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Lecture 2-Fundamentals of Heat Transfer
Lecture 2-Fundamentals of Heat Transfer
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Heat transfer mechanism
• Heat can be transferred in three different modes:
Conduction, Convection and Radiation.
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Heat transfer mechanism
• Heat can be transferred in three different modes:
Conduction, Convection and Radiation.
• Heat transfer through solids or stationary fluids is
purely by conduction.
• In solids, heat transfer by conduction is due to
vibrations of molecules and flow of free electrons.
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Heat transfer mechanism
• In gases and liquids, conduction is due to collisions and
diffusion of molecules during their random motions.
Cools at Convection
the surface current
Cooler
Hot water
water
rises
sinks
Conduction
Heat transfer by conduction can
be classified as:
• Steady implies no change with
time at any point within the
medium
• Transient implies variation with
time or time dependence
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Conduction
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Q will depend on?
Conduction
Rate of heat conduction:
(Fourier’s law of heat conduction)
T2 T1 T T1 T2
Qcond kA kA kA (W)
x x x
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Solution
A 2-m 2-m glass windows with thickness of 0.8 cm is exposed to the hot
sunrise. Outer surface temperature 45C and inner surface temperature 20C.
Thermal conductivity of glass is 0.78.
a) Determine the rate of heat transfer from outer surface to the inner surface
of the windows
b) If the air conditioning system has COP of 2.5 and cost of electricity RM
0.12/kWh, estimate the cost of heat transfer through the windows
Solution:
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Convection
Forced convection: If the
fluid is forced to flow over
the surface by external
means such as a fan,
pump, or the wind.
Natural (or free)
convection: If the fluid
motion is caused by
buoyancy forces that are
induced by density
differences due to the
variation of temperature in The cooling of a boiled egg by forced
the fluid. and natural convection.
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Convection
Q conv hAs Ts T (W) (Newton’s law of cooling)
h Convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m 2 K )
As Surface area through which heat transfer takes place
Ts Surface temperature (K)
T Temperature of fluid far from the surface (K)
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Radiation
(Stefan-Boltzman Law)
Q emit,max AsTs4 (W) Black body
Q A T 4 (W) Real body
emit s s
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Simultaneous heat transfer
• Heat transfer is only by conduction in
opaque solids, but by conduction and
radiation in semitransparent solids.
• In a still fluid (no motion), heat transfer is
by conduction and possibly by radiation
• Heat transfer in a flowing fluid by
convection and radiation.
• Heat transfer through a vacuum is by
radiation.
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Simultaneous heat transfer
Example: Problem 1-137
A soldering iron has a cylindrical tip of 2.5 mm in diameter and 20
mm in length. With age and usage, the tip has oxidized and has
an emissivity of 0.80. Assuming that the average convection heat
transfer coefficient over the soldering iron tip is 25 W/m2.K, and
the surrounding air temperature is 20ºC, determine the power
required to maintain the tip at 400ºC.
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Solution
A soldering iron has a cylindrical tip of 2.5 mm in diameter and 20 mm in length. With
age and usage, the tip has oxidized and has an emissivity of 0.80. Assuming that the
average convection heat transfer coefficient over the soldering iron tip is 25 W/m2.K,
and the surrounding air temperature is 20ºC, determine the power required to maintain
the tip at 400ºC.
Solution:
• The total heat transfer area of the soldering iron tip is
As 0.25D 2 DL
0.25 2.5 10 3 m 2.5 10 3 m 2.0 10 2 m
2
1.62 10 4 m 2
• The rate of heat transfer by convection is
Q conv hAs Ttip T
25 W/m 2 K 1.62 10 4 m 2 673 K 293 K
1.54 W
• The rate of heat transfer by radiation is
Q rad As Ttip4 Tsurr
4
1.45 W
• Thus, the power required is equal to the total rate of heat transfer from the tip by both
convection and radiation: Welectric Q total Q conv Q rad 1.54 W 1.45 W 2.98 W
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Simultaneous heat transfer
Example: Problem 1-139
Consider a flat-plate solar collector placed at the roof of a house.
The temperatures at the inner and outer surfaces of glass cover
are measured to be 33°C and 31°C, respectively. The glass cover
has a surface area of 2.5 m2, a thickness of 0.6 cm, and a thermal
conductivity of 0.7 W/m·°C.
Heat is lost from the outer surface of
the cover by convection and radiation
with a convection heat transfer
coefficient of 10 W/m2·°C and an
ambient temperature of 15°C.
Determine the fraction of heat lost
from the glass cover by radiation.
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Solution
Solution:
• Conduction rate of heat transfer through the glass is
T
0.7 W/m K 2.5 m 2
306 K 304 K 583 W
Q cond kA
L 6 103 m
• Convection rate of heat transfer is
• Stefan-Boltzman Law
Q emit,max AsTs4 (W)