3FL00452-S01M01-DSL Refresh

Learning experience powered by
Alcatel-Lucent University
Section 01
DSL Refresh
Module 01
VDSL2
3FL00452 Edition 01
@@PRODUCT
@@COURSENAME
@@COURSEPARTNUMBER Edition @@COURSEEDITION
01 · 01 · 1 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

DSL Refresh · 3FL00452 VDSL2
@@PRODUCT · @@COURSENAME
Module objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
explain the DSL basics

position VDSL2
list the relevant standards for VDSL2
describe the different band plans and profiles of VDSL2
explain impulse noise and rate adaptation mechanisms
explain the forward error mechanisms used in VDSL2
understand VDSL2 Initialization
understand Spectral Management within VDSL2
describe the use of Upstream and Downstream Power Back Off
list the parameters being measured by DELT
understand VDSL2 bonding
explain the configurable parameters in the XDSL profiles
configure the profiles for VDSL2 ports

DSL Refresh

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Symbol is represented by a variation of amplitude & phase for a particular frequency

y = A . sin (2 f.t + )
Transmitted data = 1001 0000 1111 Constellation

A
3
0111 0101 0001 0011

2 A
0110 0100 0000 0010
1
0
t
-1 1110 1100 1000 1010
-2
-3
1111 1101 1001 1011
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3

4 bits/symbol
Symbol length (Ts) >> QAM-16

QAM and Noise
Constellation
Parasite noise
Same frequency
3 Amplitude  3 0111 0101 0001 0011
1001 Phase 
2 2
1011 0110 0100 0000 0010
1 1
0 0
-1 -1
1110 1100 1010
1000
-2 -2
-3 -3
1111 1101 1001 1011
0,5 1 0,5 1
Transmit Receive
Shannon-Hartley theorem:
 C = channel capacity (bps)
 B = bandwidth (Hz)
SNR/QAM relationship
Bits/symbol QAM Signal/Noise ratio (dB)
for BER<10-7
4 QAM-16 21.8
6 QAM-64 27.8
8 QAM-256 33.8
9 QAM-512 36.8
10 QAM-1024 39.9
12 QAM-4096 45.9
14 QAM-16384 51.9
15 QAM-32768 54.9
Relation between the SNR and the max. QAM.

(QAM is directly linked to the line rate)
To obtain a certain speed we need a min. SNR!

Discrete Multi Tone (DMT)
For DSL, multiple carrier frequencies are modulated on the 1 xDSL line
using QAM.
These frequencies are equally spaced and for each carrier the SNR is
measured to determine the maximum achievable QAM.
 Carrier spacing:
 4.3125 kHz (ADSLx, VDSL2: 8a-b-c-d, 12a-b, 17a, Vplus)
 8.625 kHz (VDSL2 – 30a)
The sum of all frequencies is put on the line
This concept is called Discrete Multi Tone (DMT)

Discrete Multi Tone example
QAM-4 f1
01,10,11
QAM-16 f2
1001,0110,1011
QAM-4 f3
10,00,10
 = DMT
01100110,
10011000,
11101110 Ts (Symbol Time)
1 DMT Symbol

How many bits per carrier?
Rx decides on bit loading

 Rx knows SNR, noise margins…
Rule of thumb:
 3dB per bit
Gain gi (scaling from -1.5 to + 1.5dB)

per carrier
 to equalize the noise margin
 some tones get power boost while
others give in

#bits per carrier
Maximum value after SNR measurement per carrier at startup

Bits/carrier
Possible working value at startup
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Carriers

Bit swapping
After start-up we‘ll use a lower QAM than possible on most of

the carriers
 measured SNR at startup determines maximum possible QAM at start-
up
 E.g.: max. QAM-4096 (12 bits per symbol)  used QAM on that carrier
: QAM-1024 (10 bits per symbol)  2 extra bits that could be allocated
During show-time, SNR is measured regularly (default every sec)

 if SNR degrades  lower QAM  bits of that carrier will be reallocated
to other carriers (where max. QAM > actual used QAM)
 modems spread out the reallocated bits over numerous carriers.

Bit-swapping explained
Bits/carrier Sudden frequency interference decreases

SNR on a number of carriers
14
13
12
11 Current max. bits/carrier
10
9
8 Current used bits/carrier
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Carriers

Bit-swapping explained (2)
Bits/carrier A lower SNR also lowers our max QAM

(the number of bits on those carriers)
14
13
12
10
9
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Carriers
Affected frequencies

Bits/carrier
14
13
12
10
9
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Carriers

Bits/carrier Noise margin is spread over the spectrum
14
13
12
10
9
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Carriers
Bit swapping protects your DSL line against slowly changing line conditions

Noise margin parameters
S0 = SNR needed for configured line rate

SNR (dB)
NM (dB) S1 = SNR for max. output power at startup
STARTUP SHOWTIME S2 = SNR needed for startup
= S0 + TNM
S1 SNR measured at
startup (Pmax) S3 = SNR AT startup = S2 + MAXNM
S3
more demanding profile

MAX. Adjust output power
NOISE
MARGIN
(MaxNM)
S2 6dB
TARGET
NOISE
MARGIN !
(TNM) MINIMUM NOISE MARGIN
(MinNM) >1min.: RESET
S0
t (s)
SNR needed for the configured line rate

How does error correction work?
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
TX 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
RX
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
Reed-Solomon correction mode
Code RS(255,239) Block code:

Byte Distance d = min. nr. of positions
1
2
in which any 2 distinct codewords
3 differ.
4 d-1 transmission errors can be
detected and (d-1)/2 errors can be
k byte corrected.
message RS: d=n-k+1.
vector
n byte Correction:
code
vector 16/2 = 8
239
240
n-k With 16 check bytes, the RS code

check can correct up to 8 erroneous
bytes bytes per code vector
254
255 Error correction overhead = 16/255 = 6.25 %

Reed Solomon limitation
Distance = 15-11+1= 5 Correction = (5-1)/2= 2

Message vector Ctrl
Data to be transmitted
Burst of errors
Transmitted data More than 2 lost bytes
Corrupted
data
Received data

Interleaving
Message
Ctrl Data to be transmitted
vector
Bloc 0 Bloc 1 Bloc 2 Bloc 3 Bloc 4
Burst errors
6 lost bytes
Transmitted Data
Bloc 0 Bloc 3
Received Data
Bloc 1 Bloc 2
1 Byte error
per block!
Correction Ctrl Correction Ctrl Correction Ctrl Correction Ctrl Correction Ctrl

Erasure detection
When working in interleaved mode, DSL systems apply Reed-Solomon

(RS) error correction.
 RS codes use a block of N bytes with R overhead bytes and N-R data bytes.
Without erasure decoding, a RS codeword is able to correct R/2 bytes
in error.
When you know a priori which bytes are in error (= erased), one can
double the RS decoding efficiency:
 could correct R errored bytes instead of R/2.
 In other words, you double the coding protection or alternatively you need
less coding overhead for the same protection.
 Drawback is that the detection of erasures is not always reliable and in
practice RS decoding with erasures will have an efficiency somewhere
between R/2 and R.
Not supported by ALU

Trellis coding
Trellis coding makes it easier for the receiver to interpret the data
correctly
 “error avoidance”, no error correction!
Trellis principle
 avoid errors looking at the complete data
 preferably used in combination with IFEC or G.inp to avoid burst of errors (based
on errors, Trellis can lead to wrong conclusions)
 similar to expectations in given context in language, e.g. :
 transmitted data the water is wet and cold
 received data the water is let and cold
 by looking at the word “let” only, we can not decide that the sentence is wrong.
 by looking at the information before and after the word (context), we can safely
say that it should be “wet” instead of “let”.

Coding gain
From the table QAM vs. SNR, we have seen that to attain a BER of 10-7
for a specific QAM you need a certain SNR.
 if the SNR is lower than this value, the BER will be too high.
 by introducing error detection and correction you lower the BER because a
number of the introduced errors will be corrected.
The mechanism introduces a coding gain resulting in an actual lower
SNR that is needed to achieve a certain constellation.
 Trellis introduces a brute coding gain of approximately 5,5dB
 RS introduces a brute coding gain of approximately 4dB
 Trellis & RS together introduce a brute gain of approximately 9dB
SNR for BER = 1E-7

Bits/symbol QAM uncoded Trellis RS Trellis + RS
4 QAM-16 21,5 16 17,5 12,5
6 QAM-64 27,5 22 23,5 18,5

Data rate terminology
Net Data Rate (NDR) = PTM/EFM rate

 (Layer 2) rate at input of the PMS-TC layer (alfa/beta interface)
 sometimes referred to as the payload rate
Aggregate Data Rate (ADR)
 net data rate + overhead data rate
 Rate at input of RS encoder (A-interface)
Total Data Rate (TDR)
 aggregate data rate + RS coding overhead
 Rate at output of RS encoder = Rate at input of Trellis encoder (delta-itf.)
Line Rate (LR)
 Total data rate + Trellis coding overhead
 Rate at output of Trellis encoder (U-interface)
 LR = ( sum of b(i) ) * symbol rate
NDR ADR LR ADR NDR

VTU-O TDR TDR VTU-R
data data
frame TPS-TC PMS-TC PMD PMD PMS-TC TPS-TC frame

Data rate terminology
Graphical Representation
TPS-TC PMS-TC PMS-TC PMD
bearer data + + FEC overhead + Trellis bits

OAM + CRC
application specific
data
NDR
ADR
Line rate
TDR
overhead
FEC
net data rate aggregate data total data rate line rate
rate (delta-interface) (U-interface)
(alpha-beta
interface) (A-interface)

What is noise?
Stationary noise :
 Background noise:
 thermal noise floor or noise floor due to different HW components
 Sustained perturbations emitted continuously in time
 ex : AM stations RFI, crosstalk
Impulse noise :
 Transient perturbations
 Repetitive (=REIN) : emitted at a constant frequency (100-120 Hz)
 ex : Dimmer noise, PSU switching noise, fluorescent light ballast
 Non-repetitive : emitted with no apparent time correlation
 ex : inductive load turn-off, capacitive load turn-on, switch arcing, switch bounces
 Possible statistical description for a sufficient time period and in a given
environment

Impulse noise Short pulses
0.015
0.01
0.005
Voltage on 100 Ohms [volts]

0.02
0
0.01
0 -0.005
-0.01 -0.01
-0.02
-0.015
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time [DMT Symbols]
-0.03
-0.04
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time [DMT Symbols]

Impulse noise Repetitive pulses
0.015 0.015
0.01 0.01
0.005 0.005

0 0
-0.005 -0.005
-0.01 -0.01
-0.015 -0.015
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140 162 184 206 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time [DMT Symbols] Time [DMT Symbols]

Impulse noise Neon lamps & economic lamps !
Internal phone line in lab (connected to PABX) ~ 200m - neon lamp turn-
on
 time scale is now in ms (instead of DMT)!
Neon 2 Neon 6
1.5 1.5
Typical Longest burst observed

1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
28 DMT symbols
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-3 -3
x 10 x 10

Impulse noise: common mode and differential mode noise
20 neon lamps turned-on at the same time (lab. lights)

 Measured on the PABX lab. phone line

Impulse Noise Protection (INP)
Impulse noise protection

 How much of the DMT symbol is protected?
 Protection via Reed Solomon and extended via interleaving
Which parameters influence the INP

 1/S = # RS word per DMT symbol
 D = interleaving depth
 N = Number of bytes per RS word (32  255 bytes)
 R = Number of RS overhead bytes (even number 0  16 bytes)
SxDxR SxD
INP (#DMT) = delay (ms) =
2N 4
N-R
NDR ~ x 8 x 4000
S
Step 1: protection for 1RS / 1DMT symbol
NO interleaving introduced
 R=overhead bytes N=Total bytes
 K= payload bytes
 Correction on payload = R/2
K R
DMT symbol
What part of the DMT symbol is protected?

 Number of correctable bytes over number of bytes in DMT symbol
 INP = DMT protection = payload correction / N = R / (2xN)

Step 2: protection for 1RS / S DMT symbols
Assume 1 RS word / 4 DMT symbols & NO interleaving

 S = # DMT symbols per RS word = 4
 We have seen before that RS correction = R/2
RS
DMT DMT DMT DMT

How much of the DMT symbol is protected?
 RS word is now spread over 4 DMT symbols
 With R=16 you have 8 correctable bytes over 4 DMT symbols
 INP = (# correctable bytes) / (#bytes in a DMT symbol)=

= (R/2) / (N/S) = (S x R) /( 2 x N)
 INP increases with a factor S

Step 3: introducing interleaving
incoming Assume 1 interleaved RS word / DMT symbol

1 2 3 4 5 6 ..
Size N
B1 B1 B1 B1 B2 B2 B2 B2... Bx Bx Bx Bx ... Bz Bz BN BN BN BN
Max. 255
Bytes N
outgoing
Correction has improved by a factor D

 Errorred bytes are spread over “D” RS words
 Payload correction = D x R/2
D Buffer
Max. 64
DMT protection has as such also increased
 = # correctable bytes / N = (DxR)/(2xN)
D = interleaving depth
N = number of bytes per RS word
Step 4: all together
RS introduces a correction = R/2

 RS correction presented by parameter R
Interleaving introduces an improvement on the number of correctable

bytes
 Interleaving represented by parameter D
S factor introduces an impact on the number of correctable bytes per

DMT symbol
 INP = (S x # correctable bytes) / N
= S x R x D / (2 x N)

Conclusion
INP = S x D x R / 2N
How to increase the INP
 Increase S > increases the introduced delay & decreases bit rate
 Increase D > increases the introduced delay
 Increase R > Decreases the available bit rate
 Decrease N > Decreases the available bit rate
When configuring a DSL port a max delay needs to be given and a

minimum INP
 This will impact the max. possible bit rate
Available Net data rate ≈ 32 kbps x (N-R) / S

Rate adaptation mode1 MANUAL: operator controlled
kbits/s
Actual net data rate

512kbits/s
Planned bit rate
= 500 kbits/s Unable to sync
below planned
bit rate
time
If attainable line rate  planned bit rate  modems will synchronize

 actual line rate is ‘rounded’, e.g. to a multiple of 32 kbps for ADSL1
If attainable line rate  planned bit rate  no synchronization!

 an alarm is generated

Rate adaptation mode2 AT_INIT: automatic
kbits/s
Max bit rate
Actual NDR
Planned bit rate

Min bit rate
Resync
Modems synchronize between a set minimum and maximum
 planned bit rate  only used to generate an alarm if actual bit rate in
showtime < planned
Once in show-time, the bit rate is constant
If the modems can’t synchronize, an alarm is generated.
Bit rate can change but only after a resync
Rate adaptation mode3 DYNAMIC: dynamic
kbits/s
Max bit rate
Actual NDR
Planned bit rate

Min bit rate
modems can’t synchronize
Modems synchronize between a set minimum and maximum

Online adaptation to degrading or improving line conditions
If the modems can’t synchronize, an alarm is generated.
Bit rate can change during showtime

Rate adaptation mode4 DYNAMIC with SOS
Only 128 carriers can change bit loading in parallel (US / DS)
 Can be too slow for downshift
After 10 consecutive SES, modem retrains!
Solution: Save Our Show-time (SOS):
 Lower the bit loading on a larger number of carriers
 number depends on the implementation (e.g. 256, 512, 1024)!
 Afterwards, fine-tune bit loading using SRA
kbits/s
SOS
Actual NDR
SRA
t
Choosing the right technology
VDSL2 Vectoring
(17a)
17a Vplus G.fast
Short loops >1000m

✔ ✔✔ ✔✔✔ Vplus
(<200m)
Medium loops
✔✔ ✔✔✔
(<500m)
G.fast
Long loops
✔✔✔ ✔✔✔
(>500m)
Density (max 16p 250m
384p 192p
subs) (to 48p)
Outside Plant 500m

$ $$ $$$$
costs
Phase 1
Minor
Standards ✔
change
Dec Shorter distance
2014 Increased bitrates
Product 2015 Increased cost
✔ 1H2015
availability (16p)
CPE availability ✔ 1H2015 2015

References
ITU-T G.993.2 Very high speed digital subscriber line transceivers 2

(VDSL2)
ITU-T G.994.1: Handshake procedures for digital subscriber line

transceivers
ITU-T G.997.1: Physical layer management for digital subscriber line

transceivers
ITU-T G.998.4: Improved impulse noise protection for DSL transceivers

Hands on

xDSL line service profile
Network
NE
Infrastructure
Transmission
XDSL
XDSL service profile
minINP=0 is not recommended!

 Change to e.g. minINP=2 and maxDelay=8ms

xDSL line spectrum profile
Network
NE
Infrastructure
Transmission
XDSL
XDSL spectrum profile

Configure service and spectrum profiles using CLI
configure xdsl service-profile <INDEX> name <NAME>

 max-bitrate-down 120000
 max-bitrate-up 60000
 rate adaptation mode = dynamic
 max. delay variation = 20
configure xdsl spectrum-profile <INDEX> name <NAME>
 dis-ansi-t1413 dis-etsi-dts dis-g992-1-a dis-g992-1-b dis-g992-2-a dis-g992-3-a
dis-g992-3-b dis-etsi-ts
 g993-2-8a g993-2-8b g993-2-8c g993-2-8d g993-2-12a g993-2-12b g993-2-17a
 vdsl
 vdsl-band-plan annex-b-998ade
 adsl-band allow-adsl (means: the full ADSL spectrum can be used)
 pbo-mode pbo-mode-down (means: UPBO is disabled)

CLI examples
Few sample service profiles that align to best practices

configure xdsl service-profile 100 name REF_FAST ra-mode-down
dynamic ra-mode-up dynamic min-bitrate-down 32 min-bitrate-up
32 plan-bitrate-down 1024 max-bitrate-down 160000 max-bitrate-
up 30000 max-delay-down 1 max-delay-up 1 memory-down 75
configure xdsl service-profile 100 active
configure xdsl service-profile 101 name REF_PSEUDO_FAST ra-

mode-down dynamic ra-mode-up dynamic min-bitrate-down 32 min-
bitrate-up 32 plan-bitrate-down 1024 max-bitrate-down 160000
max-bitrate-up 30000 max-delay-down 2 max-delay-up 2 memory-
down 75
configure xdsl service-profile 102 name REF_INP_1_8_1_8 ra-

mode-down dynamic ra-mode-up dynamic min-bitrate-down 32 min-
bitrate-up 32 plan-bitrate-down 1024 max-bitrate-down 160000
max-bitrate-up 30000 max-delay-down 8 max-delay-up 8 imp-noise-
prot-dn 1 imp-noise-prot-up 1 memory-down 75

Hands-on
Configure your VDSL2 port (ask your trainer which one that is)
 service profile:
 rate adaptation mode: dynamic
 max. upstream bit rate = 60000; max. downstream bit rate = 140000
 minINP=2 symbols; max. delay = 8ms
 spectrum profile:
 General tab  select all VDSL2 modes
 RFI tab  remove all configured RFI bands but one
 VDSL/VDSL2 tab  select bandplan Annex B 998ade; ADSL spectrum allowed; Opt
Band US0 off; Power Back Off (upstream) = Off
Does the modem synchronize? If so, what is the NDR US/DS?
Use 5530NA in order to view a graph representing the bit loading: first
launch a LSD on your port (enter the port ID in the Inspect field), then
click the Short Diagnosis button. After 1 minute, you can view the
complete results (show details to see graphs).

Hands-on: configure and check the Tx PSD in NA-C
 Bandplan 998ADE with M1 versus 998ADE with M2

 Compare the Tx PSD masks in the Diagnosis (LQD) in 5530 NA-C
 Bandplan AnnexA998 (ANSI) combined with Annex A PSD US/DS.
 Compare the Tx PSD masks with the ones for 998ADE M1 and M2
 Bandplan 998ADE versus bandplan 998E
 Bandplan 998ADE versus A4 (i.e. bandplan 998 with 4 bands)
 A4 versus A3
 Allow upstream 0 with 998ADE. Is the US0 used or not?
 If so, try if the modem still uses US0 when a low max. bit rate is configured (use DSL
override to lower the max. bit rate)
 If not, try to force the modem to use US0 (by specifying a max. frequency or by
enabling UPBO or by selecting band plan A3?)
 Only allow profile 17a, but limit the frequency use to 12000 kHz.
 Showtime frequency: maximum = 12000

How to use 5530 NA-C?
Use any browser and enter the IP address, e.g. 172.31.79.199
Select NA-C core platform and log on as admin / admin

NA-C: How to launch an inspection on your port?
Enter the port address in the Inspect field and click Enter.
A Line State Diagnosis is run and the result is displayed.

 Click the button ‘Short Diagnosis’ and wait for 1 minute

NA-C: Diagnosis on VDSL2 line requires bridge port
When you launch a (short) diagnosis on a VDSL2 port, you get the
following error message if there’s no bridge port configured
Configure a bridge port (either in AMS or in CLI) and launch the short
diagnosis again.

NA-C: How to view the result of the short diagnosis?
The short LQD will poll every 20s. Total duration is 1 minute.
Once you have the result, scroll down and click hyperlink ‘Show Details’
Scroll down for the right plot, e.g. Tx PSD

NA-C: How to add a user label to your port?
From the LSD result, click the Configuration tab

 Enter your name for the user label.
You can now use that label in the Inspect field instead of the port
address.

Tx PSD masks for different bandplan – PSD combinations
Bandplan Annex B 998ADE with

PSD M1
(-60 dBm/Hz above 2.2 MHz)

PSD M2 (power boost)
Bandplan Annex A (i.e. ANSI) 998

with Annex A PSD
(max. -40 dBm/Hz)
Note: RFI egress friendliness (RFI dips) enabled by default.

Most operators want to disable them.

A4 = 998 (4 bands) – M2
A3 = 998 (3 bands) – M2


Bandplan Annex B 998E – M2
Bandplan Annex B 998E with 15

disturbers using 998ADE
 US3 cannot be used
 SNR too low.
Tx decides not to use US3

End of module
VDSL2 – DSL Refresh

Glossary A-B
Term Explanation Term Explanation
ADSL Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line BER Bit Error Ratio
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Glossary C-D
CPE Customer Premises Equipment. Device in the DPBO Downstream Power Back off.
end-user’s home to connect to the access It allows to reduce the downstream transmit
network. PSD on short lines in order not to impact the
performance on longer lines.
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check. An error detecting
code. DMT Discrete Multi Tone. A method of encoding
digital data on multiple carrier frequencies.
Downstream From the DSLAM towards the CPE
DPU Distribution Point Unit. Device that connects

an end user to the optical network.
DSL Digital Subscriber Line

Glossary E-F
FAST Fast Access to Subscriber Terminals.

Technology that provides services at speeds
up to 1Gbps
FCS Frame Check Sequence. Extra error-detecting
code added to a frame.
FDD Frequency Division Duplexing. Transmission
method where transmitter and receiver
operate at different carrier frequencies.
FEC Forward Error Correction
FEXT Far End X-Talk. Signal coupling between

transmitter and receiver at the opposite ends
of a cable
FTTH Fibre To The Home. Access network
architecture whereby an end-user is directly
connected to the optical fibre network.
FTTdp Fibre To The distribution point. Similar to
FTTH but the last few meters to the end-user
are copper. FTTdp makes use of a DPU.
FTTx Fibre to a point beyond the central office

Glossary G-H
GPON Gigabit Passive Optical Network

Glossary I-J
INP Impulse Noise Protection

Glossary K-L
LATN Line ATteNuation Is the attenuation measured

during synchronization phase.
LOF Loss Of Frame
LOS Loss Of Signal
LPF Low-Pass Filter
LSB Least Significant Bit

Glossary M-N
MIB Management Information Base NEXT Near End X-Talk. Signal coupling between
transmitter and receiver at the same cable end
MSB Most Significant Bit
NMS Network Management System
NT Network Termination

Glossary O-P
OAM Operations, Administration and Maintenance passband The portion of the frequency spectrum that is
allowed to be used for transmission.
OH OverHead
POTS Plain Old Telephone Service; one of the
OLR On-Line Reconfiguration. Mechanisms to services using the voiceband; sometimes
change the data transmission rate on the fly. used as a descriptor for all voiceband services
ONT Optical Network Termination. Device used to PSD Power Spectrum Density
connect an end-user to the optical fibre power per unit bandwidth usually expressed in
network. (m)Watts (or dBm) per Hertz
PTM Packet Transfer Mode

Glossary Q-R
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation is a RFI Radio Frequency Interference

modulation scheme that uses both amplitude
and phase shift keying. RFT Remote Feeding Telecommunication Circuit
QLN Quiet Line Noise RFT-V RFT whereby a maximum voltage
RPF Reverse Power Feeding. Power to the access

device is provided by the end-user.
RS Reed Solomon encoding is an error correcting
mechanism.

Glossary S-T
SATN Signal ATteNuation. Is the attenuation

measured during show-time.
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
SNRM SNR Margin

Glossary U-V
UPBO Upstream Power Back Off VDSL Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line
It allows to reduce the upstream transmit PSD
on short lines in order not to impact the voiceband The usable voice frequency band. Ranges from
upstream performance on longer lines. approximately 300 Hz to 3400 Hz
Upstream From the CPE towards the DSLAM VTU VDSL2 Transceiver Unit
VTU-O VTU at the Optical Network Unit (i.e.,

operator end of the loop)
VTU-R VTU at the Remote site (i.e., subscriber end of
the loop)

Glossary W-X
xDSL term used to indicate the different DSL

technologies.

DSL Frequencies and Carriers for 998ADE17
ADSL2
ADSL2+
U
S DS1 US1 DS2 US2 DS3
0
25 138 3750 5200 8500 12000 17660 kHz

7 32 870 1205 1971 2782 4095 carrier
1104 2208
256 512

Impulse Noise Protection (INP)
Impulse noise protection

 How much of the DMT symbol is protected?
 Protection via Reed Solomon and extended via interleaving
Which parameters influence the INP

 1/S = # RS word per DMT symbol
 D = interleaving depth
 N = Number of bytes per RS word (32  255 bytes)
 R = Number of RS overhead bytes (even number 0  16 bytes)
SxDxR SxD
INP (#DMT) = delay (ms) =
2N 4
N-R
NDR ~ x 8 x 4000
S
SNR/QAM relationship
Bits/symbol QAM Signal/Noise ratio (dB)
for BER<10-7
4 QAM-16 21.8
6 QAM-64 27.8
8 QAM-256 33.8
9 QAM-512 36.8
10 QAM-1024 39.9
12 QAM-4096 45.9
14 QAM-16384 51.9
15 QAM-32768 54.9
Relation between the SNR and the max. QAM.

(QAM is directly linked to the line rate)
To obtain a certain speed we need a min. SNR!

Impact of INP/delay on performance
Example: downstream for profile 12a/b
Net Data Rates INP_min

2 4 8 16
2 13056 0 0 0
4 37632 13056 0 0
8 60242 37632 13056 0
delay_max 16 60242 39168 24084 13056
(ms) 32 60242 39168 24084 13645
Percentage RSOH INP_min

2 4 8 16
2 48%
4 25% 48%
8 17% 25% 48%
delay_max 16 17% 24% 33% 48%
(ms) 32 17% 24% 33% 47%
Parameter Details
1/S downstream = 24, Dmax = 2048, No erasure detection

Impact of INP/delay on performance
Example: downstream bitrate for profile 17a (Kbps)
INP
delay
Parameter Details
(1/S)max downstream = 48, Dmax = 3072, No erasure detection


3FL00452-S01M01-DSL Refresh

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3FL00452-S01M01-DSL Refresh

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Learning experience powered by

01 · 01 · 1 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:

explain the DSL basics

01 · 01 · 2 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

01 · 01 · 4 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Symbol is represented by a variation of amplitude & phase for a particular frequency

Transmitted data = 1001 0000 1111 Constellation

0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3

01 · 01 · 5 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Relation between the SNR and the max. QAM.

01 · 01 · 7 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The sum of all frequencies is put on the line

This concept is called Discrete Multi Tone (DMT)

01 · 01 · 8 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

01 · 01 · 9 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Rx decides on bit loading

Gain gi (scaling from -1.5 to + 1.5dB)

01 · 01 · 10 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Maximum value after SNR measurement per carrier at startup

01 · 01 · 11 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

After start-up we‘ll use a lower QAM than possible on most of

During show-time, SNR is measured regularly (default every sec)

01 · 01 · 12 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Bits/carrier Sudden frequency interference decreases

01 · 01 · 13 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Bits/carrier A lower SNR also lowers our max QAM

01 · 01 · 14 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

01 · 01 · 15 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Bits/carrier Noise margin is spread over the spectrum

01 · 01 · 16 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

S0 = SNR needed for configured line rate

more demanding profile

01 · 01 · 17 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Code RS(255,239) Block code:

n-k With 16 check bytes, the RS code

01 · 01 · 19 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Distance = 15-11+1= 5 Correction = (5-1)/2= 2

Transmitted data More than 2 lost bytes

01 · 01 · 20 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

01 · 01 · 21 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

When working in interleaved mode, DSL systems apply Reed-Solomon

01 · 01 · 22 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

01 · 01 · 23 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

SNR for BER = 1E-7

01 · 01 · 24 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Net Data Rate (NDR) = PTM/EFM rate

NDR ADR LR ADR NDR

01 · 01 · 25 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

bearer data + + FEC overhead + Trellis bits

01 · 01 · 26 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

01 · 01 · 27 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Voltage on 100 Ohms [volts]

01 · 01 · 28 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Voltage on 100 Ohms [volts]

01 · 01 · 29 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Typical Longest burst observed

01 · 01 · 30 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

20 neon lamps turned-on at the same time (lab. lights)

01 · 01 · 31 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Impulse noise protection

Which parameters influence the INP

What part of the DMT symbol is protected?