BSM PROJECT WORK

ON MANAGEMENT
FUNTIONS

Submitted by:
 Prawesh agrawal
 +2 second year(commerce)
 IC 22.002

Submitted to:
 Mrs.indoria Devi
 Lecturer in commerce

Signature of examiner:
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS CERTIFY THAT THE PROJECT REPORT
TITLED,”MANAGEMENT FUCTIONS”,HAS BEEN PREPARED BY prawesh
agrawal UNDER THE GUIDANCE AND SUPERVISION .I ALSO
CERTIFY THAT THE PROJECT IS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE
SYLLABUS ISSUED BY CHSE ODISHA.

MRS.INDORIA DEVI
LECTURER IN COMMERCE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I AM EXTREMELY GRATEFUL OF mrs.indoria devi,LECTURER IN
COMMERCE FOR HIS KIND CONSENT TO SUPERVISE MY WORK
AND GAVE THE REQUIRED GUIDANCE FOR THE COMPLETION
OF THIS PROJECT .HE HAS BEEN SOURCE OF MY INSPIRATION
DURING THE COMPLIANCE OF MY PROJECT WORK.

PRAWESH AGRAWAL
IC 22.002
 INTRODUCTION

Managers are required to undertake different activities in order to run an organization. In order
to facilitate working similar activities are classified under different heads known as
management functions. Every business undertaking has to perform functions such as planning,
organizing, staffing, directing, co-coordinating, and controlling. These functions has to be
performed irrespective of the size and nature of the undertaking. Even in non-business
organizations managerial functions are the same. Various functions are interrelated and may br
taken up simultaneously. It is not that one function is taken up first and the other one later. an
organization will run only when all the functions are performed to achieve the common goals.
The success or failure of an undertaking will be influenced by the method of taking up
managerial functions.

THE MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS ARE:

 PLANNING
Every organization bigger or small , needs some type of planning. In order to run a business
properly there will be a need to decide what is to be done , how it will be done , who will do it
and when this will be done. Planning is the pre-requisite for starting any type of activity.

Planning is the basic managerial functions . it helps in determining the course of action to be
followed foe achieving various organizational objectives. Planning is a process which involves
‘thinking before doing’. It is concerned with a mental state of the manager.

Planning involves setting objectives and deciding in advance, the course of action to be taken to
achieve those objectives. Another important factor to be associated with planning is time. Plans
are always developed for a specific period of time , achieving of planned objectives in a given
period of time.
Features of Planning
By analyzing the above meaning and definition, we can reveal the following features of planning:

1. Planning focuses on achieving objectives: Planning is a goal-oriented work because its purpose
of planning is to achieve organizational objectives quickly and economically. These objectives are
purposeful, as they provide basic guidelines for planning activities by identifying the actions which
lead to desired results.

2. Planning is a primary function of management: Planning is the primary function of management

as it serves as a base for all other management functions because it provides the basic framework
within which all other management functions are performed. We consider it to be a blueprint, as it
provides the foundation for managerial actions.

3. Planning is pervasive: It is pervasive as it is required at all levels of management and in all types
of organizations. However, the scope of planning varies from one level to another, while supervisors
at the lowest level formulate day-to-day operational programs and middle-level managers prepare
departmental plans, and the top management plans for the organization as a whole.

4. Planning is a continuous process: Planning is an ongoing process. Plans are prepared for a
specific period and at the end of that period, as there is a need for a new plan based on the new
situation. Since the future is uncertain, there are various assumptions about the future that may
change. Therefore, the original plan may have to be revised in light of changing conditions.

5. Planning is futuristic: Planning involves looking into the future, and it predicts the best advantage
of an organization. Managers plan to manage future events to the best of their capacity. Planning
also involves thinking about the future for doing in the present. It essentially involves scientific
anticipation of future events, i.e. forecasting.

6. Planning involves decision making: Planning is the process of making choices from various
alternatives to achieve the specified objectives. The need for planning arises only when alternatives
are available, and in actual practice, planning presupposes the existence of alternatives. Thus,
decision-making is an integral part of planning, as it involves a choice from various alternative
courses of action. But, if there is only one alternative, then there is no need for planning.

7. Planning is a mental exercise: Planning is an intellectual process that is related to thinking before
doing involving imagination and creativity. It is an activity of thinking based on logical reasoning
rather than guessing and doing work. The success of planning depends on the performance of a
planner. So, a planner must have intelligent imagination and sound judgment capacity.
Importance of Planning

Following are the various importance of a sound planning:

1. Planning provides direction: Planning is involved in deciding the future course of action. Fixing
goals and objectives is the priority of any organization. By stating the objective in advance, planning
provides unity of direction. Proper planning makes goals clear and specific. It helps the manager to
focus on the purpose for which various activities are to be undertaken. It means planning reduces
aimless activity and makes actions more meaningful.

2. Planning reduces the risk of uncertainty: Every business enterprise has to operate in an
uncertain environment. Planning helps a firm to survive in this uncertain environment by eliminating
unnecessary action. It also helps to anticipate the future, and prepare for the risk by making
necessary provisions.

3. Planning reduces overlapping and wasteful activity: Plans are formulated after keeping in mind
the objective of the organization. An effective plan integrates the activity of all the departments. In
this way, planning reduces overlapping and wasteful activities.

4. Planning promotes creativity and innovative ideas: Planning encourages creativity, and helps
the organization in various ways. Managers develop new ideas and apply the same to create new
products and services leading to overall growth and expansion of the business. Therefore, it is
rightly said that a good planning process will promote more individual participation by throwing up
various new ideas and encouraging managers to think differently.

5. Planning facilitates decision-making: Decision-making means searching for various alternatives

and selecting the best one. Planning helps the manager to look into the future, and choose among
various alternative forces of action. Planning provides guidelines for sound and effective decision-
making.

6. Planning establishes a standard for controlling: Planning lays down the standards against which
actual performance can be evaluated and measured. Comparison between the actual performance
and predetermine standards help to point out the deviation, and take corrective actions to ensure
that events confront plans. In case of any deviation, the management can take remedial measures
to improve the results.
 ORGANISATION
Organization is the process of identifying and grouping of various activities in the organization
and assigning them to various persons , working together for achieving specific organizational
goals . it also helps in establishing relationship among various persons in the organization, fixing
their authority and responsibility and using various available resources in the best possible way.

DEFINATIONS OF ORGANAISATION

Ralph c. Davis:”organization is a group of people, who are co-operating under the direction of
leadership for the accomplishment of a common end.”

Northcott: the arrangement by which tasks are assigned to men and women so that the
individual efforts contribute effectively by some more or less clearly defined purpose for which
they have been bought together.”

Koontz & doneli: “organization is the structure of relationship by which an enterprise is bound
to-gather and the framework, in which individual effort is co-coordinating.
Importance of Organising
Following are the importance of organising:

1. Benefits of Specialization:

In an organisation, work is divided into units and departments. This division of work leads to
specialization in various activities of the concern. The entire philosophy of the organisation is based on
the concept of division of work into compact jobs. This leads to systematic allocation of jobs amongst
staff, which enhances productivity and reduces the workload. Division of work refers to assigning
responsibility for each organisational component to a specific individual or group. This, in turn leads to
specialization, efficiency and speed in job performance.

2. Clarity in a Working Relationship:

After identification of a job, organising also clarifies the authority and responsibility of individuals of
different departments. It is a means of creating coordination among different departments of
enterprises. It aims at creating clear-cut responsibility, and authority relationships amongst different
levels and ensuring cooperation amongst individuals and groups. Harmony of work is brought by the
high level of management. Every employee knows his superior from whom he has to take the order,
and to whom he has to report. This working relationship helps in fixing responsibility and helps to avoid
confusion.

3. Optimum Utilization of Resources:

Organising ensures the optimum utilization of human and material resources. In organising, work is
assigned as per skill and knowledge. The clarity in the job in advance of what the employees are
supposed to do avoids confusion and motivates employees to put in their best.

4. Adaption to Change:

The process of organising allows an organisation to accommodate changes in a business environment.

So the organisation structure is suitably modified and the revision of the job position and relationships
plan the way for smooth transactions. Thus organising provide flexibility and stability to an organisation.
It helps an organisation to survive and grow, despite people leaving and joining. It also helps to adapt
to changes in technology, new methods of work, etc.

5. Effective Administration:

Organising provides a clear description of the jobs and working relationships. It helps in effective
administration by avoiding confusion and duplication of work. Organising also reduces the workload of
the top management by delegating authority. As a result, top management is relieved from routine work
and can concentrate on the administration of the company.

6. Development of Personnel:

In the process of organising, a managerial person is trained to acquire a wide experience in diverse
activities through delegation of authority. Delegation allows manager to reduce their work by assigning
future jobs to subordinates. It also gives time to concentrate on important work. The delegation also
develops a sense of responsibility in the subordinates and motivates them to do more challenging
work..
STEPS IN ORGANISING PROCESS
The steps involved in the process of organising are as follows:

1. Identification and Division of Work:

The function of organising starts with the identification of the total work which is to be done to achieve
the organisational goal. The work is divided systematically so that each person gets a separate task to
perform. This helps to avoid unnecessary duplication and wastage of efforts and facilitates the
specialization of efforts and skills.

2. Departmentalisation:

Once the identification and division of work are done. The next step is to combine group-related
activities into units and departments. This process of grouping similar and related activities into groups
of large independent units or departments is known as departmentalisation. The grouping may be done
on the basis of function, product, customer, etc.

3. Assignment of Duty:

After grouping various activities into departments, the next step is necessary to allocate the work of
different employees. Duty should be assigned based on the knowledge, qualification, experience, and
capability of the individual. There should be a proper match between job requirements and the
capabilities of employees.

4. Establishing Reporting Relationship:

After assigning duty, the next step is to clearly define the authority and responsibility of the employees.
If two or more person is working together for a common goal, then it is necessary to define the
relationship between them in clear terms. There is a need to create a hierarchical structure and help in
coordination among various departments.
 STAFFING
The proper use of financial and physical resources of an organization will depend upon the
ability of human resources there. Every organization needs to employ suitable and efficient
persons in the organization so that they are able to take it ahead. So it is important that only
those persons should be employed who are suitable for different jobs. The work of filling
various posts and retaining the employees is undertaken under staffing.

Staffing is concerned with filling and keeping filled position in the organization. Staffing involves
finding the right persons for the right job having right qualifications. It involves specialized
knowledge and approach and allows more emphasis on human resources and its proper
recruitment, selection, development, appraisal, etc.

DEFINATIONS OF STAFFING

KOONTZ & O’DONNELL: “the managerial function of staffing involves meaning the
organizational structure through proper and effective selection, appraisal and development of
personnel to fill the roles designed into the structure.”

FRENCH WENDELL: “staffing or human resources management is the recruitment, selection,

development, utilization, compensation, and motivation of human resources of the
organization.”
Importance of Staffing
Following are the importance of staffing:

 Filling job with competent personnel: Staffing involve with proper arrangement of people through
proper recruitment and selection process. It helps with obtaining competent staff for various jobs.

 Better performance: The performance of an organization depends on the quality of persons

employed in the organization. The function of staffing is significant because it ensures higher
performance by putting the right person in the right job at the right time.

 Survival and growth: Staffing is a very important function of management in comparison to other
functions because all the functions of an organization are performed by the people. Competent and
efficient workers bring an organization into existence and ensure its survival and growth.

 Optimum utilization of human resources: The staffing process helps to ensure optimum use of
human resources by avoiding overstaffing. It prevents the underutilization of personnel and higher
labor cost. It also helps in avoiding disruption of work by indicating in advance the shortage of
personnel.

 Improve job satisfaction and morale: Proper staffing improves job satisfaction and morale of
employees through objective assessment and fair rewarding for their contribution. It provides right
kind of work atmosphere and culture to employees.

 Effectiveness of other functions: all functions in the organization are undertaken by the
employees are employed to take up various functions then the effectiveness of all the functions will
be better.

 Helps in competing: the performance of every organization is linked to the efficiency of its
employees. An organization with efficient manpower will be able to compete better in the market. so
well performed staffing function will help an organization to be in a better position as compared to
others.
Steps of the staffing process.
Manpower Planning: Human resource management is a process of determining the number and type
of personnel required for filling the vacant job in an organization. Manpower requirements involve two
kinds of analysis, i.e., workload analysis and workforce analysis.

Recruitment: After estimating manpower requirements, the second step in the process of staffing is
recruitment. Recruitment refers to a process of searching for prospective employees and encouraging
them to apply for jobs in the organization. It involves identifying various resources of human force and
attracting them to apply for the job.

Selection: Selection is the process of choosing and appointing the right candidates for various job
positions in the organization. It is treated as a negative process because it involves the rejection of
some candidates. There are many steps involved in the process of employee selection

Placement and Orientation: After selection, an appropriate job is assigned to each selected person.
Placement is the process of matching the candidates with the jobs in the organization Here, orientation
means introducing new employees to the organization. It is the process of introducing and familiarizing
newly appointed candidates with their job.

Training and Development: People are in search of careers and not jobs. Every individual must be
given a chance to rise to the top. The most favourable way for this to happen is to promote employee
learning. For this, organizations either provide training themselves within the organization or through
external institutions

Performance appraisal: After training the employees and having them on the job for some time, there
should be an evaluation done on their performance. Every organization has its means of appraisal
whether formal or informal. Appraisal refers to the evaluation of the employees of the organization
based on their past or present performance by some pre-decided standards

Promotion and Career planning: It has now become important for all organizations to deal with
career-related issues and promotional routes for employees. The managers should take care of the
activities that serve the long-term interests of the employees.

Compensation: Every organization needs to set up plans for the salary and wages of the employees.
There are several ways to develop payment plans for the employees depending upon the significance
of the job. The worth of the job needs to be decided
 DIRECTING
Directing functions refers to instructing, guiding, communicating, inspiring and motivating
employees to work for the achievement of organizational goals. This functions helps in placing
right type of persons are proper positions in the organization. The actual work starts when
these persons get instructions from their supervisions. Directing function does not mean only to
give instruction but also requires that the work progresses as per plans and is carried out
efficiently for achieving organizational goals.

Definition:

ERVEST SALE: “directing is telling people what to do and seeing that they do it to the best of
their ability.”

KOONTZ & O’DONNELL: “directing is the execution function of guiding and observing
subordinates.”

HAIMANN: “directing consists of the process and techniques utilizing in issuing instruction and
making certain that operations are carried out as originally planned.”
Characteristics of directing
The characteristics of Directing are as follows:

 Directing initiates action: The other functions of management, i.e., planning, organising, staffing,
etc., create conditions for managers to take appropriate actions, whereas directing function initiates
actions in an organisation. It converts plans into action. It is the key managerial function performed
by the managers.

 Directing is pervasive: It is pervasive as it takes place at every level of management. It takes

place wherever superior-subordinate relations exist. Every manager has a subordinate who works
under him and is responsible for getting things done.

 Directing is a continuous process: Directing is an ongoing activity. It takes place throughout the
life of an organisation, irrespective of the people in the organisation. Managers give orders to their
subordinates, motivate them, and guide them on a continuous basis.

 Directing flows from top to bottom: It flows from top to bottom through the organisational
hierarchy. In directing, every manager directs his subordinates and takes instructions from his
immediate boss. It is a function of a superior, i.e., the superior motivates, guides, and supervises his
subordinates to achieve the organisational goals.

 Directing deals with people: It is concerned with the direction of human efforts towards
organisational goals. It can be said that directing is a delicate function, as it deals with people, and
human behaviour is complex and highly unpredictable.


Importance of Directing
The importance of directing are as follows:
 Directing Initiates action: Directing sets an organisation into motion, and helps other managerial
functions to initiate and activate. It helps the managers to supervise, communicate, lead, guide and
motivate the subordinates to achieve the organisational goals. For example, a superior guides his
subordinates and explains the task, which will help the subordinates to start the work and achieve
the goal.

 Directing leads to integrated group activity: The organisational objectives can be achieved only
when individual efforts are integrated. Directing integrates employees’ efforts in such a way that
every individual effort contributes to organisational performance. For example, a leader can
convince his subordinates that group efforts will help to achieve organisational goals.

 Directing attempts to get maximum out of individuals: Directing helps superiors to realise the
potential and identify the capabilities of individuals by motivating and guiding them. By using the
elements of directing, i.e., supervision, motivation, leadership, and communication, the efficiency of
employees can be raised.

 Directing helps to implement changes: Directing helps to introduce changes in an organisation.

Generally, people in an organisation resist changes. Effective communication, supervision,
motivation and guidance help to overcome such resistance at the workplace. For example, the
introduction of a new method of doing a particular task in a factory is resisted by workers, but when
managers explain the purpose, guide and provide them training and rewards, it can be easily
accepted by the workers.

 Directing provides stability and balance in the organisation: Stability and balance are
maintained in an organisation with the help of directing because it fosters cooperation and
commitment amongst employees, and helps to achieve balance amongst various groups,
departments, units, etc. For example, every individual has personal goals, but the managers
integrate the efforts of all the individuals towards the achievement of organisational goals through
guidance, motivation, supervision and communication.
 CONTROLLING
The objective of every organization is to use scarce resources in a best possible way. Plans a
farmed to achieve better results. Control is the process of checking whether the plans are being
adhered to or not, keeping a record of progress and then taking corrective measures if there is
any deviation. Control is one the managerial functions. These functions start with planning an
end at controlling. Planning will be successful only if the progress is properly controlled .
planning involves setting up of goals and objectives while controlling seeks to ensure
performance in accordance with plan.

DEFINATIONS:

GEORGE R. TERRY: “controlling is determining what is being accomplished that is evaluating the
performance, and if necessary, applying correct measures so that the performance takes place
according to plans.”

ROBERT N. ANTHONY: “management control is the process by which managers assure that
resources are obtained and used effectively and efficiently in the accomplishment of an
organization’s objectives.”

KOONTZ AND O’DONNELL: “the measurement and correction of the performance of activities of
subordinates in order to make sure that enterprise objectives and plans devised to attain them
are being accomplished.”
Importance of Controlling
Controlling function is important for every organisation due to the following reasons:

1. Accomplishing Organisational Goals

Controlling is a goal-oriented process as it aims at determining whether the pre-determined plans are
being performed accordingly and whether required progress is made towards the achievement of the
objectives. With the help of controlling, an organisation can keep the business activities on the right
track and can achieve the organisational goals effectively and efficiently, and take the necessary
corrective actions if required.

2. Judging Accuracy of Standards

An effective controlling process can help an organisation in verifying whether or not the firm has set the
standards accurate. It also helps in keeping a check on the changes taking place in the business
environment and making required changes in the standards whenever it is necessary.

3. Making Efficient Use of Resources

Controlling helps an organisation in reducing wastage of resources, as it aims at ensuring that every
activity of the firm is performed according to the pre-determined goals.

4. Improving Employee Motivation

As controlling process includes comparing the pre-determined goals of an organisation with its actual
performance, it properly communicates the role of employees in advance. It means that the employees
know in advance on what standards their performance will be measured, compared, and appraised.
This set of pre-determined goals motivates them to give a better performance

5. Ensuring Order and Discipline

An efficient control system in an organisation can help its managers in creating an atmosphere of
discipline and order in the firm. Besides, controlling also helps in keeping a continuous check on the
employees so they can minimise undesirable activities, such as theft, corruption, fraud, etc.

6. Facilitating Coordination in Action

Controlling process also helps an organisation in facilitating coordination between different divisions
and departments by providing the employees with unity of direction. In other words, every employee
and department of the organisation is governed by a pre-determined set of goals. It also motivates
employees in achieving these common goals through coordination to avoid duplication of efforts.
Process of Controlling
Different steps involved in the process of controlling are as follows:

1. Setting Performance StandardsThe first step of the process of controlling is to establish

standards of performance against which the actual performance of the organisation is measured.
An organisation should clearly define its standards to the employees and must establish attainable,
understandable, and realistic standards to be achieved.

2. Measurement of Actual Performance Once the organisation has established the standards,
the second step of the process of controlling is to measure the actual performance in a reliable and
objective manner. The actual performance of an organisation can be measured through different
techniques such as sample checking, personal observation, etc., and should be measured in the
same units in which the standards are fixed to make the comparison easy.

3. Comparison of Actual Performance with Standards The third step of the process of
controlling is to compare the actual performance of the organisation with the established
standards (in the first step). By comparing the actual performance with the standards, an
organisation can determine the deviation between them.

4. Analysing Deviations The actual performance and set standards of an organisation rarely
match with each other. Usually, there is always some variation between the expected and
actual performance. Therefore, the fourth step of the process of controlling is to analyse the
deviations. To do so, an organisation must fix an acceptable range of deviation in performance.

5. Taking Corrective Action The last and final step of the process of controlling is to take corrective
action. If the deviations are within the acceptable limits set by the managers, then there is no need to
take corrective action. However, if the deviations go beyond the set acceptable limit in the key areas,
then proper and immediate managerial actions are required.