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Test Bank For A Concise Introduction To Logic 13th Edition
Test Bank For A Concise Introduction To Logic 13th Edition
Test Bank For A Concise Introduction To Logic 13th Edition
Chapter 01 Test A
4. Undocumented immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income tax and
Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount these merchants pay in taxes.
In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their employers and the amount of taxes these
employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that undocumented immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in
which they live.
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
c. Argument; conclusion: Undocumented immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANSWER: a
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-arrested, over-indicted, and
over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other
ethnic groups. Black women have received significantly longer sentences for crimes against property and served longer
periods in prison. For both murder and drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for the
same offenses than black women.
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S."
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in prison.
ANSWER: b
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are criminal elements lurking
in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected PCs. Once a vulnerable computer is found, these
criminals install software that assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online
advertisers by using these zombie computers to visit pay-per-click ads.
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a firewall.
ANSWER: e
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made through the atmosphere,
and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of interplanetary space. The earth is
also the most important object of comparison for planetologists.
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists.
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the atmosphere.
ANSWER: c
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Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 Test A
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff, communities abutting tiger
habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of traditional medicines can be persuaded that tiger parts are
not needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent
extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned.
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted.
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed.
e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be averted.
ANSWER: a
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to understand their
biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we feel, learn, remember, and think all stem
from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works and how neurons communicate are crucial pieces of information in
solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental processing.
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms.
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity.
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing.
e. Nonargument.
ANSWER: d
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of a nucleic acid and a
few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of living organisms only when they have invaded
living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the
capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope.
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living cells.
ANSWER: b
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global warming problem.
Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by 82 percent since 1981. Solar
energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic cells have been developed to convert even greater
amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Today the costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty
coal-fired plants.
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions"
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants.
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981.
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem.
d. Nonargument.
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Chapter 01 Test A
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly into electricity.
ANSWER: d
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not commit. From 1973 until
2016, 151 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in
that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was
available. If such evidence had been available, how may more would have been exonerated?
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated.
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available.
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
ANSWER: e
13. Some over-the-counter medicines should not be given to very young children. For example, cold medicines contain
decongestants and antihistamines. These substances raise blood pressure and heart rate. If an overdose should occur in a
young child, the result can be fatal.
a. Argument; conclusion: Some over-the-counter medicines ... very young children.
b. Argument; conclusion: These substances raise blood pressure and heart rate.
c. Argument; conclusion: If an overdose ... the result can be fatal.
d. Argument; conclusion: Cold medicines contain decongestants and antihistamines.
e. Nonargument.
ANSWER: a
14. The world-wide disappearance of frogs may be the result of agricultural runoff. Scientists have shown that runoff rich
in fertilizer causes a pronounced increase in the algae of lakes and ponds. Snails then gorge themselves on the algae,
causing parasites living inside them to produce huge quantities of eggs. When the eggs hatch, the parasites infect young
frogs, causing severe deformation of their limbs.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: Snails then gorge themselves ... huge quantities of eggs.
c. Argument; conclusion: The world-wide disappearance ... agricultural runoff.
d. Argument; conclusion: When the eggs hatch ... severe deformation of their limbs.
e. Argument; conclusion: Scientists have shown ... in the algae of lakes and ponds.
ANSWER: c
15. Little is known of the Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived around 400 B.C. Nevertheless, the writings attributed to
him have provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice. One of his most famous contributions, the
Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics. It requires the physician to swear that he or she will
help the sick, refrain from intentional wrongdoing, and keep confidential all matters pertaining to the doctor-patient
relationship.
William C. Cockerham, Medical Sociology
a. Argument; conclusion: The writings attributed to him ... medical practice.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: It requires the physician ... doctor-patient relationship.
d. Argument; conclusion: One of his most famous contributions ... medical ethics.
Chapter 01 Test A
e. Argument; conclusion: Little is known ... who lived around 400 B.C.
ANSWER: b
16. Two million children have been killed in armed conflicts in the last decade. Three times as many have been injured or
permanently disabled. Millions of others have been forced to take part in or witness horrifying acts of violence. In
countless cases the impact of armed conflict on children's lives remains invisible. The children themselves may be
removed from the public, in institutions, or survive as victims of prostitution. But those who have lost parents often
experience humiliation, rejection and discrimination, and suffer in silence as their self-esteem crumbles.
Child Rights Information Network
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: Two million children ... in the last decade.
c. Argument; conclusion: But those who have lost parents ... self-esteem crumbles.
d. Argument; conclusion: In countless cases ... remains invisible.
e. Argument; conclusion: Three times as many ... permanently disabled.
ANSWER: a
17. An element is a collection of atoms of the same type. Each atom contains three fundamental particles—a proton, a
neutron, and an electron. The protons and neutrons are in the center, or nucleus, of the atom. Protons have a positive
charge, while neutrons have no electric charge. The electrons have a negative charge and orbit about the nucleus at a
specific distance.
INSTRUCTIONS: The following problems relate to identifying and evaluating inductive and deductive arguments.
Select the best answer for each.
18. If the Big Bang theory is correct, then the universe is billions of years old. And if the Big Bang theory is correct, then
the universe was not created in six days. Thus, if the universe is billions of years old, then it was not created in six days.
a. Deductive, valid.
b. Inductive, strong.
c. Inductive, cogent.
d. Inductive, weak.
e. Deductive, invalid.
ANSWER: e
19. The engraved plate beneath this painting in the art museum says "Monet." Therefore, the painting must be the work of
Monet.
a. Inductive, cogent.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, valid.
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“Yes,” she returned; “I have a swelled face.”
“How sorry I am!” said the soldier sympathetically, “for I came this
afternoon in the hope of hearing you sing.”
“And so you shall,” returned the girl kindly. “You shall not go away
disappointed.” And, taking the bandage from her face, she sang
song after song to the fascinated General.
The progress of the courtship was swift, and the marriage was
celebrated with great magnificence in the palatial abode of Queen
Maria Cristina in Paris, with the attendance of representatives of the
most distinguished families of France and Spain.
When General Narvaez returned to Madrid he became Prime
Minister of Spain.
Unfortunately, the marriage did not prove a happy one, and,
indeed, it would have been difficult for anyone to live peacefully with
the irascible Spaniard. This irascibility was seen at the funeral of
General Manso de Zuñiga, who had died in the expedition against
Prim, in the mountains of Toledo. General Narvaez was chief
mourner on the occasion, as the deceased officer had been husband
of Doña Valentina Bouligni, a lady of great importance at this epoch,
with whom he was connected; and the Bishop of Pharsalia was
master of the ceremonies.
At a certain point in the function the order was given to kneel.
But, probably absorbed in some knotty State question, the Duke of
Valencia still stood. Upon this the Bishop quickly approached the
grandee, and said:
“Kneel down, kneel down!”
“But I don’t want to kneel,” returned the General petulantly, and
so he remained standing for the rest of the service.
G E N E R A L N A RVA E Z
When she came to Madrid as the wife of the great General, the
Duchess of Valencia was appointed Lady-in-Waiting to Queen
Isabella, and she never failed in her loyalty to the dynasty which was
in power when she came to the country of her adoption by marriage.
Many years later she was in an hotel in Switzerland, where she
purposed making a long stay, when Don Carlos happened to come
to the same hotel, accompanied by his secretary. As the Duchess of
Valencia was unacquainted with the Pretender to the throne of
Spain, she wondered who the imperious-looking new arrival could
be, who was greeted so respectfully by everybody. Her curiosity was
soon satisfied, for the gentleman’s secretary presented himself
before her to say that the Duke of Madrid begged the honour to pay
his respects to her.
The message filled the Duchess with dismay, for, although she
held the Princes of the blood in great respect, she had no intention of
receiving one who disputed the throne with the reigning Queen.
So, summoning all her dignity to her aid, she said, in a tone of icy
politeness:
“Tell the Duke of Madrid that I am very sorry not to have the
honour of receiving his visit, but to-morrow I leave for Paris.”
And in effect the lady left the hotel on the morrow, and thus the
meeting of one of the oldest and most valued Ladies-in-Waiting with
Don Carlos was avoided.
Isabella certainly never expected that she would be dethroned,
for a few weeks before the revolution of September, 1868, the
celebrated General Tacon, Duke of the Union of Cuba, announced
the forthcoming marriage of his daughter Carolina with the Marquis
Villadarías, of the première noblesse, and a perfect type of a
Spanish grandee, and she said: “I congratulate her sincerely on her
engagement; but,” she added sadly, “for myself I am sorry, as I shall
see her no more at Court.” The Queen here referred to the well-
known Carlist opinions of the Marquis Villadarías, which would have
made it impossible to receive the Marchioness at the palace if she
had remained there.
So Isabella II. was dethroned in 1868, and she can truly be said
to have been the victim of circumstances. From the moment King
Ferdinand died his daughter had been the object of intrigue and
ambition. Whilst our Queen Victoria was carefully educated and
drilled in high principles, Isabella was the prey of those who wished
to rise to power by her favour. Ministers made love to the Sovereign
instead of discussing the welfare of the nation; flowery speeches on
patriotism meant merely the gratification of the orator’s vanity to be
remarked by Her Majesty. Personal advancement was the end and
aim of those in the Government, and thus poor Isabella’s
susceptibilities were worked upon to an awful extent.
It is well known that General Serrano, who might have been
thought to have the welfare of his country at heart, gained an undue
influence over the Queen by means of her affections, and fomented
to a great extent the matrimonial differences between her and her
husband. Generous to a degree, Isabella paid the debts of this
courtier twice, and yet it was this same General who was the first to
have her hurled from the royal palace.
When the great Canning visited Madrid, Bulwer Lytton showed
him at a Court ball the many women who were the favourites of the
Ministers, and there was, indeed, hardly a statesman who would not
sacrifice principles to the pleas of his mistress. It was at this Court,
steeped in immorality, that Isabella was brought up with little or no
knowledge of right and wrong, and even in her marriage she was a
victim to the intrigues and ambitions of other Courts of Europe as
well as those of her own. She was, in fact, a scapegoat of the nation.
Harassed and in desperation at being pressed on to a miserable
marriage destitute of all that could justify it, Isabella, after one of
those long and fruitless discussions with her mother, once addressed
a letter to our Queen Victoria; but in a pure Court like that of England
little idea could be formed of the stagnant atmosphere of the Spanish
palace from which the poor young Queen sent forth her plaint.
Beyond the Court raged the stormy discontent of the country, which
had been thwarted for more than thirty years of the fulfilment of its
constitutional rights promised by Ferdinand VII. as the condition of
his return to the throne of Spain.
Whilst Queen Victoria was daily increasing in the knowledge of
constitutional rights which are the base of a Sovereign’s power, poor
Isabella’s Prime Ministers resigned at any moment in pique or
jealousy of some other politician, and the people grew daily more
discontented at finding the Parliament was a farce, and it meant
neither the progress of the land nor the protection of the people.
Bulwer Lytton was constantly sending despatches to England
about the shortcomings of Isabella II. as a woman, but he seemed to
lay no stress on the cause of her failure as a Queen. Under proper
conditions Isabella doubtless would have been a good woman and a
great Queen, but choked with the weeds of intrigue she was lost.
Undisciplined and uneducated, the poor Queen fell a victim to what,
if properly directed, would have been virtues instead of vices.
The marriage to which Isabella was forced by intrigue was, of
course, the greatest evil which could have befallen such an
impulsive, warm-hearted girl, who knew no more how to turn a deaf
ear to a claimant for her favour than to keep her purse shut to the
plea of an unfortunate beggar.
The Right Hon. Henry Lytton Bulwer wrote a little later from the
British Embassy at Madrid to the Court of St. James’s, saying that he
“looked at the Queen’s conduct as the moral result of the alliance
she had been more or less compelled to contract, and he regarded
her rather with interest and pity than blame or reproach.”
Isabel’s natural intuition of our Queen Victoria’s good heart
prompted her letters to her. They were sent by a private hand, and
who knows what evils might have been prevented in the Court of
Spain if the long journey, so formidable in those days, had not placed
the sister-Queens so far apart?
Espartero’s plea for Isabel to marry Don Enrique de Assisi, the
man of her heart, met no support in a Court torn with intrigue, and
the sad, bad story of Isabel doubtless had its source in the tragedy of
an unhappy marriage. At the plea of a persistent wooer, who knew
that the Queen had the right of dissolving a Ministry, a Government
would fall; and as the station of her favourites became lower and
lower, as time went on the ill-regulated Sovereign had a Government
as undependable as her friends.
Treachery was the keynote of the Court of Spain, and some of
the leaders of the revolution were those who had used the
Sovereign’s ignorance and foolhardiness to their own ends. In such
an atmosphere of untruth and treachery such men as Espartero,
Prim, etc., could play no enduring part. Hardly had Espartero swept
the Court clean of the Regency of Queen Maria Cristina than his fall
was encompassed by O’Donnell, his rival. The flagrant falsification of
the Parliamentary election returns—which is still the cankerworm of
the country—was the check to all progress. Count San Luis made a
primitive effort for the reform of the elections; he suggested that the
names of the candidates as deputies should be put in a bag, and
drawn out by a child blindfolded, for the law of chance seemed to
him better than the custom of deception.
Isabella’s acts of generosity are still quoted with admiration at the
royal palace of Madrid by those who served her as Queen.
Four hundred girls owed their marriage dots to Isabella, and it
was the fathers of these four hundred royally endowed brides who
treacherously worked for her expulsion.
One day, hearing the story of the penury of a clever man of
letters, Isabella commanded 20,000 francs to be sent to him. The
administrator of her finances, thinking the Queen could hardly know
how much money this sum represented, had twenty notes of 1,000
francs each changed into small money, and put out on a table by
which she had to pass.
“What is all this money for?” asked Isabella, when she saw it
spread out to view.
“It is the money for the man of letters, and this shows Your
Majesty how large is the sum of 20,000 francs.”
“So much the better,” was the prompt reply; and the courtier saw
it was not by proving the amount of the boon that he could check his
Sovereign in her generous actions.
A Court official at Madrid, who has been sixty years in office at
the palace, told me he often saw Isabella take off her bracelets, and
give them to the beggars who pressed upon her as she crossed the
courtyard of the royal domain.
“And who could help loving her?” said the old courtier, with tears
in his eyes; “I know I could not.”
Caught in the darkness of ignorance and intrigue, Isabella was
naturally enraged at the revolution. When her son Alfonso was
nearly made captive by the Carlists at Lucar, she said: “I would
rather my Alfonso be a prisoner of the Carlists than a captive of the
revolutionists.”
Isabella had a faithful friend in the Marquis of Grizalba, and he
said to Croze:[18]
“It is the loss of faith which causes our woes; the charm of death
has been destroyed with the hope of a hereafter. But Spain will die
like a gentleman.”
[18] The author of “La Vie intime d’Alfonse XIII.”
EMILIO CASTELAR
1873–1874