A Novel Power System of ENLIL Turbine for Optimal

Energy Generation
Asma-Ul-Husna1, Labib Rahman Bandhan1, a), Md Musfiqur Rahman1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Kazla, Rajshahi-
6204, Bangladesh
a)
Corresponding author: labibrahman.ruet@gmail.com

Abstract. Among the races in the countries of the world, energy consumption and power requirements are the most
vital impacts in the world. Owing to the increase in power consumption, depleting conventional energy resources
and the issue of global warming and pollution, hybrid energy systems using wind turbines and solar energy can offer
an uninterrupted supply of power satisfying the need for clean and non-conventional energy resources. The
renewable energy conversion technology with the quickest growth is photovoltaic, followed by wind power. The
development and installation of a novel hybrid power system that combines a photovoltaic (PV) panel and an ENLIL
turbine are thoroughly examined in this conference paper. In order to illustrate the possibility of energy harvesting
from moving automobiles on highways in a regulated manner using a three-bladed wind turbine and a solar system,
this concept is utilized to model an innovative hybrid ENLIL wind turbine. Comparing the hybrid wind turbine to
conventional wind turbines on the roadways, the hybrid model provides greater electricity production along with
improved efficiency. The result of the power coefficient from the experiment is 0.526 with a 10.84% deviation from
the standard value which is in considerable limit. The power generation of the solar panel, which is installed at a 45-
degree angle on the upper portion of the turbine, varies between 1.1 to 3.5 watts. The total electricity generated by
the turbine and solar panel can power the roadside lights and stalls daily.

Keywords— Renewable energy, ENLIL turbine, photovoltaic (PV) panel, power co-efficient.

INTRODUCTION

A significant portion of the world's population is fueled by non-renewable energy sources like fossil-based
ones, which pose enormous problems for the environment as well as economic conditions. The fastest growth of
the industrial sector is mostly responsible for this huge crisis. Increasing global energy consumption and its
negative impact on the environment have intensified the need for innovative renewable energy solutions.
Therefore, keeping the shortcomings of fossil-based energy systems in mind, a solution can be renewable, more
importantly, a hybrid renewable energy system where some conventional renewable energy sources can be
utilized together which have some deficits while at stand-alone application.
Renewable resources in Bangladesh are solar (80%), wind (0.25%), hydro (19.7%), biogas (0.05%), and
biomass (0.03%). Taking these options into account, solar and wind can be combined into a hybrid system in
Rajshahi. In countries where wind energy is less feasible, a specially designed vertical axis wind turbine
(VAWT) can be used as an energy harvesting device i.e., ENLIL setup. The ENLIL wind turbine, which has a
vertical axis, was intended to harness the energy produced by wind from moving cars in modern cities. In order
to obtain additional solar energy, it also contains rooftop solar panels. [1]. According to Gunwanta Waghmare et
al., the energy can be harvested using ENLIL turbines that can be placed on the island of the highways to make
use of the vehicles moving in both directions. High-speed vehicles moving on highways produce strong
disturbances to the air and transmit energy to their wakes in the form of localized wind energy. The small-scale
utilization of this type of energy may produce sufficient electricity to power sensor systems or streetlights. The
speeding vehicles on the highway can provide enough wind for these turbines to work all day and night without
stopping. S. Roy et al. [2] assessed the design and construction of VAWT to compete with alternative energy
sources. A. Hossain et al. [3] experimental result defines that 567W power is produced at the speed of 20 m/s
while 709W power is produced at the speed of 25 m/s. From this, the power production would rise when the
velocity was high. P. Rathod et al. [4] assessed the design's development by optimizing the blade structure and
studying the performance of fluid flow.
Several factors influence the development of solar energy technologies, including geographic location,
weather patterns, available land, prohibitively high installation costs, etc. Subhes C. Bhattacharyya et al. [5]
aimed at an affordable solution using local energy resources of rural communities. V. Bagalini et al. [6] present
the results of a study on a PV-battery system for storing energy attached to an apartment with a grid connection.
In this study, we have analyzed the potentiality of producing useful energy from renewable sources by ENLIL
setup in Rajshahi. According to SREDA, in Bangladesh, only 16.7 MW of electric energy is provided by solar
energy, but in Rajshahi, it's only 700kW. Other street lights are lightening by consuming conventional
electricity. So will try to propose the best energy solution for roadside small shops and street lights keeping the
long-term socio-economic development goal of Bangladesh in mind.

METHODOLOGY

Primarily the entire structural component of the wind turbine, mainly the turbine blades is designed in
SOLIDWORKS 2019. The 3D model is constructed in a practical case and positioned on the Rajshahi-Dhaka
highway. Air strikes the blade and mechanical work is performed. Due to the rotation of the blades, the rotor
rotates. Thus, blades transfer the energy from the blades to the shaft. From the shaft, energy is transferred to the
gearbox. In the gearbox, two gears are meshed with each other. One of them is connected to the shaft of the
wind turbine, and the other gear is connected to the generator shaft. In a generator the mechanical energy is
converted into electrical energy, therefore, a voltage difference is created.
At first, the gear train ratio was measured for maximum rotation of the turbine. Then for a certain air velocity,
some rotational speeds were measured where the velocity of air was measured by an anemometer. The speed
was measured at different heights on different trails. For different speeds of the rotor, different voltages were
created, therefore, voltage readings were measured. Among the several values of rotor speed and voltages, an
approximate value has been taken. At the upper portion of the frame, a solar panel is positioned at a 45-degree
tilt. A digital multimeter is used to measure voltage and current. The same procedure is repeated several times.

EXPERIMENTAL MODELING

In this work, a vertical axis wind turbine is constructed which is Savonius, a form of vertical axis wind
turbine for making the force of the wind into torque on a turning shaft. The turbine is made up of multiple
aerofoils that are occasionally mounted vertically on a framework or shaft, which can be ground-stationed or
airborne. Aerodynamically, it is a drag device with two or three scoops. When viewed from above, a two-scoop
machine resembles a "S" form in cross-section.

FIGURE 1. Designed ENLIL Turbine FIGURE 2. Experimental Setup

 Because of the curve, the scoops incur less drag when moving in opposition to the breeze than when moving
with it. Due to the lower wind speeds observed at lower elevated positions, much of the swept surface of a
Savonius rotor may be adjacent to the ground if it has a small quantity without a prolonged post, making overall
power extraction less feasible. The concave and convex portions of the turbine's blades experience different
amounts of drag, which causes the turbine to revolve.
In this experimental prototype, only three efficient blades are used with accurate dimensions. Blade shape and
angle of attack vary with the flow rate of wind on highways. Aluminum sheets are used to make the blades for
their lightweight property [7].

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

The essential parameters for an efficient prototype of a vertical axis wind turbine for harvesting the maximum
amount of energy are shown in Table 1 and for the PV panel in Table 2.

TABLE 1. Design specification of the ENLIL turbine section TABLE 2. Design specification of the PV panel section
Parameters Specifications Parameters Specifications
Rotor type Savonius Dimensions 300mm * 250mm * 25mm
Rotor diameter 0.75m Open-circuit voltage 25 V
Swept area 0.6m2 Short-circuit current 0.37 Amp
Gearbox type Belt-pulley Number of cells 75
Generator type DC Generator Fill factor 0.7
Blade angle 135° Power 5W
Blade number 3
Blade length 0.384m
Blade height 0.80m
Blade material Al
Electric transmission Brushless type
Wind velocity 2 to 5.5ms-1

MATHEMATICAL MODELING

According to mathematical modeling, the co-efficient of power (Cp) can be calculated by the experimental
record [7],
𝜔𝑅 2𝜋𝑁𝑅
Blade tip speed = = (1)
𝑉𝑤 60𝑉𝑤

𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

Tip Speed Ratio, 𝜆 = (2)
𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
(1+𝜆)(1−𝜆2 )
Power Co-efficient, 𝐶𝑝 = (3)
2

Here, ρ is the wind density which is 1.225 kg/𝑚3 , A is the swept area in m2 and 𝑉𝑤 is the wind velocity in m/s.
1
Wind power, 𝑃𝑤 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣𝑤3 (4)
2

Turbine power 𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 can be calculated with the help of (3) and (4) equations [8].
𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑃𝑤 𝐶𝑝 (5)
Solar power, 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 𝑉𝐼 (6)
Total power 𝑃𝑡 can be calculated with the help of (5) and (6) equations,
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 (7)
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

I. Approximate value of voltage and rotor speed with time

The variability of voltage and rpm in the ENLIL turbine is caused by a complex interaction of mechanical and
electrical elements inherent in turbine operation. The rotational speed of the turbine's rotor, which is inextricably
tied to wind speed, emerges as a key factor of voltage production. Increased wind speed causes faster rotor
rotation, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and raises voltage levels. For voltage and rotor
speed values, the data is taken from 8.30 AM to 3 PM. The values are illustrated in Figure 3.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
FIGURE 3. Change of voltage and rpm to time (a) 8.30 AM to 10 AM (b) 10 AM to 12.30 PM (c) 12.30 PM to 3 PM (d)
9 AM to 10.30 AM

Changes in RPM and voltage in an ENLIL turbine are caused by the combination of the wind's dynamic
behavior, the turbine's aerodynamic response, blade pitch control, generator performance, and electrical load.
These variations are inherent in the operation of the turbine and are regulated by its control systems to ensure
optimal performance and safety.

II. The approximate average value of voltage and rotor speed to wind velocity

The average value of different rotor speeds in rpm and voltages in mV for approximate wind velocities such as
at 2.09 ms-1, 3.24 ms-1, 3.5 ms-1, 3.7 ms-1, and 4.13 ms-1 are represented in Figure 4 and Figure 5.
300 25

200 20
Voltage

RPM

100 15

0 10
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
FIGURE 4. Change of voltage to wind speeds FIGURE 5. Change of RPM to wind speeds
 Wind speed changes as a result of a combination of natural and environmental factors that influence airflow in
the atmosphere. The complicated interplay of atmospheric pressure, temperature gradients, geography, and local
weather patterns causes this fluctuation. As the aerodynamic forces on the turbine blades rise, the amount of
torque supplied to the rotor increases. Because of the greater torque, the rotor rotates faster, resulting in higher
RPM and more power production.
The turbine must be designed to handle growing wind speeds and RPMs while remaining safe and efficient. So,
with the increase in wind velocity, the rotation of the turbine blade steadily went up as well as the output
voltage.

III. Measurement of wind speed at different heights

The velocity of the wind surrounding a moving vehicle is measured with the change in three different heights
such as 1m,2m, and 3m of the speedy automobile. Five consequence trials of the experiment are taken at various
directions of vehicle movement that showed velocity fluctuated with the alteration of height for any new
location which is shown in Figure 6.
Height 1m Height 2m Height 3m
5

4.5
Velocity (m/s)

3.5

2.5

2
1 2 3 4 5
FIGURE 6. Measurement of wind speed of moving vehicles for different heights at highway

On average it can be seen that there is a growing tendency of velocity with the position leveling upward though
the speed remained fairly steady at the higher placement. The electric energy was compared with the wind
power provided as the input to fix the co-efficient value Cp for each wind speed.

IV. Measurement of voltage, current, and power generated by the solar panel for a 45-degree tilt
Due to fluctuations in solar intensity, the power output of solar planes varies throughout the day. The value of
the voltage and current of the solar panel was obtained by using the multimeter. Table 3 shows the average
power generation of the solar panel during a day in Rajshahi.
TABLE 3. Power generation of 45-degree tilt solar panel
Time Intensity Voltage (V) Current (Amp) Power (Watt)
9 AM 398 5.11 0.232 1.186
10 AM 489 6.34 0.274 1.737
11 PM 517 6.79 0.289 1.962
12 PM 665 11.27 0.297 3.347
1 PM 539 10.89 0.294 3.202
2 PM 512 7.38 0.262 1.93
3 PM 466 4.86 0.234 1.137
4 PM 460 4.79 0.231 1.107

V. Measurement of wind power and turbine power

The blade tip speed and blade tip ratio for wind velocity are measured to calculate power co-efficient. Various
turbine powers for various wind power and power co-efficient are shown in a tabulated form in Table 4.
 TABLE 4. Power generation of wind turbine
𝑽𝒘 Blade tip speed λ 𝑪𝒑 Wind power, 𝑷𝒘 Turbine power, 𝑷𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆
(𝒎𝒔−𝟏 ) (𝒎𝒔−𝟏 ) (watt) (watt)
2.09 0.227 0.109 0.548 3.36 1.84
2.32 0.221 0.095 0.542 4.59 2.5
3.24 0.181 0.056 0.526 12.5 6.6
3.5 0.178 0.051 0.524 15.8 8.3
3.7 0.179 0.048 0.522 18.61 9.7
4.13 0.159 0.039 0.518 25.9 13.4

As the turbine is a mechanical device, there must be some deviations in output. That is why turbine power is less
than wind power. With increasing wind speed values, Cp, Pw, and Pturbine are increased.

CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, the performance of wind turbines from the wakes of moving vehicles is investigated
successfully by 3D modeling and by an experimental test. The energy was recovered from the wakes of moving
vehicles on a highway by using an ENLIL turbine. The voltage difference is evidence that mechanical work can
be converted into electrical work. The co-efficient of power was calculated and its value proves that the setup is
efficient moderately. Throughout the process, it is observed that the 2.09 to 4.13 ms-1 wind speed range gives 15
to 23 RPM as well as the very low voltage difference of the generator due to limited rotor speed which provides
less electric power. The gear ratio should be maximized so that the generator RPM becomes high. For designing
this turbine, an Al-alloy sheet and a mild-steel sheet are used, as a result, the turbine weighs high. So, to rotate
the turbine more wind power is needed. For harnessing maximum power any stable but lightweight material can
be used to improve the quality. The intensity of solar radiation peaked between 12 to 1 PM, producing nearly
3.47 watts. The energy provided by the setup can power both the signal lights and nearby stalls. In the context of
Rajshahi, Bangladesh, the innovative power system could be a feasible source of energy.

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