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Effect of Conventional Multistage Savonius wind Turbines on the Performance of

the Turbine at Low Wind Velocity

Article in Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems · November 2019
DOI: 10.5373/JARDCS/V11I11/20193192

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Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 11, No. 11, 2019

Effect of Conventional Multistage Savonius

wind Turbines on the Performance of the
Turbine at Low Wind Velocity
Nawfal M. Ali, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
E-mail: me-21326@uotechnlogy.edu.iq
Dr.A.K. Abdul Hassan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
E-mail: dr.abdul-hassn@uotechnlogy.edu.iq
Dr. Sattar Aljabair, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
E-mail: 200.10@uotechnlogy.edu.iq
Abstract--- This paper presents a model for the evaluation of the optimal design of Savonius vertical wind turbine
by CFD analysis and experimental tests, through analyzing the stage number, number of blades and tip speed ratio.
For this purpose, a full validation campaign has been carried out through a systematic comparison of numerical
simulations with wind tunnel experiments data and other references for grid dependency and correlation coefficient.
In this case, results show that the correlation coefficient (0.936) better than the correlation coefficient (0.93) in
reference [17]. Also, grid dependency was included and described by average y+ values between 1-5.The
experiments were done for all Savonius wind turbine models by using a subsonic wind tunnel under open type test
section with airflow speed was 3 m/s and different tip speed ratio TSR. The results show that the power coefficient
Cp increases when TSR increases to a certain value then decreases for all models. The torque coefficient CT
decreases when TSR increases for all models. Savonius wind turbine performance with two blades rotor good
agreement was obtained between experimental and numerical results gave better results than other models at low
wind speed. The maximum experimental Cp and CT for two brackets rotor are 0.23 at TSR 0.685 and 0.402 at TSR
0.175 respectively.
Keywords--- Savonius Wind Turbine, Multistage, Multi Blades, Two Stage, Low Wind Velocity.

Nomenclature PAV available power in the wind (W)

power produced from turbine
A swept area of turbine (m2) PT
(W)
Cp power coefficient P static pressure
CT torque coefficient T dynamic torque (N.m)
CTs static torque coefficient Ta ambient temperature (K)
d Blade chord length (mm) Tor torque (N.m)
D rotor diameter (mm) Ts static torque (N.m)
Do end plate diameter (mm) TSR tip speed ratio
e overlap distance (mm) ���⃗̅
u relative velocity of fluid
F force (N) V free stream velocity (m/s)
Reynolds Averaged Navier-
H blade height (mm) RANS
Stokes
H1 Stage one height (mm) SST Shear Stress Transport
H2 Stage two height (mm) VAWT Vertical axis wind turbine
n number of experimental results WT Wind Turbine
R radius of turbine rotor ����⃗̅
Ω rotational speed (rpm)
R2 correlation coefficient µ viscosity(Pa.s)
Rg gas constant (287 J/kg.K) ρ air density (kg/m3)
𝑟𝑟⃗ position vector ω angular velocity (rad/s)
rp radius of pulley (mm) Sui Centrifugal and Coriolis force
Patm atmospheric pressure (Pa) τij Average shear stress

DOI: 10.5373/JARDCS/V11I11/20193192
ISSN 1943-023X 229
Received: 15 Sep 2019/Accepted: 12 Oct 2019
Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 11, No. 11, 2019

I. Introduction
In the latest years, wind energy has become one of the most important technologies in economic renewable
energy. Today, wind turbines use proven and tested technology to generating electricity power, and provide a secure
and sustainable energy supply.
To compete with others it had to cope with the least affirmative conditions to maximum positive conditions.
Usual challenge for the turbines is performing at low wind speed. Wind power has many advantages that are make
it's the fastest-growing energy source in the world.
Wind energy doesn't pollute the air like power plants. [1, 2].There are several advantages of the Savonius wind
turbine such as low cost of manufacturing, independent on the wind direction, capability to self-starting and low
noise.
It’s a VAWT a drag driven, operative in specific angular position of the rotor. When value of TSR greater than
one then impact of lift force works on blades.[3,4]. Savonius WT is low efficient compared with other turbines, so
many experimental and numerical studies have been carried out to improve performance of this turbine.
There are two aerodynamics coefficients represent the Savonius performance: torque coefficient (CT) and power
coefficient (Cp). These coefficients rely on several design parameters like blades number, TSR, overlap ratio, aspect
ratio (height of blade to its diameter), [5].
Various geometries of Savonius WT were compared by [6] to study the most efficient operation parameters. This
study shows that the Savonius rotor with two blades is more efficient than three and four blades; also turbine with
end plates has higher efficiency.
Performance of Savonius WT with two and three blades was studied by [7] and applied the experimental
comparison; the rotor with two blades was more efficient than three blades at wind speed range (2-6) m/s because of
when increasing the blades that will be increases reverse torque which decreases the net torque working from
Savonius WT.
The effect of (2, 3, 4) blades on the performance of Savonius WT was studied experimentally by [8]. The results
show that (4) blades gives high torque with wind speed (1-10) m/s. Various types design of two blades were
developed by [9] and give maximum power coefficient of 34.8% .
The dimensions of Savonius style wind turbine (SSWT) type semicircular-bladed improved by inverse
optimization methodology for a given power and torque characteristics, results show that the overall area of SSWT
is decreased upto 9.8% according to experimental data, [10].Laxmikant et al. [11] studied various parameters effects
on the performance of Savonius wind turbine using (CFD).Results show that turbine rotor with three blades has best
performance at high tip speed ratio and four blades has good performance at lower tip speed ratio.
Performance of Savonius VAWT with single stage, two stages and three stages at different aspect ratios and
Reynolds numbers .Results show that for all the models tested the (Cp) and torque coefficient (CT) increased when
the Reynolds numbers increasing.
Two and three stage rotors performance remains the same even after increasing the stage. At the same aspect
ratio and Reynolds number the Savonius rotors with single stage has better performance in terms Cp and CT more
than two and three stages, [12, 13].
The effect of curtain that was designed and improved to increase Savonius WT performance have been studied
by [14, 15, 16].Experimental and numerical analyses was executed on the new designed equipped with curtain to
knowledge improve on performance.
This curtain stops passive torque which is adverse to rotation direction. In this study, execute a comparison
between four models from Savonius wind turbine consist of multi stages and different blades number to study the
behavior and performance of these models at a constant low wind speed with different tip speed ratio. An
experiments and numerical analyses were carried out to choose the best model can be work in the above conditions.

II. Numerical Model

To obtain a success design and suitable geometry for Savonius wind rotor, a modeling style should be applied.
To achieve this aim and proof the obtained results, Savonius wind rotor geometry from Ref. [10] has been modeled.

DOI: 10.5373/JARDCS/V11I11/20193192
ISSN 1943-023X 230
Received: 15 Sep 2019/Accepted: 12 Oct 2019
Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 11, No. 11, 2019

In this study used ANSYS-CFX software for simulation and validation. The results are compared with experiments
and numerical data of [17, 18] and the error is assessed. Transient conditions are considered for this modeling.
2.1 Geometry and Mesh Generation
The geometry of Savonius rotor given by [17] has two semi cylinder blades shown in Fig.(1).The dimensions of
design parameters are: d=117 mm, D=210 mm, Do=230 mm, e=23 mm, H=230 mm.

Figure 1: The Geometry of Savonius Wind Turbine [17]

Fig. (2-a) shows the 3D computational domain for Savonius rotor model. Two separated parts by a sliding
interface in the domain. Wind tunnel testing zone is represents the stationary, that is the first part in the domain. The
dimensions of the wind tunnel (stationary domain) are assumed 500mm x 500mm x 700mm, according to [10, 17].
The second part is the rotational domain (rotor), that rotating around a perpendicular axis. The rotor is fixed at
250 mm from the inlet face of the stationary domain. Location of wind rotor in the middle of rotational domain, it’s
rotating with the angular velocity of the domain.
Wind velocity at entrance stationary domain is 6 m/s [10, 17], this value is considered as the inlet boundary
condition and distance from the axis of rotational domain is 250 mm. The pressure in outer face is equal to
atmospheric pressure. Blade of rotor is set as non-slip smooth wall and is consider as boundary condition on the
blade.
To obtain good results and more strictly study the flow in the boundary layers of rotor blade this study, prismatic
mesh applied on sides of rotor blades to obtain correctly boundary layer. Accordingly near the wall of rotor blades
the densities of meshes was higher and interface.
Fig. (2-b,c,d) shows the mesh on rotating domain, the mesh on rotor and mesh on the end plate in rotor, also
appear the mesh near the blade show boundary layers. The flow around the rotor is turbulent, thus the simulation of
CFD around the rotor is very complex. Simulations of CFD were applied to solve the cases based on 3D steady
finite volume incompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations.
Controlling equations of turbulence flow are continuity and Navier - Stokes equations, these equations in
conservative forms are [17, 19]:
𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏𝝏
𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙𝒋𝒋
=0 (1)
𝝏𝝏
�
−𝝏𝝏𝑷𝑷 𝝏𝝏
𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙𝒋𝒋
�𝝆𝝆𝒖𝒖𝒊𝒊 𝒖𝒖𝒋𝒋 � = + ���
�𝝉𝝉𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 − 𝝆𝝆𝒖𝒖́ 𝒊𝒊 𝒖𝒖́ 𝒋𝒋 � + 𝑺𝑺𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 (2)
𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙𝒊𝒊 𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙𝒋𝒋
Where

(3)
��� ���
𝝉𝝉𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = - 𝝁𝝁(𝝏𝝏𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖
��� 𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙
+ 𝝏𝝏𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖
𝝏𝝏𝒙𝒙
) (4)
𝒋𝒋 𝒊𝒊
To solve the case of the flow field around the rotor numerically, the turbulence models were added in RANS
CFD solvers. The best model that should be obtains acceptance results and agreement with experimental results.

DOI: 10.5373/JARDCS/V11I11/20193192
ISSN 1943-023X 231
Received: 15 Sep 2019/Accepted: 12 Oct 2019
Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 11, No. 11, 2019

Figure 2: (a) Computational Mesh (View of Both Domains), (b) Computational Mesh for Rotating Domain,
(c) Top View of Mesh on the End Plate in Rotor (d) Mesh near the Blade Show Boundary Layers.
2.2 Validation Case
To ensure the accuracy of the boundary layers conditions and parameters in the numerical simulation, various values
of TSR (from 0.1 up to 1.1) were used to find the coefficients of torque and power. Numerical results were validated
with the numerical and the experimental results of Ref. [9, 17, and 18] and also the error was evaluated. Fig. 3
shows the comparison between present model and experimental and model presented in [9, 17, 18]. The results
indicates that the present numerical model is more reliable and can be applied for new design and modeling of
Savonius WT. R2 is the correlation coefficient, this coefficient represent effective the modeling procedure. The
correlation coefficient for Ref. [17] was 0.93, and for present study is 0.936. That is mean the results were obtained
from this numerical study has a high reliability. The coefficient of correlation can be calculated by Eq. (5, 6)
according to [17, 20]:
∑(∅𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 − ∅𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 ) 𝟐𝟐
𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 = 1- � 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 ) 𝟐𝟐
∑(∅𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 − ∅
(5)
Where:
𝒏𝒏
� 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = ∑𝒊𝒊=𝟏𝟏 ∅𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬
∅ (6)
𝒏𝒏

Figure 3: comparison Chart

DOI: 10.5373/JARDCS/V11I11/20193192
ISSN 1943-023X 232
Received: 15 Sep 2019/Accepted: 12 Oct 2019
Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 11, No. 11, 2019

For more access to the modeling procedure used in this study, in the following the steps taken:
2.3 Turbulence Models
The precedent studies used 3D SST k-ω turbulence model which agree with experimental work of [5, 17,
20].This model employ to analyze the transient forces that effect on Savonius wind turbine [22]. The value of Y+
must be small [23, 24], to get a good results. So in this study, SST k-ω turbulence model was applied in numerical
simulation.
2.4 Mesh Dependency
A mesh sensitivity analysis was done before starting a simulation process to ensure a minimum error between
numerical simulation and experimental results, also reduce the time of process. Five various meshes for new design
model with a different element sizes as shown in table (1) and similar TSR were tested. The tests were included
calculate the coefficients of power and torque. Fig.4 shows the relation between the power coefficients with grid
size.
Table 1: Grid Optimization
Total no. of
Rotational domain mesh (Millions Stationary domain mesh (Millions
No. mesh Cp CT
cells) cells)
(Millions cells)
1 2.537 1.773 0.765 0.155 0.221
2 3.280 2.515 0.765 0.1555 0.2221
3 5.364 4.60 0.765 0.1557 0.2225
4 6.31 5.545 0.765 0.1553 0.2218
5 8.41 7.645 0.765 0.1552 0.222

Figure 4: Grid Optimization Chart

Thus, the element size of grids with (3.28) million cell numbers is used for new modeling.
2.5 Wind Turbine Performance
Performance of a VAWTs is explained by (CT),(CP) and (CTS) given by [10,21]:
𝑻𝑻
𝑪𝑪𝑻𝑻 = (7)
𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟓 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝑹
𝑷𝑷𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝑻𝑻 𝝎𝝎 𝑻𝑻 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹
𝑪𝑪𝑷𝑷 = = = =𝑪𝑪𝑻𝑻 × 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 (8)
𝑷𝑷𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟓 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑 𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟓 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝑹 𝑽𝑽
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻
𝑪𝑪𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 = (9)
𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝑹

III. The Experimental Work

3.1 Experimental Setup
The experiments were conducted using subsonic wind tunnel under open type test section, shown in fig.5 with
test section contains the turbine model and the measurement devices assembly with cross section of frontal view of

DOI: 10.5373/JARDCS/V11I11/20193192
ISSN 1943-023X 233
Received: 15 Sep 2019/Accepted: 12 Oct 2019
Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 11, No. 11, 2019

1m x 1.25m. Double butterfly valve used to control and regulate air flow rate, the air speed range is (0 - 9) m/s. The
turbine models are fixed at 250 mm between rotor shaft and exit of the wind tunnel.
Digital tachometer used to measure the rotational speed of the wind turbine. Digital Force gauge is used to
measure the force (F) produced from rotor shaft, the torque can be calculated by:
Tor = F x rp (10)
The radius of pulley (rp) = 50 mm. Static pitot tube is used to measure air flow speed in the wind tunnel, it's
connected with macroscopic manometer. Digital thermometer used to measure ambient temperature. Pressure gauge
is used to measure atmospheric pressure. The air density is given by:
Patm
ρ = (11)
Ta ×Rg

Figure 5: Subsonic Wind Tunnel Details: (a) Test Section and Wind Turbine. (b)Wind Tunnel Side View. (c) Wind
Tunnel Scheme with Dimensions
3.2 Savonius WT Models
Savonius vertical axis wind turbine is used with semi-circular profile blades and various number of blades (2, 3
and 4) as shown in figs. 6 and 7. The dimensions of blades are height (H = 380 mm), blade chord (d = 175 mm),
outer diameter of the turbine (D = 350 mm) and end plate diameter (Do = 350 mm).The overlap distance between
blade profiles is 0 and the rotor shaft (e = 25 mm), rotor aspect ratio (H/D) is 1.09. The blades and ends plate is
fabricated from aluminum alloy sheets with thickness 0.63mm and 4mm respectively.

DOI: 10.5373/JARDCS/V11I11/20193192
ISSN 1943-023X 234
Received: 15 Sep 2019/Accepted: 12 Oct 2019
Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 11, No. 11, 2019

Figure 6: Savonius wind Turbine Models with a) Two Blades b) Three Blades c) Four Blades
d) Savonius Wind Turbine Dimensions
For the Savonius wind turbine has two blades with two stages, the profile of blade is semi-circular as shown
infig.7.The dimensions of blade are stage height (H1 = H2 = 330 mm) where H1 stage one height , H2 stage two
height and H is the total rotor height (660 mm). Blade chord (d = 175 mm), outer diameter of the turbine (D = 350
mm) and end plate diameter (Do = 350 mm). The overlap distance between blade profiles is 0 and the rotor shaft (e
= 38.1 mm). Stage aspect ratio (H1/D) is 0.94 and rotor aspect ratio (H/D) is 1.88 . The phase angle between stage
one and two is 90o. Blades and ends plate are fabricated from aluminum alloy plates with thickness 2 mm and 2.7
mm respectively.

Figure 7: Savonius wind Turbine Type Two Stages – Two Blades Dimensions: a) Two stages top
View. b) Two Stages Geometry

IV. Results and Discussion

The effect of blades and stages number show in the Fig. (9 - a and b). Fig.(9 - a) is presented experimentally by
the relation between Cp and TSR for 2, 3, 4 blades and two stages configuration at air flow velocity 3 m/s ,aspect
ratio (H/D) 1.09 and 1.88 respectively, the overlap ratio equals 0. Maximum value of Cp (0.23) was obtained from
two blades rotor at TSR 0.685. For three and four blades the values of Cp are (0.2) at TSR (0.634) and (0.16) at TSR
(0.693) respectively. For two stages maximum Cp was (0.18) at TSR (0.621). The net drag force effect on

DOI: 10.5373/JARDCS/V11I11/20193192
ISSN 1943-023X 235
Received: 15 Sep 2019/Accepted: 12 Oct 2019
Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 11, No. 11, 2019

2bladesrotor is higher than those for 3, 4blades and two stages cases. Correlation coefficient between experimental
and numerical results is (R2 = 0.9753).
Fig.(9 - b) shows numerically power coefficients (Cp) for all models which give higher values than the power
coefficients of experimental tests. Cpmax for two blades rotor 0.244, 0.22 for three blades rotor, 0.17 for four blades
rotor and 0.2 for two stages rotor, all values at TSR 0.7.
Fig. (10 – a, b, c and d) shows a comparison between experimental and numerical results for two, three, four
blades and two stages rotor.

(a) (b)
Figure 8: Relation between Cp and TSR for 2, 3, and 4 Blades and Two Stages Rotor
a. Experimental Results. b. Numerical Results

(a) (b)
Figure 9: A Comparison between Experimental and Numerical Results: a. 2 Blades Rotor. b. 3 Blades Rotor

DOI: 10.5373/JARDCS/V11I11/20193192
ISSN 1943-023X 236
Received: 15 Sep 2019/Accepted: 12 Oct 2019
Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 11, No. 11, 2019

(c) (d)
Figure 10: A Comparison between Experimental and Numerical Results: c. 4 Blades Rotor. d. Two-Stages Rotor
Fig. (11 - a and b) relate the torque coefficient and tip speed ratio for two, three, four blades and two stages rotor
arrangement. The torque coefficient (CT) decrease when TSR increase at all models and for both numerical and
experimental results.
The value of (CT) for 2 blades rotor is higher than other models for numerical and experimental results.
Experimentally maximum values of CT are (0.402) at TSR 0.175 for two blades rotor, (0.387) at TSR 0.175 for two
stages rotor, (0.317) for 3 blades rotor at TSR 0.2 and for 4 blades rotor (0.333) at TSR 0.1.
While in the numerical results give maximum values of CT are (0.533) at TSR 0.3 for 2 blades rotor, (0.26) at
TSR 0.3 for two stages rotor, (0.33) for 3 blades rotor at TSR 0.33 and for 4 blades rotor (0.28) at TSR 0.1.
Performance parameters in terms of (Cp , CT) for Savonius WT with 2bladesare shown in fig.11 related with tip
speed ratio TSR for the experimental and numerical results.

(a) (b)
Figure 11: The Relation between CT and TSR for Two, Three and Four Blades Arrangement: a. Experimental
Results. b. Numerical Results

DOI: 10.5373/JARDCS/V11I11/20193192
ISSN 1943-023X 237
Received: 15 Sep 2019/Accepted: 12 Oct 2019
Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 11, No. 11, 2019

(a) (b)
Figure 12: Performance Parameters in Terms of (Cp, CT) for Savonius wind Turbine with Two blades:
a. Experimental Results. b. Numerical Results
The end plates give higher performance for wind turbine rotor, because the end plates increases amount of
airflow that strikes the blades of Savonius wind turbine rotor [25, 26, and 27].
When the overlap ratio is equal 0 the rotor operation is better than those with overlap [25, 27, and 28].
The static torque was measured for each Savonius wind turbine models at same air flow velocity 3 m/s, in this
study the static torque is defined as the torque that affect on the wind turbine rotor to stop its rotation, it can be
calculated from(Eq.9). The static torque on wind turbine rotor with two blades is higher than that for other models.
The results show performance of Savonius WT with two brackets rotor are better than three, four blades and two
stages rotor.

V. Conclusions
Subsonic wind tunnel open type was used in the experiments for Savonius wind turbine multi stages with a
different brackets number at constant air flow velocity 3 m/s to study the effect of brackets and stages number on the
performance of wind turbines. Results show the followings:
1. The power coefficient increases when tip speed ratio increase to a certain value then the value decreases
with increases TSR for all models, however the torque coefficient decreases when tip speed ratio increase
for all models.
2. The net drag force effect on two blades rotor is higher than those for three, four blades and two stages cases.
3. Maximum experimental value of Cp is 0.23 at TSR 0.685, while for numerical is 0.244 at TSR 0.7 and these
values for a single stage two blades rotor, thus the correlation coefficient between experimental and
numerical result is (R2 = 0.9753).
4. Maximum experimental value of CT is 0.402 at TSR 0.175, while for numerical is 0.533 at TSR 0.3 and
these values for a single stage two blades rotor.
5. The end plates give higher performance for wind turbine rotor, because the end plates increases amount of
airflow that strikes the blades of Savonius WT rotor.
6. When the overlap ratio is equal 0 the rotor operation is better than those with overlap.
7. The static torque CTS on wind turbine rotor that has two blades is higher than that of other models.
8. From the experimental and numerical results, the performance of Savonius wind turbine with two blades
rotor is better than other models at low wind speed.

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DOI: 10.5373/JARDCS/V11I11/20193192
ISSN 1943-023X 238
Received: 15 Sep 2019/Accepted: 12 Oct 2019
 Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 11, No. 11, 2019

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DOI: 10.5373/JARDCS/V11I11/20193192
ISSN 1943-023X 239
Received: 15 Sep 2019/Accepted: 12 Oct 2019

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