PRINCIPLES OF EE 1

KVL: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law KCL: Kirchhoff’s Current Law

➔ The sum of all the voltages around a loop ➔ The current entering any junction is equal to
is equal to zero. v1 + v2 + v3 - v4 = 0 the current leaving that junction. i2 + i3 = i1 + i4

NODE-VOLTAGE METHOD:
Basic case

Supernode

➔ In this circuit, VA is between two unknown voltages,

and is therefore a supernode.
MESH-CURRENT METHOD:

Supermesh Dependent sources

Source Transformation
THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT: V Thevenin = V Open Circuit

Example:

1. Original circuit
2. The equivalent voltage
3. The equivalent resistance
4. The equivalent circuit
NORTON’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT: I Norton = I Short Circuit

Example:

1. The original circuit

2. Calculating the equivalent output current
3. Calculating the equivalent resistance
4. Design the Norton equivalent circuit
 2
𝑉𝑇ℎ
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER: 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = , 𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑇ℎ
4𝑅𝐿
Example:

SUPERPOSITION:

Current Source → Open Circuit

Voltage Source → Short Circuit

Adding 2 currents has been found to get the result:

THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER: