong to lead the Barangay in
maintaining peace and order and a protector from outside
aggressors
• single men and women who worked in their master’s home
PRE-COLONIAL DWELLINGS
• the early Filipinos used caves for their housing until they
learned to build houses outside using wood or bamboo
and nipa leaves or cogon grass (BAHAY KUBO)
• there were places in the Philippines in mountainous areas
where people make their houses at the top of the tree
(TREE HOUSE)
• the people (Badjao) residing beside the sea, use their boats
as their houses
CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTS
• the early Filipinos, men and women, were barefoot and
were not wearing an upper clothing only BAHAG for men
and a piece of cloth for women
• they had necklaces and armlets made of gold, copper,
shells, and animal tooth

INHERITANCE EARLY RELIGION

• the early Filipinos did not have religion, but they
• based on bloodline relations to the former Raja or Datu
believed that there is a powerful being from the sky
(firstborn son, daughter, or an immediate relative)
- KATAGALOGAN: Bathala or Maycapal
- MOUNTAIN PROVINCE: Kabunyian (anito)
EXTEND OF KNOWLEDGE
• enough knowledge about customs and the traditions of
Barangay

READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER

CHAPTER 2: THE FILIPINO PEOPLE

SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS
1. Aswang
2. Kapre
3. Dwende
4. Tiyanak
5. Tikbalang

EARLY PHILIPPINE WRITING

BAYBAYIN
• also known as Alibata
• the pre-Hispanic writing system in the Philippines
• originated from Kawi, a Javanese old script with many
loanwords from Sanskrit

MUSIC AND DANCE

• the reflection of life and culture of people of one place
• depicts the events or practices from the past

MUSIC

EXAMPLES OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

1. KUDYAPI – a two-stringed boat-shape guitar of
Maguindanaoans
2. TINGGUNIAN NOSE FLUTE – a flute blown by the nose
and not by the mouth
3. KULINTANG – a Muslim xylophone
4. GANGSA – a flat gong used in the Cordillera province
5. SLIT DRUM – bamboo drums in Ilocandia

EXAMPLES OF PRE-HISPANIC SONGS

1. Kundiman
2. Kumintang o Tagumpay
3. Ang Dalit o Imno
4. Oyayi o Hele

DANCE

EXAMPLES OF PRE-COLONIAL DANCES

1. Dugso Dance from Bukidnon
2. Salip from Kalinga, Mountain Province
3. Idaw from Cordillera
4. Binaylan Banog from Misamis Oriental
5. Banga from Ifugao
6. Singkil from Mindanao
7. Kadahal Taho from South Cotabato

CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

1. Pagmamano
2. Paggamit ng “po” at “opo”
3. Bayanihan
4. Fiesta
5. Eating with Hands (Kamayan)
6. Courtship (Harana)
7. Pamamanhikan
8. Marriage and wedding
9. Religion
10. Superstitions
11. Sweeping at Night is ‘malas (unlucky)’
12. Tabi-tabi po

READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER
CHAPTER 3: PERIOD OF COLONIZATION AND EVANGELIZATION
AGE OF EXPLORATION
MAGELLAN EXPEDITION
WHO IS FERDINAND MAGELLAN?
• born in Portugal in 1480
• both of his parents are members of the nobility
• studied in Lisbon after the death of his parents
• 1505 – joined the Portuguese fleet that sailed to East Africa
• 1509 – experienced being in the battle when they engaged
and destroyed Egyptian Ship in the Arabian Sea
• 1511 – explored and conquered Malacca and got a native
servant named Enrique
• 1513 – was wounded in his leg that caused him to limp for
the rest of his life
• 1517 – moved to Spain to look for an opportunity to offer his
service to the Spanish court
KING CHARLES I (NOW CHARLES V)
• was convinced about the proposed route plan of Magellan
in looking for the spice island and gave his blessing for a
voyage under the Crown of Spain
• gave Magellan a fleet of five ships called the Armada
and the rank of commander of the expedition under the
Order of Santiago
• granted Magellan the following after the success of the
voyage
- monopoly of the discovered route for a period of ten
years
- their appointments as the governors of the lands and
islands found, with 5% of the resulting net gains
- a fifth of the gains of the travel
- the right to levy one thousand ducats on upcoming
trips, paying only 5% on the remainder
- granting of an island, apart from the six richest, which
they would receive a fifteenth
THE MAGELLAN’S FLEET
1. THE FLAGSHIP TRINIDAD – (110 tons, crew 55) under
Magellan’s command
2. SAN ANTONIO – (120 tons, crew 60) commanded by Juan
de Cartagena
3. CONCEPCION – (90 tons, crew 45) commanded by
Gaspar de Quesada
4. SANTIAGO – (75 tons, crew 32) commanded by Joao
Serrao
5. VICTORIA – (85 tons, crew 43) named after the church of
Santa Maria de la Victoria de Triana, where Magellan took
an oath of allegiance to Charles V; commanded by Luis
Mendoza
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERMS REVIEWER
DISCOVERY OF THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO
AUGUST 10, 1519
• Magellan departed from Spain with Antonio Pigafetta,
Francisco Albo, and Juan de Cartanega
- PIGAFETTA: accepted the title of “supernumerary”
and a modest salary. He became the assistant of
Magellan and kept an accurate journal
- ALBO: kept a formal logbook
- CARTANEGA: named Inspector General of the
expedition (financial and trading operations)
SEPTEMBER 1519
• reached South America and stopped at Port San Julian
because some of the crews mutinied against Magellan
EASTER 1520
• sent Santiago (ship) for scouting the route but the ship
got wrecked because of a heavy storm
OCTOBER 21, 1520
• found the straight route of the voyage crossing the
Pacific Ocean (later named as Magellan Straight)
• San Antonio (ship) maneuvered back to Spain because
they are not in favor of Magellan’s leadership because he
was a Portuguese
• MAR PACIFICO – named the Pacific Ocean because it was
peaceful and calm
MARCH 16, 1521
• reached and landed on the island of Homonhon
(eastern province of Samar) to gather food and refresh the
crew after their long voyage from the Pacific Ocean
• RAJAH KULAMBO OF LIMASAWA ISLAND – saw the
arrival of Magellan’s crew and guided Magellan to enter
Sugbo (now Cebu) and meet the chief, Rajah Humabon
• Magellan and Rajah Kulambo communicated through
Enrique (native servant) and became friends through a
blood compact
RAJAH HUMABON
• mentioned in the diary of Antonio Pigafetta
• considered the wisest and bravest man on the island of
Sugbo (Cebu)
• served as the Supreme Ruler with his eight chieftains of
barangay
• the first native chieftain who embraced Christianity
(another mission of Magellan)
• APRIL 14, 1521 – He along with his wife and others were
baptized by Father Valderama
• named Carlos in honor of King Charles I and his wife was
named Juana after the king’s mother named Johanna
• his wife received a gift from Magellan
- image of Infant Jesus (Sto. Nino de Cebu)
- large cross (Magellan Cross in Cebu)
LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER
CHAPTER 3: PERIOD OF COLONIZATION AND EVANGELIZATION
LAPU-LAPU
• believed to be born in 1491 (due to lack of information, the
exact date cannot be determined)
• lived and became the chief of Mactan
• referred to as Cali Pulaco (poet from the 17th century) and
Cilapulapu (Antonio Pigafetta)
• was killed in Mactan Battle and the victory was attributed to
him as the first Filipino to resist foreign invaders
WHAT HAPPENED AFTER
THE BATTLE OF MACTAN?
• APRIL 28, 1521 – Rajah Humabon lost faith in the
Spaniards and turned into a punisher (the first Filipino to
avenge the honor of women)
• invited the Spaniards who remained on the island to a feast
and plan to kill all of them
- Juan Serrano and Duarte Barbosa
• the Spaniards abandoned the remaining three ships
(Trinidad, Concepcion, and Victoria) and divided the crew
• SEPTEMBER 7, 1522 – the ship Victoria reached its port
of origin and was the first ship that circumnavigated the
world
- JUAN SEBASTIAN ELCANO: awarded a coat of arms
by King Charles I featuring a globe with the motto:
Primus Circumdedisti me (in Latin, “You went around
me first”)
POST-MAGELLAN EXPEDITION
LOAISA’S EXPEDITION (1525)
• headed by Garcia Jofre de Loaisa with Sebastian Elcano
• sailed off on July 24, 1525
CABOT’S EXPEDITION (1526)
• headed by Sebastian Cabot
• sailed off on April 3, 1526, to search lands for Spain
• failed because it did not find a way to the Pacific
SAAVEDRA’S EXPEDITION (1527)
• headed by Alvaro de Saavedra
• the first expedition to the Philippines that departed
from American soil
VILLALOBOS’ EXPEDITION (1542)
• headed by Ruz Lopez de Villalobos
• sailed off on November 1, 1542
• reach Sarangani on February 2, 1543
• named the islands of Leyte and Samar as Las Islas Filipinas
after Philip II of Spain
LEGAZPI’S EXPEDITION (1564)
• headed by Miguel Lopez de Legaspo
• sailed off on November 21, 1564
• the only expedition that succeeded in colonizing the
islands of the Philippines
• discovered the tornaviaje (return trip to Mexico) and started
the Manila galleon trade that lasted for two and a half
centuries
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERMS REVIEWER
INFLUENCE OF SPAIN IN THE PHILIPPINES
• in 1521, Ferdinand Magellan came to the island and
claimed it as a colony for the Spanish empire which lasted
until the Philippine Revolution in 1898
• during the colonization, the Spanish influenced the Filipinos
in the different ways
SPANISH INFLUENCES
LANGUAGE
• the Spanish language has permeated the dialects of the
Filipino people over a long time
• about 20% of Tagalog words are thought to be Spanish
nowadays
- Spanish phrase "Como esta" was the source of the
popular Tagalog greeting "Kumusta" (How are you)
NUMBERS AND MONEY
• the usage of Spanish numbers in business and
financial operations were incorporated into the lifestyle of
the Filipino people
RELIGION
• the Philippines is the only predominantly Christian
nation in Asia
- the Spanish brought their long tradition of Catholicism
• the Catholic church remains a very powerful force in the
Philippines
- divorce is illegal because of the Catholic church's
influence in the government
LAST NAMES
• the usage of indigenous last names was one highly
intriguing shift made by the Spanish in the Philippines
- directing all families to select a new last name from a
list of Spanish last names
CAPITAL CITY AND COUNTRY NAME
• named the islands Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Prince
Philip of Asturias
- Manila was chosen to be the capital of the Philippines
WESTERN CULTURE
• adapted Western music, dance, art, leisure, and culture
EDUCATION
• founded Catholic-run schools
- nuns and friars served as teachers
• introduced new academic disciplines such as mathematics,
Spanish, and commerce
• built colleges
- University of Santo Tomas
FOODS
• many of the foods that the Spanish colonists brought with
them were included in the Filipino diet
LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER
CHAPTER 3: PERIOD OF COLONIZATION AND EVANGELIZATION
ECONOMIC INSTITUTION
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT
IN THE PHILIPPINES
• for 333 years (1521-1898), the Philippines were under
Spain
• built the Intramuros (the Walled City) as protection from
another invasion
• introduced a form of government called Encomienda (to
entrust) and control the natives
SPAIN’S POLICIES IN THE COLONY
REDUCCION
• forcibly obliged everyone and families to move into the
town they created and monitor them
REPARTAMIENTO
• the system of a forced labor
- POLO Y SERVICIO: the required forced labor to all
Filipino men aged 18-60 years old
- TRIBUTO (TRIBUTE): compelled to pay taxes for the
King of Spain
INSTRUCCION
• convinced Filipinos to embrace Catholicism as their
religion
SPANISH GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
IN THE PHILIPPINES
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
COLONIAL STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERMS REVIEWER
GOVERNOR
• the highest ranking official in the colony appointed by
the King of Spain
RESIDENCIA
• a special judicial court whose mandate was to investigate
the performance of the Governor General during his term
THE VISITA
• conduct a surprise visit to any from among the colonies
of Spain to personally observe the conditions
THE ROYAL AUDIENCIA
• the highest court of justice in the colony
ALACADIAS (PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT)
• headed by the Alcalde Mayor
CORREGIMENTOS (UNCONTROLLED PROVINCES)
• headed by designed Army Officers by the Governor-
General
AYUNTAMIENTO (THE CITY GOVERNMENT)
• headed by an Alcalde
MUNICIPAL OR PUEBLO DE INDIOS
• the leader was called Gobernadorcillo
• the highest political position that Filipinos can have
during those times
BEGINNING OF TAXATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
TAXES OF ANCIENT FILIPINOS
• paid taxes called buwis for the protection from their datus
• no payment = punishment
SPANIARD ERA
• introduced the modern concept of taxation
• Filipinos aged 16-60 were compelled to pay tribute or tributo
to the King of Spain
- eight (8) rales or one (1) peso
• replaced by the cedula, a certificate identifying the
taxpayer
COLLECTORS OF TRIBUTE
DURING THE SPANISH TIME
THE CABEZAS DE BARANGAY
• for the 40-50 families under their charge and the local
officials
THE ALCALDE MAYOR
• for the province
THE MAYORS/ALCALDE/GOBERNADORCILLOS
• being remitted through their hands to the treasury in Manila
where the Gobernador Heneral resides
LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER
CHAPTER 3: PERIOD OF COLONIZATION AND EVANGELIZATION
WHY DID THEY NEED TO HAVE A CEDULA?
1. Upon taking up any commission or entering upon any public
employment under the royal or insular authority
2. Upon entering any provincial or municipal office
3. In making any contract, public or private
4. Upon presenting any claim, soliciting business, or
appearing for any purpose before the petty governors or
ministers of justice in the pueblos
5. Upon bringing any action before any court of any authority
or before any officer
6. Upon matriculation in any institution of learning
7. Upon entering any employment in industry or commerce,
any profession, art, or trade
8. Upon payment of direct taxes
9. Upon presenting any claim or exercising any civil right not
previously mentioned, and acquiring any rights or
contracting any obligations
10. Upon establishing identity
11. Upon realizing any kind of credit, making, or withdrawing
deposits, collecting letters of credit, making bills of
exchange, depositing money in savings banks, confirming
pledges with the montes de piedad, or pawn shops, and
upon bidding at public auction
12. Upon becoming a director, administrator, member, voter,
shareholder, or employee of any class of association or
industrial undertaking
13. Upon traveling beyond the boundaries of the pueblo of
residence
14. Upon entering domestic service
(The cedula thus served as a passport for all persons
traveling within the Philippine islands)
EARLY RESISTANCE
RACIAL PREJUDICE
• the Early Filipinos observed the Spaniards treated us as an
inferior race
• called the Filipinos as Indio
CAUSE OF REVOLTS
1. Freedom and independence
2. Abuses from the Spanish landowners
3. Hated Tribute
4. Forced Labor
5. Religious Persecution
6. Land Grabbing by the Friars
7. Basi (Wine) Monopoly
8. Spanish religious bigotry or a certain group of people or
religions of the country wanted to go back to the worship of
their ancestral God
FIRST PAMPANGA REVOLT (1585)
• started due to the abuses of Spanish landowners
• the plot to enter Intramuros and kill all Spanish officials
failed because a native Filipina married to a Spanish
soldier reported it
• the masterminds of the revolt were arrested and executed
by Christian Cruz-Herrera
REVOLTS AGAINST THE TRIBUTE (1589)
• started in Cagayan and Ilocos Norte
• revolted against the abuses of the tribute collectors
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERMS REVIEWER
MAGALAT REVOLT (1596)
• led by Magalat, a rebel from Cagayan
• urged the people of Cagayan to revolt during the term of
Governor-General Francisco Tello
• was murdered by his own men (first assassination in
Philippine history)
IGOROT REVOLT (1601)
• revolted in defense of their Pagan Gods because the
Spanish tried to convert them to convert to Catholicism
TAMBLOT REVOLT (1621-1622)
• led by a babaylan named Tamblot
• joined by 2,000 Boholanos
• was executed and set his head on a pike and displayed to
serve as a warning to the nation
SUMUROY’S REVOLT (1649-1650)
• hated the system of POLO (forced labor)
DAGOHOY’ REVOLT (1744-1829)
• the longest revolt (lasted for 85 years)
• the cause of his revolt is the refusal of a Catholic priest to
give his brother a Christian burial that was killed in a duel
SILANG’S REVOLT (1762-1763)
• DIEGO SILANG
- DECEMBER 14, 1762 – proclaimed the independence
of his people and made Vigan the capital of Ilocos
- demanded the abolition of forced labor and tribute
- MAY 28, 1763 – killed by an assassin named Miguel
Vicos
• GABRIELA SILANG
- continued the rebellion with the help of Nicolas Carino
- believed to be the first woman to revolt in the Philippine
history
- SEPTEMBER 10, 1763 – executed at Vigan
THE BASI REVOLT (1807)
• the most unusual revolt in the Philippines
• headed by Father Ambaristo
• revolt started when the Spanish government took over and
monopolize the making and sales of the basi (wine from
sugarcane)
RELIGIOUS REVOLT OF PULE (1840-1847)
• recruited thousands of men and armed them with bolos
and amulets to protect themselves at the foot of Mt.
Banahaw
WHY REVOLTS FAILED?
1. The Filipinos were not united
2. There were no national leaders who can unite the people
3. Superiority of the Spaniards
4. The betrayals and assassinations of native leaders
LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.
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CHAPTER 4: THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT AND THE AWAKENING OF THE NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS

BACKGROUND AND LEADERSHIP FELIX RESURRECTION HIDALGO

OF THE REFORM MOVEMENT • born in Binondo, Manila on February 21, 1855
• died on March 13, 1913
THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT • known as one of the great Filipino painters of the late
(1872-1892) 19th century
• PROPAGANDA – refers to the movement intended to • 1884 – won a silver medal at Madrid Fine Arts Exposition
inform the Spaniards in the Peninsula of actual
situations in the Philippines GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
• the first national movement led by the Filipino elite • born in Jaro, Ilo-ilo on December 18, 1856
• made up of young men – with mestizo or creole descent – • died on January 30, 1896 (age 39)
whose families can afford to send them to study abroad • FRAY BOTOD – the story that attempted at addressing
problems in local society
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
CREOLE AND MESTIZO MARIANO PONCE
• a doctor and one of the leaders of the movement that
CREOLES spread the idea of Philippine independence
• those of pure Spanish descent born in the Spanish • one of the founders of La Solidaridad and Associacion
Philippines Hispano-Filipino

MESTIZOS DR. PIO VALENZUELA

• born in Bulacan on June 11, 1869, and died in April 1956
• those with mixed ancestry (Spanish-Filipino or Spanish- • the editor-in-chief of the newspaper of the Katipunan
Chinese parentage) called Kalayaan
• organized the secret chamber of the society called
PROPAGANDISTS Camara Reina
• used nom de guerre or nom de plume in writing articles to
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR hide his identity
• born in Cupang, Bulacan on August 30, 1850
• PLARIDEL – pen name THE LA LIGA FILIPINA AND LA SOLIDARIDAD
• 1869 – attacked the parish priest of Manila because of
baptismal fees LA LIGA FILIPINA
• became the editor-in-chief of the Propaganda • initially planned in Hongkong by Dr. Jose Rizal
newspaper, La Solidaridad, when it was transferred from • 1892 – officially formed in the house Doroteo Ongjunco
Barcelona to Madrid at Ilaya Street, Tondo, Manila
• known as the Father of Freemasonry and Journalism • inspired and derived from La Solidaridad and the
• JULY 4, 1896 – died a few days before the Cry of Pugad Propaganda movement
Lawin • INITIAL PURPOSE: to build a new group that sought to
involve the Filipino people directly in the reform movement
JOSE P. RIZAL
• born in Calamba Laguna on June 19, 1861 OFFICERS OF LA LIGA FILIPINA
• died in Bagumbayan, Manila (Rizal Park) on December 30,
1896 Jose Rizal Founder
Ambrosio Salvador President of the League
• published his first novel, Noli Me Tangere (1886), adoring
Agustin de la Rosa Fiscal
the revelation of the harms of Spanish Occupation, and his
Bonifacio Arevalo Treasurer
second novel El Filibusterismo (1891) Deodato Arellano Secretary
• served as the leading spokesperson of the Philippine
reform movement in Spain • when Dr. Jose Rizal was exiled in Dapitan
• founded the La Liga Filipina in Manila Domingo Franco President and Supreme Leader
Deodato Arellano Secretary-Treasurer
JUAN LUNA Isidro Francisco Fiscal
• born in Badoc, Ilocos Norte on October 23, 1857 Apolinario Mabini Secretary
• an artist and political activist during the Spanish
colonization MEMBERS OF LA LIGA FILIPINA
• recognized as the first Filipino artist Marcelo H. Del Pilar Marcelino Santos
• 1884 – won gold and silver medal at Madrid Fine Arts Graciano Lopez Jaena Paulino Zamora
Exposition Andres Bonifacio Procopio Bonifacio
- contain themes of one shouting to Spain and to the Mamerto Natividad Juan Zulueta
world about the Filipino Moises Salvador Doroteo Ongjunco
Numeriano Adriano Arcadio Del Rosario
Jose A. Dizon Timoto Paez
Ambrosio Bautista Timoteo Lanuza
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER

CHAPTER 4: THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT AND THE AWAKENING OF THE NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS

LA SOLIDARIDAD (ORGANIZATION) KATIPUNAN AS A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

• DECEMBER 13, 1888 – Filipino students and liberals exiled
in Spain formed the organization RECRUITMENT SYSTEM
• spearheaded by Galicano Apacible (Rizal’s cousin)
TRIANGULAR SYSTEM
LA SOLIDARIDAD (NEWSPAPER)
• published not only articles and essays about the economic,
cultural, political, and social conditions of the country, but
also the current news, both local and foreign, and speeches
of prominent Spanish leaders about the Philippines

PEOPLE BEHIND THE NEWSPAPER

Dr. Jose Rizal Laong Laan at Dimasalang
Marcelo H. del Pilar Plaridel
Graciano Lopez Jaena
Antonio Luna Taga-Ilog
Mariano Ponce Tikbalang, Kalipulako, Naning
Jose Maria Panganiban Jomapa

OTHER MEMBERS OF LA SOLIDARIDAD

Pedro Paterno Jose Alejandrino
Antonio Maria Regidor Jose Luis Guerra
Isabelo de los Reyes Robert Lacamra
Eduardo de Lete Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt TWO-TIER SANGGUNIAN SYSTEM
Dr. Miguel Morayta Sagrario

KATIPUNAN AND THE CODE OF CONDUCT

KKK: KATAAS-TAASAN, KAGALANG-GALANGANG

KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN

FOUNDING OF KATIPUNAN
• JULY 7, 1892 – after Dr. Jose Rizal was to be deported and
banned his work in the country, a secret council was
convened in No. 72 Azcarraga Street (Recto Avenue)

MISSION OF KATIPUNAN
• threefold objectives: political, moral, and civic (Isabelo
de los Reyes)
• advocated for freedom from the yoke of Spain (to be
achieved through armed struggle)
• help the poor and the oppressed and teach them good MEMBERS AND RANKING
manners, hygiene, and morality
KATIPON
INITIATION OF MEMBERS
• first-degree members
• underwent a rigorous process like Masonic practices
• OTHER SYMBOLS: black hood, revolver, and/or bolo
• INITIATION: blindfolded, brought into a dark place, and
answer the following questions:
- What was the condition of the Philippines in the early
times?
- What is the condition today?
- What will be the condition in the future?

STRUCTURE OF KATIPUNAN
• overseen by the Supreme Council composed of the
president, secretary, fiscal, treasurer, and six councilors
• SECRET CHAMBER MEMBERS: Andres Bonifacio, Emilio
Jacinto, and Dr. Pio Valenzuela
- legislative body judging on grave matters such as
betraying the organization (Katipunan)

READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

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CHAPTER 4: THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT AND THE AWAKENING OF THE NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS

KAWAL LA SEMILLA
• second-degree members • the women’s auxiliary section of Katipunan that was
• OTHER SYMBOLS: green ribboned medallion with organized during Basa’s term
Malayan K inscription • MISSION: create a diversion to mislead the guardia civil
roving within the area where the meeting of Katipunan was
ongoing

MEMBERS OF LA SEMILLA
Josefa Mercado-Rizal
Gregoria de Jesus
Melchora Aquino
Gregoria Montoya y Patricio
Agueda Kahabagan
Teresa Magbanua
BAYANI Rosario Lopez
• third-degree members
• OTHER SYMBOLS: red hood and sash with green borders ANDRES BONIFACIO
President;
Sister of Jose Rizal
Lakambini;
Wife of Andres Bonifacio
Katipunan First-Aiders;
Tandang Sora
replaced her dead husband
led a group of Katipuneros
the Joan of Arc of Visayas
financing goods

THE INTERNAL STRUGGLE OF KATIPUNAN

• established two factions:
- MAGDIWANG (ordinary): Gen. Mariano Alvarez
- MAGDALO (elite): Gen. Baldomero Aguinaldo
- both fighting the same enemy (Spain) but not helping
each other
• the Supremo was invited to personally settle the dispute
between the two factions
- approved the proposal of Magdalo to formalize their
group from Katipunan to a formation of a Revolutionary
government
• TEJEROS, CAVITE – Bonifacio lost his bid for the
presidency to Aguinaldo and was elected Secretary
LEADERS OF KATIPUNAN (Director) of the Interior
• 1892 – after the Katipunan was founded, the members of - the election resulted from the following:
the 1st Supreme Council were:
President Emilio Aguinaldo
Deodato Arellano President Vice President Mariano Trias
Andres Bonifacio Comptroller Captain-General Artemio Ricarte
Ladislao Diwa Fiscal Director of War Emiliano Riego de Dios
Teodara Plata Secretary Director of Interior Andres Bonifacio
Valentine Diaz Treasurer
• FEBRUARY 1, 1893 – Bonifacio had Arellano replaced as THE TEJEROS CONVECTION CONFLICT
Supremo and supported Roman Basa as the new Supremo, • Bonifacio’s decision to mediate the conflicts of the two
the 2nd Supreme Council consisted of: faction of Katipunan was the beginning of his downfall
- he and his Katipuneros suffered many defeats at the
Ramon Basa President hands of the Spaniards in Manila. While Aguinaldo
Andres Bonifacio Fiscal
managed to win a war against their common enemy
Jose Santiago Secretary
Vicente Molina Treasurer
COUNCILORS POSSIBLE FACTORS WHY ANDRES BONIFACIO
Restituto Javier AND HIS GROUP LOST
Briccio Pantas 1. They do not have the experience to engage in war
Teodoro Gonzales 2. They do not have enough ammunition to fight
Teodoro Plata 3. They were fighting near at the center of power of their
Ladislao Diwa enemy (Intramuros, Manila)
• JANUARY 5, 1894 – the leadership of Katipunan changed
for the third time POSSIBLE FACTORS WHY EMILIO AGUINALDO AND
Andres Bonifacio Supremo HIS GROUP WON
Jose Santiago Secretary 1. Most of the members of the group were educated elites
Emilio Jacinto Fiscal 2. Forces of the enemy were few
Vicente Molina Treasurer 3. Cavite was far from the center of power of their enemy
• 1896 – another re-organization that led to Jacinto
becoming Secretary and Pio Valenzuela as Fiscal
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.
READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER

CHAPTER 4: THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT AND THE AWAKENING OF THE NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS

ARREST OF THE SUPREMO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BIAK NA BATO

• President Aguinaldo sent his men through Colonel Agapito
Bonson and Jose Ignacio Paua and their men to arrest
Bonifacio in Limbon, Indang
- attacked Bonifacio’s men and killed Ciriaco Bonifacio
(eldest brother)
- Bonson shot the Supremo and wounded his upper left
arm while Paua stabbed him in his neck
- Alejandrino Santiago wrestled Paua and said, “Kill me,
not him” which saved Bonifacio
• APRIL 29, 1897 – the Supremo, his brother, and all his men
were brought to the Military tribunal in Naik
TRIALS OF ANDRES AND PROCOPIO BONIFACIO
• The following were the members of the Council of War to
conduct the investigation:
- Colonel Pedro Lipana (the Judge Advocate)
- Jose Elises (fiscal)
- Placido Martinez (lawyer of Andres)
- Teodoro Gonzales (lawyer of Procopio)
- General Mariano Noriel (Presiding judge)
• despite of lack of evidence, the brothers were verdict guilty
of treason and sedition
THE EXECUTION OF THE TWO BROTHERS
• MAY 10, 1897 – the Supremo and his brother were
executed by a firing squad on Mount Nagtapong
AGREEMENT AT BIAK NA BATO
PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION UNDER
AGUINALDO’S LEADERSHIP
• battleground was transferred from Manila to Cavite
• APRIL 15, 1897 – Governor General Camilo Polavieja
(gov-gen that time) but was relieved as per his request by
General Primo De Rivera
• after the death of the Supremo, the two factions merged
their forces to become one
GOVERNMENT
• JULY 1897 – Aguinaldo established a Republic in Biak
na Bato and issued a proclamation stating the following
demands:
- expulsion of the friars and the return of the friar lands
to the Filipinos
- representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes
- freedom of the press and religion
- abolition of the government’s power to banish Filipinos
- equality for all before the law
• to formalize the government, they conducted another
election the following were elected as:
President Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice President Mariano Trias
Secretary Antonio Montenegro
Treasurer Baldomero Aguinaldo
Assistant Treasurer Emilio Riego de Dios
• Gen. Natividad introduced a peace talk and a cease-fire
to Aguinaldo through Pedro Paterno (Political Balimbing)
as their negotiator
- after a series of meetings, Aguinaldo agreed to enter
into a peace agreement or pact
THE PACT OF BIAK NA BATO
• DECEMBER 14, 1897 – officially drafted the agreement
between the Spanish government through Governor-
General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the Biak na Bato,
Republic by General Emilio Aguinaldo
• was signed in the house of Pablo Tecson, the Brigadier
General of General Gregorio del Pilar

THE LAST STAND OF AGUINALDO’S

REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT IN CAVITE
• FEBRUARY 15, 1897 – Spaniards reinforced their line to
crush Aguinaldo’s forces while the group retreated into the
mountains of Laguna de Tayabas and others in Bulacan
• JUNE 6, 1897 – Mamerto Alejandrino Natividad Jr. was
named Lieutenant General for Central Luzon and
become the youngest general (26; approved by
Aguinaldo on June 18)
• JULY 1897 – Aguinaldo and his forces proceeded to Biak
na Bato after it was found by Gen. Natividad

READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.