3FL00452-S02M01-VDSL2 Basics

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Section 02
VDSL2 basics
Module 01
VDSL2
3FL00452 Edition 01
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02· 01 · 1 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

VDSL2 Basics · 3FL00452 VDSL2
Module objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
explain the DSL basics

position VDSL2
list the relevant standards for VDSL2
describe the different band plans and profiles of VDSL2
explain impulse noise and rate adaptation mechanisms
explain the forward error mechanisms used in VDSL2
understand VDSL2 Initialization
understand Spectral Management within VDSL2
describe the use of Upstream and Downstream Power Back Off
list the parameters being measured by DELT
understand VDSL2 bonding
explain the configurable parameters in the XDSL profiles
configure the profiles for VDSL2 ports

VDSL2 positioning

DSL evolution
100 VDSL2
Mbps
FTTB VDSL2: up to 100Mbps
Cost-effective alternative for CAT5
50 7356/7354 ISAM FTTB REMs
Mbps
7342 ISAM FTTU GPON MDU series
VDSL2
ADSL2+ FTTN VDSL2 : Up to 50Mpbs
24 Most cost-effective solution in Brownfield
7302/7330 ISAM FTTN
ADSL2
11
ADSL
8
RE-ADSL2
3 SHDSL
Loop Length (km)
1 2 3 4

Copper evolution
512 kbps 1 Mbps 5 Mbps 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 500 Mbps
FTTH
Omega DSL / G.fast ? 1 Gbps
8p BONDING +VECTOR
TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION
BONDING
100 Mbps
VECTOR
50 Mbps
VDSL2
ADSL2+ 10 Mbps
ADSL2 5 Mbps
ADSL 1 Mbps
BANDWIDTH OFFER
VDSL2 Main features
VDSL2 uses Discrete Multi Tone

VDSL2 offers packet transport (PTM) - 64/65B encapsulation
 64/65B framing is also referred to as “EFM” (Ethernet in First Mile)
 Supports ATM and STM
 No operator is using ATM or STM
 Alcatel-Lucent DSLAMs only implement PTM.
VDSL2 standard has wide application range
 FTTEx, FTTCab, FTTB  “profiles”
 VDSL2 implementation can be application specific
VDSL2 pushes max achievable bit rates above 100Mbps
VDSL2 has imporved support of 3-play services
 e.g. improved impulse noise protection (INP), virtual noise (optional)
VDSL2 has extensive PSD Shaping possibilities
VDSL2 does NOT specify L2 low power mode

VDSL2 Performance
Support of high bit rates
 above 100 Mbps
 attainable maximum data rate depends on VDSL2 profile
 Up to 100 Mbps symmetrical requires 30a profile ; only attainable on very
short (<150 m) & clean loops  FTTB applications
 Up to 100 Mbps symmetrical: not possible in real life
 other profiles are better suited for operation on longer loops with reduced
maximum bit rate
Extended reach
 reach up to 2.5km(0.4 mm)/8kft(26AWG)
 Rate/reach depends on profile: transmit power and availability of US0
Performance defined for a crosspoint of 3 dimensions
Profile

 Bandplan
 PSD Mask
 (e.g. performance req for profile 8d, with Annex B, bandplan 998, and PSD 998-M2-A)


VDSL2 standard

VDSL2 standard
Very high speed digital subscriber line transceivers 2 (VDSL2)
VDSL2
standard ITU-T
G.993.2
Feb ‘06
published Dec. ’11
Jan. ‘15
line code DMT
transport mode ATM, STM & PTM (EFM)
Alcatel-Lucent
active contribution
involvement

VDSL2 Amendment 1 (included in 2011 release)
ITU defined an Amendment 1 to G.993.2

 Amendment = Improved version
 New features:
 SRA (Seamless Rate Adaptation)
 Channel Initialization Policy (to optimize for INP)
 Extension of Bandplan to 30 MHz
 Extended of US0 upto 552 kHz for North America (region A)
 US0 Shaping
 + several small things

VDSL2 Amendment 2-5 (included in 2015 release)
Amendment 2 to Recommendation ITU-T G.993.2 (2011) covers:

 1. Electrical length estimation method (corrigendum).
 2. INPMIN-ROC (corrigendum).
 3. Accuracy of test parameters (adding functionality).
 4. INM facility (corrigendum).
 5. O-SIGNATURE field for Upstream FDPS descriptor (new functionality).
 6. SRA after SOS (corrigendum).
 7. Annex B (Region B – Europe) (corrigendum and adding functionality).
 8. Annex Y with optional "pilot sequence length multiple of 4" (corrigendum) and optional FDPS
(new functionality).
 1. Data gathering function (new functionality).
 2. Align with ITU-T G.997.1 VECTORMODE_ENABLE (new functionality).
 3. Loop diagnostic mode procedures in Annex Y (new functionality).
 1. accuracy of test parameters (clarification);
 2. size of INP_min field for use with ITU-T G.998.4 (corrigendum);
 3. European limit power spectral density (PSD) mask B8-18 for band plan 998E17 (new
 Functionality).
Amendment 5 to Recommendation ITU-T G.993.2 (2011) updates Annex P with
 "Short reach VDSL2 with reduced power and enhanced data rate" (new functionality).

VDSL2 Amendment 6
SNRM Mode 5
Showtime Adaptive Virtual Noise

VDSL2 model
TPS=transport
protocol specific
TC = transmission
convergence
PMD = physical
medium dependant
PMS = physical
medium specific

Transport Protocol Specific (TPS-TC) functions
The TPS-TC is mainly intended to convert data into the unified format
required and to provide bit rate adaptation between the user data and
the data link established by the VTU. Possible TCs are: PTM-TC, ATM-TC
or STM-TC
PTM-TC receives packets from the higher layer, appends a CRC and then
performs 64/65-octet encapsulation on the frame. This result is sent to
the PMS-TC

64/65 encoding – sync byte
Ref.: IEEE Std 802.3-2005 chapter 61.3.3.1

Physical Media Specific (PMS-TC) functions
The incoming frames are scrambled, encoded

using a Reed-Solomon forward error correction
64/65B frame EOC IB NTR (FEC) code, and interleaved using a block
interleaver.
MUX Overhead Additionally, the PMS-TC layer provides an

Sync overhead channel (EOC) that is used to transport
MUX control messages generated in the TPS-TC, PMS-TC
Mux Data or PMD layers as well as messages generated at
Frame (MDF)
the management interface.
Scrambler Other latency A scrambler is used to reduce the likelihood that a
path(s)
FEC long sequence of ZEROS will be transmitted over
Interleaver the channel.
A standard byte-oriented Reed-Solomon code is
MUX used for forward error correction (FEC).
Interleaving is provided to protect the data
against bursts of errors by spreading the errors
PMD over a number of Reed-Solomon codewords.

Physical Media Dependant (PMD) functions
The principal functions of the PMD are symbol timing generation and
recovery, encoding and decoding, and modulation and demodulation. The
PMD may also include echo cancellation and line Equalization.
1. Incoming datastream split in small groups of bits

2. Trellis encoding
3. Mapping to QAM constellation
VDSL superframe
DMT Symbol
....
DF 0 DF 1 DF 2 DF 3 DF254 DF255 SF256
.
SUPERFRAME
64,25 ms (32,125ms for 30Mhz bandplan)
Data Frame (DF)
 a data symbol is used to transmit payload information
Synchronization Frame (SF)
 a synchronization frame is transmitted after 256 data symbols to assure
synchronization and to detect possible loss of frame. The content of the
sync frame is fixed. If an on-line reconfiguration is being signalled the SF is
180° phase reversed
VDSL symbol rates
 DMT symbol rate = 4 kHz (tone spacing=4.3125kHz) (<> 30MHz plan)
 DATA symbol rate = DMT symbol rate x 256/257
CRC calculated on a part of the VDSL2 superframe

VDSL2 standard: features: Performance
VDSL2
Feature VDSL1 Notes
(mandatory/optional)
Reach  2,5 km (0.4 mm) O 4.5 kft No detailed performance requirements
 8 kft (26AWG) specified
Trellis M - Improves coding gain by 5.5 dB

Encoding
Smallest 1 M 1M Improves reach
constellation
size
Highest 15 M 8M Improves higher rates on short loops
constellation 15 O
size
Max. delay 0,1,…63 msec M - = Interleaving delay (not including 2 msec

configuration signal processing delay)
Min. INP 0,1,2,…16 M - Impulse Noise Protection parameter
configuration O Mandatory up to INP=2.
Other values are optional!

VDSL2 standard: features: PSD related (1)
VDSL2
Feature VDSL1 Notes
Profiles 8, 12, 17, 30 MHz O At least 1 Profile should be supported
(+variants: total 8)
PSD Masks Limit Masks O At least 1 Limit Mask should be supported
US0 25- depending on M/O O
138kHz profile
US0 with ext depending on M/O - US0 according to same style as ADSL2 Annex
BW up to 276 profile & PSD mask M
kHz
US0 with ext Defined in VDSL2 O - For symmetrical data rates on long loops
BW upto 552 Amendment 1
kHz
US0 above depending on M/O -
ISDN profile & PSD mask
All digital Only defined for O -
Mode North America
Reference 100 Ohm M 100 or
Design 135
Impedance Ohm

VDSL2 standard: features: PSD related (2)
VDSL2
Feature VDSL1 Notes
Downstream Programmable M - MIB controlled
PSD Shaping flexible shape
(within constraints)
Upstream PSD US0: defined in O -
Shaping Amendment 1
US1, US2… : M MIB controlled
Programmable
flexible shape
(within constraints)

VDSL2 standard: features: Test
VDSL2
Feature VDSL1 Notes
DELT Loop M - Special robust version of init for collecting
Diagnostics measurements on bad lines
Initialization
Mode
DELT params H(f), QLN(f), SNR(f), M - Dual Ended Line Testing test parameters
LATN, SATN, SNRM,
ATTNDR, ACTATP

VDSL2 standard: features: On-Line Reconfiguration (OLR)
VDSL2
Feature VDSL1 Notes
OLR: Bitswap Upto 128 tones M M Increased stability of link
simultaneously (upto 4
tones)
OLR: SRA defined in VDSL2 O - Seamless Rate Adaptation
Amendment 1
OLR: DRR For further study in - - Dynamic Rate Repartitioning
ITU
L2 low Not defined
power mode

VDSL2 standard: features: TPS-TC & PMS-TC
VDSL2
Feature VDSL1 Notes
TPS-TC PTM, ATM, STM O O 64/65B framing for PTM (no HDLC)
Single bearer so single Latency M M

path
Two bearers so dual Latency O O
paths
Interleaving Mandatory on M O VDSL1 has triangular interleaver that is
supported paths subset of GCI interleaver in VSDL2.

VDSL2 standard: features: Other
VDSL2
Feature VDSL1 Notes
Virtual Noise O -
VDSL2 M NA VDSL2 has improved initialization sequence

initialization compared to VDSL1.
VDSL2 M NA VDSL2 has improved framing compared to

framing VDSL1.

References
ITU-T G.993.2 Very high speed digital subscriber line transceivers 2

(VDSL2)
ITU-T G.994.1: Handshake procedures for digital subscriber line

transceivers
ITU-T G.997.1: Physical layer management for digital subscriber line

transceivers
ITU-T G.998.4: Improved impulse noise protection for DSL transceivers

VDSL2 bandplans

VDSL2 bandplans for region B
upstream downstream up or down up or no
997
997E17
(rather symmetrical)
997E30
HPE17
HPE30
HPE1230
HPE1730
3.0 5.1 7.05 10.125 19.5 27
998
998E17
(rather asymmetrical)
998E30
998ADE17
998ADE30
HPE998ADE1230
HPE998ADE1730
.025 .138 .276 3.75 5.2 8.5 12.0 14.0 17.664 21.45 24.89 30
Freq (MHz)

VDSL2 band plans - Distribution
Outside North-America, 998ADE is most used VDSL2 band plan

Region A band plan is similar to 998ADE (identical up to 17MHz)
VDSL2 bandplans for region B – US0 types
Band plans 998 and 997 + Variants

 Accommodate POTS & ISDN overlay
 Different US0 types
Band Band-edge frequencies
 Type A: “normal US0” plan (As defined in the generic band plan
 (25-138 kHz) Figure 7-1)
 Type M: “extended US0” f0L f0H f1 f2 f3 f4 f5

kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz
 (25-276 kHz)
25 138 138
 Type B: “shifted US0” 997 25 276 276 3000 5100 7050 12000
 (120-276 kHz)
 “No US0" (f0 = N/A) 25 138 138
25 276 276
998 3750 5200 8500 12000
120 276 276
N/A N/A 138
US0 DS1 US1 DS2 US2
TBD
f [MHz]
f0L f0H f1 f2 f3 f4 f5=12

Comparison between band plans 997 and 998
Band plan 997 Band plan 998
plan 997 – rather symmetrical band plan

down up down up
0.025 0.138 3.0 5.1 7.05 12.0 MHz
plan 998- – optimised for asymmetry

down up down up
Simulation conditions: 0.025 0.138 3.75 5.2 8.5 12.0 MHz
 20 self-crosstalkers (20 VDSL2 users in the same cable binder)

 0.5 mm cable
DSL Frequencies and Carriers for 998ADE17
ADSL2
ADSL2+
U
S DS1 US1 DS2 US2 DS3
0
25 138 3750 5200 8500 12000 17660 kHz

7 32 870 1205 1971 2782 4095 carrier
1104 2208
256 512

VDSL2 profiles and performance

VDSL2 Profile concept
Profiles
 Defines VDSL2 variants with different bandwidths and transmit powers
 Also defines the required range for key parameters to be supported
 Corresponds with defining various levels of hardware-complexity
Advantages:
 The “Profile concept” avoids the creation of separate standards e.g. VDSL2-,
VDSL2, VDSL2+, VDSL2++
 profiles are inspired by different deployment scenarios
 But standard does not explicitly limit the profiles to certain scenarios
 Deployment from the Exchange (FTTEx), cabinet (FTTCab), in-building (FTTB)
 profiles allow for optimal implementation in different environments
 prevent cost/density penalty for FTTEx and FTTCab
 prevent bandwidth limitation or power penalty for FTTB

VDSL2 Profile overview
Parameter 8a 8b 8c 8d 12a 12b 17a 30a

MAXATP DS 17.5 20.5 11.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5
(dBm)
MAXATP US 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5
(dBm)
Tone spacing 4.3125 4.3125 4.3125 4.3125 4.3125 4.3125 4.3125 8.625
(kHz)
Required Required Required Required Required Regional Regional Not
US0 support annex annex supported
dependent dependent
MBDC (Mbps) 50 50 50 50 68 68 100 200

DMAX 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 3072 4096
1/S DS 24 24 24 24 24 24 48 28
1/S US 12 12 12 12 24 24 24 28

Impact of VDSL2 Tx power on performance (1)
Comparison with ADSL2 & ADSL2plus

50
ADSL DS
ADSL2plus DS
ADSL2plus US =US0
40 VDSL2 20.5 DS 8b
VDSL2 17.5 DS 8a
VDSL2 14.5 DS 8d
VDSL2 14.5 US =US1
Capacity [Mb/s]
30
simulation result
20
10
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
PE040 loop length [m]
application of US0 is required to offer service on longer loops ( 1.3 km PE040)

VDSL2 higher Tx power considerations
Under idealized simulation conditions, boosting VDSL2 downstream Tx

power increases performance
attenuation @ VDSL2 downstream bitrate [Mb/s] VDSL1
PE040
300kHz 11.5 dBm 14.5 dBm 17.5 dBm 20.5 dBm 14.5 dBm
1000 m 14,2 dB 18.5 21.5 23.5 24.6 18.8
 In practice, performance improvement will be less due to implementation

impairments.
 More downstream Tx power does not always result in expected downstream
bit rate increase.
 Boost of downstream power may reduce upstream bit rate

VDSL2 higher Tx power considerations
Other considerations
 Higher Tx power will also increase power dissipation and may impact
achievable port density.
 Implementation needs compromise between performance and power
dissipation / port density.
 If all lines go to higher power, VDSL2 crosstalk will increase with the same
amount.
 performance will not change under crosstalk conditions.
Remote deployment does not require 20.5 dBm
 aggregate power within ETSI 998 Pcab.M2 mask (A) is 12.0 dBm
 with PSD shaping, aggregate power within mask depends upon shape, but is
always below Pex level
Conclusion: 20.5 dBm is not necessarily best choice!

Impact of VDSL bandwidth on performance
Larger Bandwidth enables additional upstream / downstream bands
 Figure shows simulation for bandplan of type D1 U1 D2 U2
 (no US0 simulated)
 Going from short to long loops: first U2 rate drops to zero, then D2, then U1
D1+D2
SIMULATION RESULTS
D1
U1+U2
U1

VDSL2 bit rates as function of used profile
80
8a US
70 8a DS
8b US
delta 12a-12b = US0
8b DS
60
8c US
theoretical gain of 17.5 dBm (8a) and 8c DS
bit rate [Mb/s]
50
20.5 dBm (8b) compared 8d US
to 14.5 dBm (8d) is 1.5 to 3.5 Mb/s 8d DS
40
12a US
12a DS
30
12b US
12b DS
20
17a US
17a DS
10
30a US
30a DS
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
FT04 loop length [m]
 Shown bit rates are simulations that 12x has advantage over 8x for US only
17a has advantage over 12x for <600m
show the concept 30a has advantage over 17a for <500m

Combining ADSL2+ and VDSL2 from the same cabinet
For loop longer than

e.g. 600m, profile 8b is
typically better when
combined with ADSL2+
in the same bundle

VDSL2 Power Spectral Density

Power Spectral Density (PSD)
 PSD = power per unit bandwidth

 Note : usually expressed in (m)Watts (or dBm) per Hertz
 PSD: proportional to power delivered by a signal in a frequency band
 The more power, the higher the crosstalk.
 Limits are placed on the PSDs of the transmit signals of new services in
order to ensure spectral compatibility with legacy systems.

VDSL2 Impulse Noise Protection

INP & Delay: Important Profile parameters
More D and S values for 17a
Interleaving Depth than for 12a. For high sync
 Dmax = Maximum Interleaving depth rates in interleaved mode, use
 No optional values, all mandatory 17a, possibly limited to 12MHz.
Parameter Parameter value for profile

8a 8b 8c 8d 12a 12b 17a 30a
Dmax up & downstream 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 3072 4096
(1/S)max
 (1/S)max = Max Nbr of RS words / DMT
Parameter Parameter value for profile MANDATORY VALUES
8a 8b 8c 8d 12a 12b 17a 30a

(1/S)max downstream 24 24 24 24 24 24 48 28
(1/S)max upstream 12 12 12 12 24 24 24 28
Parameter Parameter value for profile OPTIONAL EXTENDED

VALUES
8a 8b 8c 8d 12a 12b 17a 30a
(1/S)max downstream 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 32
(1/S)max upstream 32 32 32 32 64 64 64 32
INP & Delay in VDSL2
 Rp   Rp 
8  Dp    S p  Dp   
 2  q p   2  q p 
INP _ no _ erasure p  
Lp N FECp
SxDxR
S p  ( D p  1)  qp  2N
delay p   1  
qp  fs  N  SxD
 FECp 
4
total _ data _ raten 2  INP _ minn

rn   1
net _ data _ raten delay _ maxn  f s
delay_maxn is in milliseconds
fs is the data symbol rate in ksymbols/s

Impact of INP/delay on performance
Example: downstream for profile 12a/b
Net Data Rates INP_min

2 4 8 16
2 13056 0 0 0
4 37632 13056 0 0
8 60242 37632 13056 0
delay_max 16 60242 39168 24084 13056
(ms) 32 60242 39168 24084 13645
Percentage RSOH INP_min

2 4 8 16
2 48%
4 25% 48%
8 17% 25% 48%
delay_max 16 17% 24% 33% 48%
(ms) 32 17% 24% 33% 47%
Parameter Details
1/S downstream = 24, Dmax = 2048, No erasure detection

Impact of INP/delay on performance
Example: downstream bitrate for profile 17a (Kbps)
INP
delay
Parameter Details
(1/S)max downstream = 48, Dmax = 3072, No erasure detection

VDSL2 Interleaving

Interleaving in VDSL2: GCI interleaver
Message Check
vector bytes Data to be transmitted
RS word 0 RS word 1 RS word 2 RS word 3 RS word 4
K=9 R=6
N=q*I=15
1 DMT symbol in error:
5 lost bytes
I=5
D = interleaving depth
S=5/15 Transmitted Data
Received Data
RS word 0 RS word 1 RS word 2 RS word 3 RS word 4
1 Byte error
per bloc!
Correction Check Correction Check Correction Check Correction Check Correction Check

VDSL2 On-line reconfiguration

On-Line Reconfiguration (OLR) in VDSL2
Allows changes in control parameters without interruption of service and

without errors.
 Bit Swapping (BSW): to maintain a stable margin in slowly varying line

conditions (under constraint of constant data rate)
Mandatory support by VTU-O and VTU-R
Up to 128 tones simultaneously.
 Seamless Rate Adaptation (SRA): to dynamically change total data rate

(e.g. as an alternative to re-initialisation when slowly changing line
conditions would drop the SNR margin below the minimum required)
 Save Our Showtime (SOS): a means to rapidly perform a bit loading

reduction in a specified part of the frequency spectrum. This can be used in
case of sudden noise increases.

Seamless Rate Adaptation (SRA) principle
When the noise margin is higher than the “upshift noise margin” the
bit rate is increased
 The bit rate will increase till the noise margin gets below the upshift
margin or till the rate reaches the max rate
 SRA upshifts will only go back to TNM+1 [dB], not to TNM!
When the noise margin is lower than the “downshift noise margin” the
bit rate is decreased
 The bit rate will decrease till the noise margin gets above the downshift
margin or till the rate reaches the min rate
 SRA downshifts will only go back up to TNM-1 [dB], not to TNM.
Downstream: the CPE sends SRA requests to the CO with OLR messages
over the EOC channel:
 The rate change occurs if the measured noise margin stays above or
below the shift margin for a long enough (programmable) time

Seamless Rate Adaptation operational
Noise margin
Max. NM
downshift rate
adaptation
Upshift NM upshift rate time
upshift rate
+1dB adaptation adaptation
TNM -1dB
time time
Downshift NM Actual noise margin
Min. NM
bit rate t
Max.
configured bit
rate
Min. Actual bit rate

configured bit
rate

SRA operational example:
Attainable bit rate
Actual bit rate
SRA is receiver triggered.

 SRA behaviour could differ from vendor to vendor!
Shot taken from Alcatel-Lucent 5530 Network Analyzer

Seamless Rate Adaptation
For ADSL2(+)  not enough flexibility (only S)

 SRA works fine in fast mode
 Don’t use SRA for video on ADSL2+, where interleaving is required
For VDSL2  interleaving depth is flexible

 SRA can now also be used in interleaved mode and also in G.inp!
 Max.128 carriers can change bit loading in parallel
 SRA is triggered on overall noise margin (not per band!)
 SRA is meant for slowly varying noise
 Do not configure e.g. a timer as short as 2s for downshift
 For strongly fluctuating noise, other mechanisms are more suitable
Recommended: use SRA with VDSL2 to increase stability!

Recommended settings for SRA
For a stable VDSL2 line in SRA, increase noise margins for SRA;
 upshift NM (by default 7 dB  increase to e.g. 8 or 9 dB)
 to avoid toggling
 downshift NM (by default 2 dB  increase to 5 dB)
 to have a more stable line
In order to adapt bit rate more quickly:

 Timer for upshift NM = 60s (or even 30s) (instead of 300s)
 Useful in case of ‘vectoring gain during show-time’
 (but recommended to use ‘vectoring gain at-init’ instead!)
 Timer for downshift NM = 5s (instead of 30s)
 with a bit of luck, there will not be 10 consecutive SES then

SRA - Differences between ADSL2(+) and VDSL2
VDSL2: Dynamic Interleaver (GCI)

 Dynamic Interleaver Depth
 Dynamic Framing Parameters
Preservation of INP and Delay after SRA

 Changing of interleaving depth and framing parameters can properly readjust
the actual INP and delay
New MIB parameter

 Maximum Delay Variation
(only for VDSL2)
 maximum delay variation allowed in
an OLR procedure

Configuring Seamless Rate Adaptation
In service profile
 RA mode = dynamic
 max. delay variation
In spectrum profile
 upshift and downshift noise margin (US and DS)
For more
stable lines.

Configuring SRA using CLI
configure xdsl service-profile <INDEX> name <NAME>

 ra-mode-up dynamic
 ra-mode-down dynamic
 max-delay-var-dn <…>
 max-delay-var-up <…>
configure xdsl spectrum-profile <INDEX> name <NAME>
 rau-noise-down 100 (upshift NM for DS = 10 dB)
 rau-noise-up 100
 rad-noise-down 50 (downshift NM for DS = 5 dB)
 rad-noise-up 50
 rau-time-down 30 (timer for upshift DS = 30s)
 rau-time-up 30
 rad-time-down 5 (timer for downshift DS = 5s)
 rad-time-up 5

Recommended settings for SRA upshift/downshift
For legacy VDSL2 and for Vectoring at initialization:
For Vectoring during show-time (SRA must react faster):

Impulse Noise Monitor

Why Impulse Noise Monitor?
Monitor impulse noise to finetuning IFEC settings
Impulse Noise Monitor

Used for VDSL2 only
Impulse Noise types:
 SHINE: Single High Impulse Noise Event
 REIN: Repetitive Impulse Noise
INM is used to optimize INP/delay configuration per line

 monitor the size and inter-arrival time of impulse noise events
 what INP & delay is required to protect the line against this IN?
 afterwards you can manually configure min INP and max delay
 or via 5530 Network Analyzer
 not via the service profile, but with DSL override

INM – How does it work? Which parameters play a role?
Enable impulse noise monitoring per port.
Impulse noise monitoring measures:

 the size (= cluster length) of IN events (in DMT symbols)
 the interval between IN events (Inter-Arrival Time)
 Available in 15’ or 24h counters (like PM counters)
Parameters:
 cluster continuation
 equivalent INP mode
 inter-arrival time offset
 inter-arrival time step

VDSL2 INM building blocks
 The impulse noise sensor (INS) indicates whether a data symbol is severely
degraded or not.
 The cluster indicator indicates short groups of severely degraded data
symbols as clusters.
 In the Eq INP generation block, the "equivalent INP" of the cluster is
generated.
 In the IAT generation block, the inter-arrival time (IAT) is generated as the
number of data symbols from the start of a cluster to the start of the next
cluster.

Cluster continuation (INMCC)
time (s)
INMCC = 4, higher  1 pulse/burst

INMCC = 3  2 pulses/burst
INM can detect if a DMT is damaged or not

 granularity = 1 DMT
Some IN bursts contain several pulses
Recommended: cluster continuation = 2 DMT symbols

Equivalent INP mode
Select mode 3 for optimal INP/delay settings
 mode 0  impulses length

 no clustering (INMCC = 0)
 mode 1  cluster length (consider the gaps as corrupted)

 optimizes stability, overestimates INP -> overkill
 mode 2  sum of impulses

 optimizes bit rate, underestimates INP
 mode 3 = gap compensated (formula defined in standard)

  optimal setting
 mode 4  VTU’s own estimate (proprietary)

Equivalent INP histogram
Counts and records what INP was needed to protect the line at the
moment an impulse noise occurs.
 Corresponds to recording the impulse noise length taking into account the
cluster continuation parameter.
 Each IN event is counted in a bin number that corresponds to the
equivalent INP value
 17 bins record the equivalent INP.
 In case the equivalent INP reaches 17 or higher, no further distinction is
made. All are counted in bin 17
count

Inter-arrival time offset and step
Offset: starting from which IAT will we start recording

8 bins are defined for recording the IAT of each IN event:
 bin IAT0 for all IATs lower than the offset
 IAT1 for all IATs between the offset and offset + 2^step
 IAT2 for all IATs between the offset + 2^step and offset + 2*2^step
 …
 IAT7 for all IATs greater than offset + 6*2^step
offset
IAT
2 3 4 
IAT0 IAT1 IAT2 IAT3 IAT4 IAT5 IAT6 IAT7
bins

Inter-arrival step
STEP Granularity of 1 bin

Defines the IAT histogram granularity! 0 1 symbol = ¼ ms
 Acts as a zoom function in the IAT 1 2 symbols = ½ ms
histogram 2 4 symbols = 1ms
 Possible values: 0 .. 7 3 8 symbols = 2ms
 Bin size = 2^IAT-STEP 4 16 symbols = 4ms
5 32 symbols = 8ms
6 64 symbols = 16ms
7 128 symbols = 32ms
2IAT STEP [ DMTsymbols]

offset
IAT

IAT0 IAT1 IAT2 IAT3 IAT4 IAT5 IAT6 IAT7
bins

Inter-arrival time histogram
Displays the distribution of the inter-arrival time in 8 bins

 the maximum interleaving delay can be derived from this info
count

Conclusion: which INP settings to configure on the port?
Suggested “minimum INP” setting

 Should equal the index of the highest bin with a non-zero count
Suggested “maximum delay” setting
 Max.delay should remain below the REIN period.
This REIN corresponds to the lowest Inter-Arrival Time recorded.
Attention: Low delays and high INPs increase the RS-overhead and
decrease the net data rate
Note that with G.inp, there’s little need to know the exact settings for
min. INP and max. delay!
 hence, the INM is rarely used.

5530 NA-C LQD result: IAT histogram in LQD report
Blue for downstream; red for upstream

logarithmic scale

Result: recommended values for minINP and max delay
Based on the histograms, you can derive the optimal minINP and
maxDelay settings
 E.g. min INP = 2 – max delay = 8 ms
Beyond repair for IFEC (max INP=16)

Configuring INM using CLI
First enable INM on the line:

 configure xdsl line 1/1/6/1 imp-noise-sensor
Configure INM settings for downstream:
 configure xdsl imp-noise-sensor far-end 1/1/6/1
 inm-mode enable
 inm-eq-inp-mode mode-3
 inm-cluster-cont 2
 inm-iat-offset 32
 inm-iat-step 2
Configure INM settings for upstream (similar settings):
 configure xdsl imp-noise-sensor near-end 1/1/6/1

Hands-on
Enable Impulse Noise Monitor on

your port.
 In AMS:
 First enable impulse noise monitor
(and click Apply)
 Then enable monitoring status up and
down
 Group by cluster continuation
mechanism = 2
 Mode of construction of INM Equiv INP
histograms = gap compensated
 Offset applied on the class intervals of
IAT histograms = 32 (or 36)
 Width of the class intervals of IAT
histograms (step) = 2 (i.e. 1 ms)

VDSL2 Initialization

VDSL2 Initialization
max 10sec max 10sec max 10sec
Handshake
Channel Discovery Training Channel Analysis Showtime
G.994.1
negotiate Channel discovery Echo Measure Data

capabilities + set cancelling, channel communication
+ select a Tx PSD, main refine timing characteristics
mode of modulation advance, … and set
operation parameters parameters to
be used.
Apply Tx PSD Set basic
Apply UPBO US and DS VDSL
parameters
Full crosstalk
transient appears
on neighboring
lines
Handshake
Initiated and controlled by the CPE (HSTU-R)

4 possible basic transactions:
A: Mode Select + Ack
B: Mode Request + Mode Select + Ack
C: Capabilities Request + Capabilities List + Ack + A,B or D
D: Mode Proposal + Mode Select + Ack
Extended transactions:

Mandatory G.hs carrier sets US & DS for VDSL2
Upstream carrier Downstream carrier

sets sets
Profile requiring US0 A43 9 17 25 40 56 64
Profile requiring US0 A43c 9 17 25 257 293 337
Profile requiring US0 B43 37 45 53 72 88 96
Profile not requiring US0 V43 944 972 999 257 383 511

Handshake tones (2 different CPEs)

Improved Initialization in VDSL2
In VDSL, the pilot tones can be shaped (PSD shaping) on the DSLAM (Tx
power level)
VDSL2: Receiver selects the optimal data rate and configuration

 within the constraints signaled by the DSLAM
 max/min rates ( “net_max”, “net_min”)
 margin settings (TARSNRM, MINSNRM, MAXSNRM)
 “delay_max” = max interleaving delay
 Remark: total delay = 2 msec + interleaving delay
 “INP_min” = min Impulse Noise Protection

Initialization
G.994.1 G.Handshake Phase: Message content

 VDSL2 has minimal information in G.hs messages compared to ADSL2
 Most information shifted into “main” initialization
 Most important parameters exchanged in G.hs:
 Supported profiles (could be more than one)
 Bandplan (general method using start & stop frequencies)
 US0 type
 Type A, B, M (note: via US0 type field)
 Most important parameters shifted to “main” INIT
 PSD Masks to be used (DS+US)
 (general method using breakpoints)
 TPS-TC & Bearer Information (INP, Delay, ATM, PTM …)

Channel Discovery
The following tasks are completed during channel discovery:

 Timing recovery and selection of pilot tone(s);
 Establish communication between the VTUs over the SOC;
 Exchange information necessary to set up the PSDs for both transmission
directions; and
 Verify, adjust and exchange various parameter values necessary to
enter the training phase (IDFT sizes, CE length, window length and
others).

SOC messages during discovery phase

Training phase
SOC messages:
R-TA_UPDATE also contains parameters for G.inp and G.vector

Channel Analysis and Exchange phase
SOC messages:
R-TA_UPDATE also contains parameters for G.inp and G.vector

O_MSG1 description

O_MSG1 TPS-TC capabilities - channel description
Minimum net data rate (net_minn)

Maximum net data rate (net_maxn)
Reserved net data rate (net_reserven) (Note)
Maximum interleaving delay
Impulse noise protection and dynamic interleaver reconfiguration
TPS-TC options

O_MSG1 PMS-TC capabilities
Downstream OLR capabilities [rrufdsii]
 f = downstream framing reconfiguration (change of Tp, Gp and Bp0) support.
 d is reserved by ITU-T for future use and shall be set to ZERO.
 s = downstream SRA (change of Lp, bi, gi) support.
 ii = 00 if interleaver reconfiguration (change of Dp) is not supported,
 ii = 01 if interleaver reconfiguration is supported on one downstream latency path,
 ii = 11 if interleaver reconfiguration is supported on both downstream latency paths,
 ii = 10 is reserved by the ITU-T.
 u = downstream SOS support
 rr=00 ROC in the downstream direction is not supported at the VTU-O.
 rr=01 ROC in the downstream direction is supported, but dual latency mode is not.
 rr=11 ROC and dual latency mode shall be supported in the downstream direction, but only one of
these can be enabled at a given time.
 rr = 10 is reserved by the ITU-T.
Max DS net data rate for latency

Max US net data rate for latency
DS (1/S)max
US (1/S)max

O-TPS description
The O-TPS message conveys the TPS-TC configuration for both the
upstream and the downstream directions. It is based on the capabilities
that were indicated in O-MSG 1 and R-MSG 2.

O-TPS: TPS-TC configuration
Mapped configurations of upstream bearer channels and TPS-TC types: PTM

Downstream rate adaptation ratio
Bearer channel descriptor
Minimum net data rate (net_minn)

Maximum net data rate (net_maxn)
Reserved net data rate (net_reserven) (Note)
Maximum interleaving delay
Impulse noise protection and dynamic interleaver reconfiguration
TPS-TC options

O-PMS message
The values exchanged in Fields #8 to #11 shall be valid during initialization and
showtime. In particular, interleaver reconfiguration in a given latency path shall not lead
to an interleaver delay that exceeds the values exchanged in O-PMS for that latency
path. Any OLR command that results in a delay value that is higher than the one
exchange during initialization shall be rejected.

O-PMD message
Initialization status:
 Initialization success
 Configuration error
 Configuration not feasible on line
 Feature not supported

Channel Initialization policies
Within the limit of the total data rate provided by the local PMD, the selected transceiver parameters
shall meet all of the constraints communicated by the transmitter prior to the channel analysis and
exchange phase, including:
 Message overhead data rate ≥ Minimum message overhead data rate;
 Net data rate ≥ Minimum net data rate for all bearer channels;
 Impulse noise protection ≥ Minimum impulse noise protection for all bearer channels;
 Delay ≤ Maximum delay for all bearer channels;
 SNR Margin ≥ TARSNRM.
If CIPolicy = 0
Maximize NDR, in excess of the sum of the minimum net data rate (see clause 12.3.5).
Minimize excess margin with respect to MAXSNRM through gain adjustments (see clause 10.3.4.2).
If CIPolicy = 1
If the minimum NDR = maximum NDR then Maximize INP_actn
If the minimum NDR <> maximum NDR then
1. Maximize NDR
2. maximize INP_actn
3. Minimize excess margin with respect to the MAXSNRM
If CIPolicy = 2
1. Maximize NDR
2. maximize SNRMn
3. Minimize excess margin with respect to the MAXSNRM

Channel Initialization policies with ROC
Within the limit of the total data rate provided by the local PMD, the selected transceiver parameters
shall meet all of the constraints communicated by the transmitter prior to the channel analysis and
exchange phase, including:
 Message overhead data rate ≥ Minimum message overhead data rate
 Net data rate ≥ Minimum net data rate
 Impulse noise protection ≥ Minimum impulse noise protection
 Delay ≤ Maximum delay
 SNR Margin ≥ TARSNRM
 SNR Margin for the ROC ≥ TARSNRM
If CIPolicy = 0
1. Maximize the SNR Margin for the ROC up to TARSNRM-ROC
2. Maximize NDR, in excess of the sum of the minimum net data rates over all bearer channels (see
clause 12.3.5).
3. Maximize the SNR Margin for the ROC above TARSNRM-ROC
4. Minimize excess margin with respect to the MAXSNRM through gain adjustments (see clause 10.3.4.2)

Loop diagnostic mode
Test parameters exchanged during the loop diagnostic mode.

Dual Ended Line Test

Dual Ended Line Testing (DELT): Concept
Mandatory support in VDSL2

 was not defined in VDSL1, similar to ADSL2
For trouble-shooting during and after installation and performance

monitoring during show-time
 provides extra info on line quality and noise conditions at both ends
 allows for more accurate loop diagnostics
3 modes:
 in-service (show-time) monitoring: data collected during show-time sent
autonomously or on request
 normal initialization measurements: data collected during init are
exchanged at start of show-time
 special “Loop Diagnostic mode” initialization: extra-robust initialization
under operator control for when line quality is too poor to reach show-time

Dual Ended Line Testing: Test parameters
Parameters
 Channel Characteristics Function H(f) per subcarrier-group (CCF-ps)
 Quiet Line Noise PSD QLN(f) per subcarrier-group (QLN-ps)
 Signal-to-Noise Ratio SNR(f) per subcarrier-group (SNR-ps)
 Loop Attenuation per band (LATN-pb)  at init only - on all carriers
 Signal Attenuation per band (SATN-pb)  on all used carriers
 Signal-to-Noise Ratio Margin: per band (SNRM-pb) and over all bands (SNRM)
 Attainable Net Data Rate (ATTNDR)
 Actual Aggregate Transmit Power (ACTATP)
Subcarrier-grouping
 In ADSL2: reported per carrier
 In VDSL2: too many carriers
=> solution : reporting per group of 1, 2, 4, 8 carriers =>
max nr of groups = 512

Dual Ended Line Testing: Parameter access
Special
Showtime
Initialisation diagnostic
update
mode
Hlin(f) - - 
Hlog(f)  - 
QLN(f)  - 
Autonomously
SNR(f)  
or on request
LATN  - 
Autonomously
SATN  
or on request
Autonomously
SNRM  
or on request
Autonomously
ATTNDR  
or on request
Autonomously
ACTATP  
or on request
 Exactly the same as ADSL2

DELT parameters
loop diagnostics (LD) initialization

•ISM = In-Service Monitoring
•CD = Carrier Data
•CD+ = Carrier Data with reinit
DELT: loop diagnostics mode e.g. impulse •LD = Loop Diagnostic
noise
Measurable parameters, but they are not necessarily shown in the 5530
NA-C reports

How to enable carrier data collection?
Carrier data: SNR, QLN, TxPSD, Hlog, bi, gi

 By default, carrier data collection is disabled.
AMS:
CLI:
 configure xdsl line <R/S/LT/P> carrier-data-mode
 off / on / on-init

Display carrier data for a given port
show xdsl carrier-data far-end < / / / > detail

Example: degraded (intermittent) contact
LATN and SATN higher in US0 than in US1!
Hlog shows a strong attenuation for low frequencies and dips

(harmonics like for a bridged tap)
“normal” Hlog
degraded contact

Impact of bridged tap on loop attenuation
A bridged tap of 15m

cannot be detected in
the ADSL(2+) spectrum.
Min. length of tap to be

detectable:
ADSL2  45 m
ADSL2+  30 m
VDSL2  10 m
Bridged tap of 15m @ CPE side

Bridge taps – a field case
Second fault
removed = HIDDEN
bridge tap
First fault removed
= phone set
inserted by
customer
LPF

Initial status: both faults present

Intermediate status: first fault removed

Final status: both faults removed

Anomalies in Hlog (1/3)
Single bridge tap Two co-located bridge taps of

 Regularly-spaced dips different length
 2 series of regularly spaced dips
 Dip spacing function of tap length
 Dip spacings function of bridge-
tap lengths

Two non-co-located bridge taps of One-wire tap

different length  Same series of dips as normal
• 3 series of regularly spaced dips bridge tap but smaller dips
• Dip spacings function of bridge-
tap lengths and distance between
bridge-taps

Mismatched segment (different Missing POTS splitter

impedance) • Single dip (resonance of phone input
• Regularly spaced bumps circuit)
• Bumps spacing function of • Dip frequency function of phone
mismatched segment length model and state (on-hook/off-hook)
• Bumps “height” function of
mismatch level

Stability and in-house network
Successful VDSL deployment depends on in-house wiring

 Central splitter required to avoid bridged taps
 Provide clear guidelines for self-installation & send technician
Outside pair
Flat or twisted pair
Twisted pair
 Troubleshooting using 5530 NA-C to detect problems

 Missing splitter - Bridged tap - Bad contact – Untwisted wiring

Quiet Line Noise
Noise measured when the line is quiet (at initialization)

 background noise + crosstalk + RFI
In above QLN, you see that the neighboring lines apply UPBO.
 low crosstalk in US1 and US2
Example of impairment visible in QLN:
 high crosstalk levels might occur due to bad wiring by the operator in the
cable  so called split pairs

Quiet Line Noise – PSU RFI
Harmonics from Power Supply Unit RFI

 in this case at DSLAM (upstream band)

DELT parameters in AMS – Object Details  Channel
Attainable Net Data Rate

DELT parameters in AMS - Object Details  Line
LATN
SATN
SNRM
ACTATP

Hands-on
5520 AMS:
 Enable carrier data collection with re-initialization (normal)
 Look for all DELT parameters. Are they all present?
5530 NA:
 Launch a Line Quality Diagnosis (not a short diagnosis!) on your port.
 Forced mode:
 Duration: 10min
 Polling: every 20s
 with NORMAL_INIT
 no INM
 Look at the results: carrier data (bit loading, SNR, QLN, Hlog)
 Do you see line/loop attenuation and signal attenuation?
 Where do you see the actual NDR and the attainable NDR?
 What is the aggregate transmit power (upstream / downstream)?

References
ITU-T G.993.2 Very high speed digital subscriber line transceivers 2

(VDSL2)
ITU-T G.994.1: Handshake procedures for digital subscriber line

transceivers
ITU-T G.997.1: Physical layer management for digital subscriber line

transceivers
ITU-T G.998.4: Improved impulse noise protection for DSL transceivers

End of module
VDSL2 - Basics


3FL00452-S02M01-VDSL2 Basics

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02· 01 · 1 COPYRIGHT © ALCATEL-LUCENT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:

explain the DSL basics

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VDSL2 uses Discrete Multi Tone

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line code DMT

transport mode ATM, STM & PTM (EFM)

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ITU defined an Amendment 1 to G.993.2

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Amendment 2 to Recommendation ITU-T G.993.2 (2011) covers:

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Ref.: IEEE Std 802.3-2005 chapter 61.3.3.1

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The incoming frames are scrambled, encoded

MUX Overhead Additionally, the PMS-TC layer provides an

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1. Incoming datastream split in small groups of bits

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Trellis M - Improves coding gain by 5.5 dB

Max. delay 0,1,…63 msec M - = Interleaving delay (not including 2 msec

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Single bearer so single Latency M M

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VDSL2 M NA VDSL2 has improved initialization sequence

VDSL2 M NA VDSL2 has improved framing compared to

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ITU-T G.993.2 Very high speed digital subscriber line transceivers 2

ITU-T G.994.1: Handshake procedures for digital subscriber line

ITU-T G.997.1: Physical layer management for digital subscriber line

ITU-T G.998.4: Improved impulse noise protection for DSL transceivers

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Outside North-America, 998ADE is most used VDSL2 band plan

Band plans 998 and 997 + Variants

 Type M: “extended US0” f0L f0H f1 f2 f3 f4 f5

US0 DS1 US1 DS2 US2

f0L f0H f1 f2 f3 f4 f5=12

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plan 997 – rather symmetrical band plan

0.025 0.138 3.0 5.1 7.05 12.0 MHz

plan 998- – optimised for asymmetry

Simulation conditions: 0.025 0.138 3.75 5.2 8.5 12.0 MHz

 20 self-crosstalkers (20 VDSL2 users in the same cable binder)

25 138 3750 5200 8500 12000 17660 kHz

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Parameter 8a 8b 8c 8d 12a 12b 17a 30a