Trends

3 rd Quarter – Reviewer

Understanding Trends
Community of inquiry- gathering of inquiries where questions are not meant with condemnation, hostility,
or rejection but are welcomed and evaluated with critical minds in order to arrive at acceptable, well -
formulated, and well- informed answers.
The question quadrant- illustrates four kinds of questions that can be raised in relation to a given stimulus
Questions are either closed or open
Open- those that do not have definite answers
Closed- those that have definite answers

4 AREAS OF THE QUESTION QUADRANT

1. Comprehension- houses those questions that are closed and seek to find answers about the text
2. Research- admits questions that are closed and search for answers that are beyond the text
3. Speculation- reflects questions that are open, but the answers that they seek can be found within
the context of the text/stimulus
4. Philosophical- offers questions that are open and tries to find answers beyond what is provided by
the text/stimulus

Procedural questions- help clarify the logic behind the thinking of others
Zeitgeist- “time spirit”
Trend- can be understood as a “spirit” that prevails during a particular time.
It is a directed movement or behavior- it can be positive or negative, good or bad, stable or erratic.
Fad- is something that people are highly interested in for a relatively short period of time.
ELEMENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF A TREND
Appeal- degree of attraction
Result- pertains to impact of a fad or trend
Scope- extent of influence of a fad or trend
Support- the structure that enables a fad or trend to be sustainable
Sustainability- refers to the length of time that a fad or trend can continue to exist
Value- pertains to the utility or usefulness that can be derived from a fad or trend.

EMERGENCE OF TRENDS
Experience- for John Locke, is comprised of sensation and reflection
Abstraction- is the process of focusing on a particular aspect of these ideas while disregarding other
aspects.
3 STAGES OF PATTERN RECOGNITION
1. Representation
2. Generalization
3. Evaluation

Democratic Interventions
Democracy- coming from the Greek words demos, which means” the people” and kratein, which means “to
rule”. Thus, democracy literally means “rule by the people”.

ELEMENTS OF MODERN DEMOCRACY

Rule of law- ensures that the rights and freedoms of citizens are protected; “no one is above the law”.
Separation of powers- powers should be distributed within the government as well to make provisions for
checks and balances and to curb the tendency for democracy to regress to dictatorship.
a. Presidential system
b. Parliamentary system
c. Mixed system
Basic rights and freedoms- human rights, civil rights, political rights
Suffrage- within the legal age, every citizen has the right to participate in elections by casting a vote
Freedom of speech- the citizens are able to voice out their agreement, disagreement, affirmations,
criticisms and proposals to the government.
Pluralism- this entails that the people are entitled to diverse beliefs and opinions

TYPES OF DEMOCRACY
Direct democracy (pure democracy)
Indirect democracy (representative democracy)

DIMENSIONS OF DEMOCRACY
The people- citizens of a nation wherein these citizens are regarded as equals.
Equality- equal in the eyes of the law (moral equality)
Common good- every action done by these public servants, in relation to their respective offices, should
be done for the well-being of the people and not for their personal well-being.
Representation- appropriate and necessary actions within the government that would be beneficial for the
common good of the people.

DEMOCRACY AND OTHER FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

Aristocracy- people are ruled by members of the nobility or those who belong to the upper class of society.
Capitalism- people are allowed to own properties or businesses for purposes of profit
Communism- classless society through the equal sharing of goods by the people
Constitutional monarchy- exists side by side with a monarchy
Democracy- power to rule resides in the people
Despotism- people are governed by a single individual who treats the people as slaves
Dictatorship- ruled by an individual who has absolute governing power and assumes the roles of the three
branches of the government-executive, legislative, judiciary (Nazi Germany under Hitler)
Federalism- government power is shared between a central government and a group of regional or local
governments. (USA)
Monarchy- people are ruled by a monarch
Oligarchy- people are ruled by a few wealthy and powerful people
Regional or local- people in a specific locale are ruled by a group of leaders whose ruling power is only
limited within the confines of the locales they serve.
Republic- people are ruled by an elected president
Revolutionary- existing government is forcibly overthrown by revolutionary forces
Socialism- businesses that are involved in the production and distribution of goods and basic utilities
Timocracy- leaders are chosen on the basis of being honorable
Totalitarian- only a single political party is recognized
Transitional- exists when a country is undergoing transition from one form of government to another
Tyranny- people are ruled by a wealthy person who wields the power to rule by overthrowing those who
are in power through means that are not prescribed by law.

Information and Communication Technology

Charles Babbage- produced the initial designs of the computer back in 1883
Konrad Zuse- assembled the first electronic calculator in 1931
Guglielmo Marconi- invented wireless telegraphy in 1894 which paved the way for the development of the
radio in the 20th century.
Alexander Graham Bell- invented in 1876 the telephone.
The Digital Divide- the natural consequence of advancements in ICT which refers to the discrepancy in
people’s access and skills to ICT.
3 DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DISPARITY OF THE DIGITAL DIVIDE
1. Notion of the global digital divide
2. Unequal opportunities for ICT within countries.
3. Participation in a democracy and the possibilities that may develop after the digital revolution.
EFFECTS OF ICT IN A COUNTRY ARE INFLUENCED BY THREE FACTORS:
1. Existing ICT infrastructure;
2. Level of education, skills and income in the country; and
3. ICT policy and regulation of the government and the level of e-government
 Mass Media

Mass Media- “mass”, - bulk, quantity, or many, and “media” - channels, or vehicles.
Mass Communication- the act, process, or study of communicating with a large number of people.
HISTORY OF MASS MEDIA
The Book of the Dead (1400 BC)
Acta Diurna (100 BC)- first newssheet
Johannes Gutenberg- invented the first printing press and movable type
Nieuwe Tidingen- first version of the printed newspaper published in Belgium around 1605
Oxford Gazette- first newspaper in the form and style that we know today. 1665.
Friedrich Koenig- “upgraded” Gutenberg’s invention by connecting it to a steam engine that made printing
efficient.
19th- mid 20th century- beginning with the advent of recordings in the 1890s
1910- cinemas
1920s-radios
Mid century- television

THE SEVEN MASS MEDIA

1. Print
2. Recordings
3. Cinema
4. Radio
5. Television
6. Internet
7. Mobile Phones
 Neural and Social Networks
Network- is a relationship structure wherein the members of the network are able to share resources
Social Capital- networks together with shared norms, values, and understandings that facilitate
cooperation within or among groups.
Linkages- are those that connect each individual entity within a network.
Bonds- links to people based on sense of common identity (“people like us)- such as family, close
friends and people who share out culture or ethnicity.
Bridges- links that stretch beyond a shared sense of identity, for example to distant friends, colleagues
and associates.
Linkages- links to people or groups further up or lower down the social ladder.
Biological (or the nervous system)- solely focuses on the vertebrate nervous system.
Brain- (control room) is comprised of:

• Cerebellum (telencephalon)- divided into two cerebral hemispheres, the left and right.
• Primary Cortical fields- to process qualitative information, such as visual perceptions that enable
us to see objects in the world.
• Association Cortical fields- has to do with sorting and accessing memory, thinking, and abstract
reasoning.
• Thalamus- relays information to and from the cerebral cortex and various muscles and sensory
organs
• Hypothalamus- regulates essential autonomic bodily functions such as cardiac rhythm among
others.
• Truncus Cerebri (brain stem)- links the brain and the spinal cord,without which, information from
different parts of the body will never reach the brain. The brain stem is responsible for our reflex
actions.
• Neurons- are networks within the brain that control the relay of information from input to output.

Good Luck!