CrimSoc1 Module 3

QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino
COLLEGE OF PUBLIC SAFETY
SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE III
In
CRIM 1: Introduction to Criminology
Prepared by:
TESSIE B. NANGLIHAN
Instructor II
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The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.
“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

DIFFUN CAMPUS
Module 3 Introduction to Criminalistics & Criminal Law

Competencie  To be knowledgeable on the different forensic sciences used by the
s law enforcement in the detection of crime.
 To be knowledgeable on the different penalties applied on the
different crimes.
 Know the different correctional institutions where convicted offenders
will be placed.
 Know the different programs of the correctional institution given to
persons deprived of liberty.
 To be updated on the different laws and changes in the exercise of
criminology profession.
Discussion
Criminalistics/forensic science
It is a subfield of criminology that deals with the study of “criminal things”- those
that are left behind by the criminal in the scene of the crime which have significance in
criminal investigation. Usually referred to as the physical evidences.
Distinction between Criminology and Criminalistics

1. Criminology is a social science while criminalistics is an applied science.
2. Criminology deals more on theories while criminalistics uses practical and
technological theories.
3. A criminologist is distinct from a criminalist.
Criminalist
 Is a person who is trained in the application of instruments and methods essential in
detecting and investigating crimes.
Divisions of Criminalistics
1. Scientific Divisions
a. Chemistry
b. Psychiatry
c. Biology
2. Technological Divisions
a. Forensic Dactyloscopy
b. Forensic Photography
c. Forensic Ballistics
d. Legal Medicine
e. Questioned Document Examination
f. Polygraphy
g. Forensic serology
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
Dactyloscopy
 It is the science of identification of a person through the examination and comparison
of the fingerprints.
 It was derived from the Greek word: Dactyl- a finger and Skopien- to examine
Fingerprints
 The production of a pattern of design formed by ridges on the inside joint of a finger
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o Ridges- tiny elevations or hill like structure containing sweat pores. Colored
black in ink fingerprints.
o Furrows-depression found in between the ridged. White in colored fingerprints
Sir Edward Richard Henry

 Considered as the Father of Fingerprint Science
Branches of Dactyloscopy
1. Chiroscopy- science of Dactyloscopy which deals with the study of the palms of the
hands.
Greek works: chier- a hand; skopien- to examine
2. Podoscopy- branch of science of Dactyloscopy which deals with the study of the sole
of the foot.
Greek words: podo-foot; skopien- to examine
3. Poroscopy- branch of the science of Dactyloscopy which covers the study of the
sweat pores found in the friction skin.
Greek words: poros-pores; skopien- to examine
Three Universal Principles of fingerprint

1. Infallibility- wouldn’t lie
2. Permanency/constancy- conclusive and permanent, unchangeable
3. Individuality- no two persons have exactly the same fingerprint.
 Value of fingerprint to police works: it has been said that fingerprints is the
cornerstone of criminal investigation and identification because “no two person who
have identical fingerprints in their individual characteristics.
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
It is the science or art of obtaining images on a sensitized material by the action of
electromagnetic radiation or rays thru the use of a camera and its accessories and the
chemical process involved therein.
Greek words: Phos- light; Graphos- to draw or chart or sketch
Elements of Photography
1. Images or subject- anything that can be observed by the naked eye or by the use of
invisible light
2. Sensitized materials
a. Film- black and white or colored
b. Photographic paper
3. Light- visible or invisible
a. Natural
b. Artificial
4. Camera- still, video, movie
5. Chemical- film developer, paper developer
Police Photography
It is the science which deals with the study of the principles of photography and the
preparation of photographic evidence and its application to police work.
Objective of Police Photography

1. To produce a pictorial record of everything pertaining to the crime.
2. To help in keeping the police officer’s memory accurately as possible as to where he
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finds things.
3. To help in securing and obtaining confession, disposition and information relating to
the case.
Importance of Forensic Photography

1. Small objects but of great importance in a crime committed may escape in the first
phase of examination by the investigator but maybe seen and recorded on the
photography.
2. A good photography of the scene is a permanent record which is always available
especially in court presentation in court proceeding, fiscals and defense lawyers have
generally never visited the scene of the crime.
As a general rule, take many photographs of the crime scene and select the
best
3. Used as an aid by investigator to describe in court some details of the crime scenes
they have investigated several months ago, the small details and exact locations of
objects.
4. To assist the investigators in using photographic equipment and techniques in their
effort to solve crimes.
Uses of photography in Police Work

1. Identification- this is the very first us of photography in police work. Use to identify
criminals, missing persons, lost property. Licenses, anonymous letters, bank checks.
Laundry marks, and the civilian or personnel fingerprint identification files.
2. Communication and micro films files- investigative report files, accident files,
transmission of photos (wire Photos) photographic supplements to reports with
modern day electro-photography machines.
3. Evidence- crime scenes, traffic accidents, homicides, suicides, fires, object of
evidence, latent prints, and evidential traces can frequently be improved by contracts
control, by magnification, by invisible radiation.
4. Offender location- surveillance, burglar traps, confessions, re-enactment s of crimes.
5. Court exhibits- demonstrations enlargements, individual photos, projection slides,
motion pictures.
6. Reproduction or copying- questionable checks and documents, evidential papers,
photographs, official records and notices.
7. Personnel training- photographs and film relating to police tactics, investigation
techniques, mob control, and catastrophe situation.
8. Public relations- film pertaining to safety programs, juvenile delinquency, traffic
education, public cooperation and civil defense.
POLYGRAPHY (Lie Detection)

It is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of a polygraph
instrument. Polygraphy is the new name of Lie Detection.
Polygraph
It is a scientific diagnostic instrument used to record physiological changes in the
blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance of an examinee under controlled
condition.
Principal Uses of the Polygraph

1. Aid in investigation
2. Speeds up processing of investigation
3. Eliminates innocent suspects
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4. Pre-employment screening
5. Honesty test
FORENSIC/LEGAL MEDICINE
It is a branch of medicine, which deals with the application of medical knowledge to
the purpose of law and in the administration of justice.
Types of Medical Evidences:

1. Object evidence (autoptic/real) - this is evidence made known or addressed in the
sense of the court. It is not limited to that which is known through the sense of vision
but it is extended to what the sense of hearing, taste, smell and touch perceived.
2. Testimonial Evidence- a person maybe commanded to appear before the court to
give testimony. While in the witness stand, his obligation is to answer the question
propounded by counsel and presiding officer of the court, his testimony must be
given orally and under oath or affirmation.
3. Documentary evidence- a document is an instrument on which is recorded by
means of letter, figure or make intended to be used to the purpose of recording that
matter which may be evidentially used. The term applies on writing, to word printed,
lithograph or photograph.
4. Experimental evidence- a medical witness may be allowed by the court to confirm
his allegation or as a corroborated proof to an opinion he previously stated.
5. Physical evidence- these are articles and materials which are founded in connection
with evidence and which aid in establishing the identity of the perpetrator or the
circumstances under which the crime was committed, or in general assist, in the
prosecution of the criminal.
Kinds of Physical Evidence
1. Corpus Delicti evidence- evidence which may be part of the body of the
crime
2. Associative evidence- evidence which links the suspect to the crime.
3. Tracing evidence-evidence which help in the location of the suspect.
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
It is the science of the motion of projectiles.
Refers to the science of firearm identification
From the Greek words “ballo-mobility/ballien-to throw” or “ballista-gigantic bow or
catapult used to horl large stones at a distance, which means early roman war machine.
Branches of Ballistics
1. Interior- the branch of this science, which has something to do with the properties
and attributes of the projectile while still inside the gun. This extends from the
breech to the muzzle of the gun.
2. Exterior- the branch of this science which has something to do with the attributes
and movements of the bullet after it has left the gun muzzle.
3. Terminal- it is the branch of this science that deals with the effects of the impact of
the projectile to the target.
4. Forensic ballistics- this branch of this science involves the investigation and
identification of firearms by means of the ammunition fired through them.
FORENSIC QUESTION DOCUMENT

Document
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Any material containing marks, symbols, or signs that may present or ultimately
convey a meaning to someone.
Latin word: documentum- lesson, example
Greek word: docere- to teach
Questioned Document
One in which the facts appearing therein may not be true, and are contested either in
whole or in part.
Kinds of Document
1. Public document- notarized by the public
2. Official document- issued by the government
3. Private document- executed by a private person
4. Commercial document- executed in accordance with the code of commerce.
Criminal law
A branch or division of law that defines crimes, treats of their nature and provides for
their punishment.
Primary source of the Philippine criminal law

Revised penal code (Act 3815)
Effectivity
January 1, 1932
The RPC consist of two books, namely:
Book 1- principles affecting criminal liability, penalties and liabilities
Book 2- list of felonies
Partsof the RPC

1. Principles affecting criminal liability (Art 1-20 of book 1)
2. Penalties including liabilities (Art 21-113 of book 1)
3. Special felonies and their penalties classified and grouped under 14 titles (Arts 114-
366 of book 2)
Felonies
Act or omissions defined and punished under the Revised Penal Code.
Characteristics of the Revised Penal Code

1. Generality- the law is binding upon all persons who reside or sojourn in the
Philippines.
2. Territoriality- the law is applicable to all crimes committed within the limits of the
Philippine territory.
3. Prospectivity/ Irretrospectivity- the law does not have any retroactive effect. A
peril law cannot make an act punishable in a manner in which it was not punishable
when committed. Crimes are punished under the law in force at the time of the
commission of the offense.
“Lex prospicit non respicit”

The law looks forward, not backward. Laws are prospective of are intended for future
application.
Ex Post Facto Law

A law that is retroactive and punishes an act which is not punishable when
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committed. This is not applied in the country.
Exception of the prospective application of the criminal law

Whenever the new law dealing with the crime establishes conditions more lenient or
favorable to the accused.
Exception to the exception
1. Where the new law is expressly made inapplicable to pending actions or existing
causes of actions.
2. Where the offender is a habitual delinquent/criminal
Habitual delinquent
A person shall be deemed a habitual delinquent if within a period of ten years from
the date of his release or last conviction of the crimes of serious or less serious physical
injury, robbery, theft, staffa, or falsification he is found guilty of any of said crimes a third
times or oftener.
Revised Penal Code of the Philippines

Book two- crimes and penalties
Articles 114-366
Title I- Crimes against National Security and the Law of Nation (Art 114-123)
Title II- Crimes against the Fundamental Laws of the State (Art 124-133)
Title III- Crimes against Public Order (Art 134-160)
Title IV- Crimes against Public Interest (Art 161-189)
Title V- Crimes Relative to Opium and other Prohibited Drug (190-194)
Title VI- Crimes against Public Morals (Art 195-202)
Title VII- Crimes committed by Public Official (Art 203-245)
Title VIII- Crimes against Persons (Art 246-266)
Title IX- Crimes against Personal Liberty and Security (Art 267-292)
Title X- Crimes against Property (Art 293-332)
Title XI- Crimes against Chastity (Art 333-346)
Title XII- Crimes against Civil Status of Persona (Art 347-352)
Title XIII- Crimes against Honor (Art 353-364)
Title XIV- Quasi-offenses (Art 365)
SPECIAL PENAL LAW

Penal law which punishes act not defined and punished by the Revised Penal Code.
It is a statute enacted by the legislative branch, penal in character which is not an
amendment of the Revised Penal Code.
Offenses which are or in the future maybe punishable under the special penal laws
are not subject to the provision of the Revised Penal Code.
“Lex Specialis Derogant Generali”

Special Penal Law prevails over the Revised Penal Code.
RPC rules that are not applicable to SPL
1. Art 6- attempted and frustrated stage of execution
2. Art 8-conspiracy and proposal to commit felony
3. Art 18 and 19- accomplices and accessories
4. Art 13 and 14- mitigating and aggravating circumstances
5. Art 64- rules for the application of penalties wit 3 periods
Exception: only if the SPL allows or there is a provision on the SPL allowing such rules to be
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applied
CRIMINAL EVIDENCE
Evidence
A means sanctioned by the rules of law of ascertaining in a criminal proceeding a
truth respecting a matter of fact.
Admissibility of Evidence
Evidence is admissible when it is relevant to the facts in issue and not excluded by
law. Evidence is relevant if it has a direct connection to the facts in issue and competent if it
is not excluded by law.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
The methods prescribed by law for the apprehension and prosecution of persons
accused of any offense and for their punishment in case of conviction [and release if proven
innocent].
Source of Criminal Procedure

1. Part III, rule 110-127, of the Rules of Court of the Philippines.
2. 1987 Phil constitution, more particularly Art III, Bill of Rights
3. BP 129- Judiciary Reorganization act of 1980
4. Various acts passed by legislature like Presidential Decrees, executive orders
5. Decisions of the Supreme Court
Criminal Law Criminal Procedure

Substantive law Remedial law
It defines crimes, treats of their nature Provides for the method by which a
and provides for their punishment person accused of crime is arrested, tried
and punished
Declares what acts are punishable Provides how the acts are to be punished
STAGES OF COMMITING A FELONY

1. Attempted felony- when the offender commences the commission of a felony directly
by overt acts, and does not perform all the acts of execution which would produce the
felony by reason of some cause or accident other than his spontaneous desistance.
(Art 6, 3rd paragraph RPC)
2. Frustrated Felony-when the offender performs all the acts of execution which would
produce the felony as a consequence but which, nevertheless, do not produce it by
reason of some cause independent of the will of the perpetrator. (Art6, 2 nd paragraph,
PRC)
3. Consummated Felony- when all the element necessary, for execution and
accomplished are present (Art 6, 2nd paragraph RPC)
CIRCUMSTANCES THAT AFFECT CRIMINAL LIABILTY

1. Justifying circumstances- the person under any of the justifying circumstances is
in accordance with the law, so such person is deemed not to the have transgressed
the law and is free from both criminal and civil liability.
2. Exempting Circumstances- and other absolutory cause- on who acts by virtue of
any of the exempting circumstances commits a crime, although by the complete
absence of any of the conditions, which constitute free will, or voluntariness of the
act, no criminal liability arises. Hence, there is wanting in the agent of the crime any
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of the conditions which makes the act voluntary, or negligent. There is however civil
liability.
3. Mitigating circumstances- these circumstances are based on the diminution of
either the freedom of action, intelligence or intent, or lesser perversity of the offender.
4. Aggravating Circumstances- there are based on the grater perversity of the offender
manifested in the commission of the felony as shown by the moving power itself, the
place of the commission, the means and ways employed, the time of the personal
circumstances of the offender party.
5. Alternative Circumstances- these are those which must be taken into consideration
as aggravating or mitigating according to the nature and effects of the crime and
other conditions attending its commission.
a. Relationship
b. Intoxication
c. Degree of instruction and education of the offender
PERSONS CRIMINALLY LIABBLE FOR FELONIES

1. Principals
Principal by direct participation- those who take direct participation in the
execution of the act
Principal by inducement-those who directly force or induce others to commit
the crime (mastermind)
Principal by indispensable cooperation- those who cooperated in the
commission of the crime without it would not have been accomplished
2. Accomplice
They are those who, not being principals, cooperate in the execution of the
offense or simultaneous acts.
3. Accessories
These are those who having knowledge of the commission of the crime, and
without having participated therein, either as principals or accomplice, part
subsequent to its commission in any of the following manners.
a. By profiting themselves or assisting the offender to profit by the effects of the
crime.
b. By concealing the crime of the effects or the instrument thereof in order to
prevent its discovery.
c. By harboring or assisting the escape of the principals of the crime.
INTRODUCTON TO CORRECTION
Penology
It is the study of punishment for the crime or of the criminal offenders. It includes
the study of control and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders. It is
a term derived from the Latin word “Poena” which means pain or suffering.
Penology is also otherwise known as penal science. It is actually a division of
criminology that deals with prison management and the treatment of offenders and
concerned with the philosophy and practice of society in its effort to repress criminal
activities.
Penal Management
It is the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of confinement as in
jails or prisons.
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Correction
A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody, supervision
and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. It is the field of criminal justice administration,
which utilizes the body of knowledge and practices of the government and the society in the
general involving these of processes of handling individuals who have been convicted of
offense for purposes of crime prevention and control.
Correction as a Process
Correction as a process is the reorientation of the criminal offender to prevent him or
her from repeating his delinquent actions without necessity of taking punitive action but
rather introduction of individuals measures of reformation.
Correction Administration
It is the study and practice of a systematic management in jails or prisons and other
institutions concerned with the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
PUNISHMENT AND THE CRIMINAL
Punishment
It is the redress that the state takes against an offending member of the society that
usually involves pain and suffering. It is also the penalty imposed to an offender of a crime
or wrong doing.
Institutional Correction
Offenders are incarcerated in a correctional institution receiving institutionalized
treatment.
Institutional treatment;
a. Prison education- cornerstone of rehabilitation
b. Work programs-remove idleness
c. Religious service
d. Recreational programs
e. Medical and health service
f. Counseling and case work
Non-institutional correction
Treatment of the offenders are carried out in the community as alternative to
imprisonment.
Non-institutional treatment:
a. Probation
b. Parole
c. Absolute pardon
d. Conditional pardon etc.
Compensation of Wrong Acts

Retaliation (personal Vengeance)
It tis the earliest remedy for wrong act to anyone. The concept of personal vengeance
by the victim’s family of tribe against the family of the offender, hence. “blood fields” was
accepted in the early primitive societies.
Fines and punishment
Customs has exerted effort and great force among primitive societies the acceptance
of vengeance in the form of payment becomes accepted as dictated by tribal traditions.
ANCIENT FORMS OF PUNISHMENT

Death Penalty
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It is affected by burning, beheading, hanging, breaking at the wheels, pillory and

other forms of medieval execution.
Physical Torture
It is affected by maiming, mutilation, whipping and other inhumane or barbaric
forms of inflicting pain.
Social Degradation
Putting the offender into shame and humiliation
Banishment or exile
The sending or putting away of an offender which was carried out either by
prohibition against coming into a specified territory such as an island to where the offender
has been removed
Slavery and transportation – offenders are transported to other colonized country to

become slaves in lieu of their offense or as a punishment/penalty of their offense.
CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT

Imprisonment
Putting the offender in prison for the purpose of protecting the public against
criminal activities and at the same time rehabilitating the prisoners by requiring them to
undergo institutional treatment programs.
Probation
It is the disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an offense, the penalty of
which does not exceed 6 years of imprisonment, is released subject to the conditions
imposed by the releasing court and under the supervision of a probation officer.
Parole
A conditional release of a prisoner after serving part of his/her sentence in prison for
the purpose of gradually re-introducing him/her to free life under the guidance and
supervision of a parole officer.
Fine
An amount given as a compensation for the criminal act.
Destierro
The penalty of banishing a person from the place where he committed a crime,
prohibiting him to enter the 25-kilometer radius but not more than 250 km.
JUSTIFICATION OF PUNISHMENT
Retribution
The punishment should be provided by the state whose law is violated, to afford the
society or the individual the opportunity of imposing the offender suitable punishment as
might be enforced. Offenders should be punished because they deserve it. It is the redress
in the form of personal vengeance.
Expiation/atonement
It is the punishment of group vengeance of which the purpose is to appease the
offended public or group.
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Deterrence
The punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing to others what would
happen to them if they violate the law. The punishments are imposed to warn the potential
offenders that they cannot afford to do what the offender has done.
When the theory refers to the specific offender who committed the crime it is known
as specific deterrence.
General deterrence describes the effect that punishment has when it serves as a
public example or treat that deters people other than the initial offender from committing
similar crimes
Incapacitation and protection

The public will be protected if the offender has been held in conditions where he
cannot harm others. By putting the offender in prison, society is protected from his further
criminal depredation
Reformation/Rehabilitation
It is the establishment of the usefulness and responsibility of the offender.
PENALTY
It is the suffering inflicted by the state against member for the transgression of law.
JUURIDICAL CONDITIONS OF PENALTY

Productive of suffering
Without however affecting the human personality
Commensurate with the offense
Different crimes must be punished with different penalties.
Personal
The guilty one must be the one to be punished
Legal
The consequences must be in accordance with the law
Equal
Equal to all person
Certain
No one must escape its effect
Correctional
Changes the attitude of the offender and become a law-abiding citizen
EARLY FORMS OF PRISON DISCIPLINE

Hard Labor
Productive words
Deprivation
Deprivation of everything except the essentials of existence
Monotony
Giving the same food that is “off diet”. Or requiring the prisoner to perform drab of
boring daily routine
Uniformity
“We treat the prisoners alike”, the fault of one is the fault of all
Mass Movement
Mass living in cellblocks, mass eating, mass recreation, mass bathing
Degradation
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Uttering insulting words or languages on the part of the prison staff tot eh prisoners
to degrade or break the confidence of prisoner
Corporal punishment
Imposing brutal punishment or employing physical force to intimidate a delinquent
inmate.
Isolation or solitary confinement
Non-communication, limited news, “the lone wolf”
EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY
Amnesty
A general pardon extended to a group of people, such as political offenders to bring
about the return of dissidents to their home and to restore peace and order in the
community
Reprieve
The temporary stay of the execution of sentence especially the execution of death
sentence.
Pardon
An act of grace extended to prisoners as a matter of right, vested to the chief
executive as a matter of power
Commutation of sentence
An act of the president changing or reducing a heavier sentence into a lighter offense
or a longer term into a shorter term.
JAIL AND PRISON
PRISON
It is a penitentiary, an institution for the incarceration of persons convicted of major
or serious crimes.
PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM

National Bilibid Prison (Muntinlupa, Rizal)
New Bilibid prison
Camp Sampaguita
Camp Bukang Liwayway
PENAL COLONIES
1. San Ramon Prison and Penal farm
Located at Zamboanga
Confinement of political offenders
Named after Capt. Ramon Blanco
2. Iwahig Penal Colonies

Located at Puerto Prinsesa, Palawan
36, 000 hectares total land area
One of the best “open institution”, only mutual trust and confidence of words and
prison authorities keep them together, there being no walls.
Sub colonies:
Montible
Inagawan
Sta. Lucia
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Central (Main)
The Correctional Institution for Women

Established by act no. 3579
Located at Mandaluyong
Managed by female personnel
Confinement of female offenders
3. Davao Penal Colony

Founded by Gen. Paulino Santos
Used as a concentration camp for American prisoners of war
At present, it is a combination of medium and minimum type of institution
4. Sablayan Penal Colony

Located at San Jose, Occidental Mindoro
An open or minimum-security type penal institution
Established on 1954
5. Ilo-ilo Penal Colony and Farm

Located at Ilo-ilo province
6. Leyte Regional Prison

Located at Abuyog, Leyte
JAIL
A place for looking-up of persons who are convicted of minor offenses or felonies who
are to serve sentence imposed upon them by a competent court, or for confinement of
persons who are awaiting trial or investigation of their cases.
Types of Jail
1. Lock-up Jail
It is a security facility, common to police stations used for temporary confinement of
an individual held for investigation
2. Ordinary Jail/Provincial Lail

Commonly used to detain a convicted criminal offender to serve sentence less than
three years
3. Work houses, Jail Farms or Camps

A facility that houses minimum custody offenders who are serving short sentences or
those who are undergoing constructive work programs. It provides full employment of
prisoners, remedial services and constructive leisure time activities.
PRISONER
A person who is detained/confined in jail/prison for the commission of a criminal
offense or convicted and serving in a penal institution. A person who by reason of his
criminal sentence or by a decision issued by a court, maybe deprived of his liberty or
freedom.
General Classification of Prisoner

1. Detention Prisoner
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Those detained for investigation, preliminary hearing of awaiting trial
2. Sentences prisoner
Offenders who are committed to the jail or prison in order to serve their sentence
after final conviction by a competent
Court.
3. Prisoners who are on safekeeping

Includes non-criminal offenders who are detained in order to protect the community
against their harmful behavior
Classification of Sentenced Prisoner

1. Insular or National Prisoner
 Those sentences to suffer a term of imprisonment from 3 years 1 day to life
imprisonment
2. Provincial Prisoner
 Sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 6 months 1 day to 3 years or
a fine of not more than 10, 000 peso or both
3. City Prisoner
 Sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 1 day to 3 years or a fine of
not more than 1, 000 pesos
4. Municipal Prisoner
 Confined in municipal jails to serve an imprisonment from 1 day to 6 months
Classification of Prisoners according to Degree of Security
Super Maximum-Security Prisoner

A special group of prisoners composed of incorrigible, intractable, and highly
dangerous persons who are the source of constant disturbance even in a maximum-security
prison. They wear orange uniform.
Maximum Security Prisoner

It is the group of prisoners whose escape could be dangerous to the public or to the
community or the state. It consists of constant troublemakers but not as dangerous as the
super maximum-security prisoners. They occupy the new Bilibid prison main building. The
wear orange uniform.
Medium Security Prisoner

Those that can be trusted in open conditions and pose lesser danger than the
maximum-security prisoners in case they escape. It consists of groups of prisoners who
maybe allowed working outside the fence or walls of the penal institution under guards or
with escorts. They occupy the medium security prison (Camp Sampaguita). They wear blue
uniform.
Minimum Security Prisoner

It is a group of prisoners who can be reasonably trusted to serve under “open
condition”
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This group includes prisoners who can be trusted to report to their work assignments
without the presence of guards. They occupy the minimum-security prison (Camp Bukang
Liwayway). They wear brown color uniform.
Related Laws:
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6506 - AN ACT CREATING THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR
CRIMINOLOGISTS IN THE PHILIPPINES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
 REPUBLIC ACT No. 11131 - AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF

CRIMINOLOGY PROFESSION IN THE PHILIPPINES, AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS
THEREFOR, REPEALING FOR THE PURPOSE of REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6506,
OTHERWISE KNOWN AS "AN ACT CREATING THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR
CRIMINOLOGISTS IN THE PHILIPPINES"
Differences:
 Under RA 11131, a candidate must obtain a weighted average rating of 75% with no
grade less than 60% in any subject to pass the licensure examination for
criminologists.
 Under RA 6506 SECTION 15. Ratings in the Examination. – In order to pass the
examination, a candidate must obtain a general average of at least 75% with no
rating below 50% in any of the subjects.
 Sec. 14 par.(e) of RA 11131 “Those who failed five (5) times whether consecutive or
cumulative in the criminologist licensure examination, must present a certification
issued by a reputable institution duly recognized by the CHED that such applicant
has satisfactorily completed a refresher course in criminology.”
Note: no refresher course under RA 6506.
ARTICLE V (RA 11131)

PRIVILEGES OF REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGISTS
Section 34. Privileges of Registered Criminologists. - All registered criminologists shall be
exempt from taking any other entrance or qualifying government or civil service
examinations and shall be considered civil service eligible to the following government
positions, among others: (1) Dactylographer; (2) Ballistician; (3) Questioned Document
Examiner; (4) Forensic Photographer; (5) Polygraph Examiner; (6) Probation Officer; (7)
Parole Officer; (8) Special Investigator; (9) Special Agent; (10) Investigative Agent; (11)
Intelligence Agent; (12) Law Enforcement Evaluation Officer; (13) National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM) Inspector; (14) Traffic Operation Officer; (15) Associate Graft
Investigation Officer; (16) Special Police Officer; (17) Safekeeping Officer; (18) Sheriff; (19)
Security Officer; (20) Criminal Investigator; (21) Warden; (22) Reformation Officer; (23)
Firefighter; (24) Fire Marshall; (25) Jail Officer up to the rank of Jail Superintendent; (26)
Police Officer up to the rank of Police Superintendent and other law enforcement agencies,
and agencies under the Criminal Justice System.
Rubrics for Learning Exemplary Superior (4) Satisfactory Needs

Assessment episodes (5) (3) Improvement
(2)
Learning All tasks All or nearly Nearly all Fewer than
activities were done all tasks tasks were half of the
with were done done with tasks were
VISION MISSION

DIFFUN CAMPUS
outstanding with high acceptable

done; or most
quality; work quality quality
objectives
exceeds were met but
expectations. need
improvement
Assignment All tasks All tasks Tasks were Tasks were
were were not not
accomplished accomplished accomplished accomplished;
completely; completely; completely; grammar and
in depth clear vaguely spelling are
answers; connection related to the unsatisfactory.
thoroughly with theories, theories;
grounded on grammar and grammar and
theories with spelling are spelling are
exemplary superior. acceptable.
grammar and
spelling.
Assessment All questions There is one Two mistakes Three
were mistake were mistakes were
answered committed. committed. committed.
with perfect
score.
Submission Submitted Submitted on Submitted a Submitted two
of learning before the the deadline. day after the days or more
episodes deadline. deadline. before the
deadline.
TRANSMUTATION OF SCORE TO GRADE/RATING

Score 20 19- 17 16 15 14 13-12 11 10 9-8 7
18 below
Grade 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.0 3.5 5.0
99 96 93 90 87 84 81 78 75 72 71
below
Grading Written/Performance activities 30% worksheets, exercises, essays,
System narrative, critics, audio/video
recordings
Major Requirements 25% term papers, research papers,
portfolio
Major Exams 45% 3 summative tests
Total 100%
Answer
Reference Tancangco, Danilo L. Theories and Causes of Crimes, 2018.
Tancangco, Danili L. Victimology, 2018.
Asalan, Jamilla Gay L. et.al Introduction to Criminology and
Psychology of Crime, 2012.
Rao, Digumarti Bhaskara. Criminology, 2012.
Kalalang, Sally S. Introduction to Criminology and Psychology of
Crimes, 2011.
Siegel, Larry J. Criminology Theories, Patterns and Typologies 9th.ed,
2008.
Asalan, Jamilla Gay L. Fundamentals of Criminal Justice System,
2014.
VISION MISSION

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QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE III

CRIM 1: Introduction to Criminology

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Module 3 Introduction to Criminalistics & Criminal Law

Distinction between Criminology and Criminalistics

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Sir Edward Richard Henry

Three Universal Principles of fingerprint

Objective of Police Photography

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Importance of Forensic Photography

Uses of photography in Police Work

POLYGRAPHY (Lie Detection)

Principal Uses of the Polygraph

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Types of Medical Evidences:

FORENSIC QUESTION DOCUMENT

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Primary source of the Philippine criminal law

Partsof the RPC

Characteristics of the Revised Penal Code

“Lex prospicit non respicit”

Ex Post Facto Law

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

committed. This is not applied in the country.

Exception of the prospective application of the criminal law

Revised Penal Code of the Philippines

SPECIAL PENAL LAW

“Lex Specialis Derogant Generali”

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Source of Criminal Procedure

Criminal Law Criminal Procedure

STAGES OF COMMITING A FELONY

CIRCUMSTANCES THAT AFFECT CRIMINAL LIABILTY

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

PERSONS CRIMINALLY LIABBLE FOR FELONIES

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Compensation of Wrong Acts

ANCIENT FORMS OF PUNISHMENT

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

It is affected by burning, beheading, hanging, breaking at the wheels, pillory and

Slavery and transportation – offenders are transported to other colonized country to

CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Incapacitation and protection

JUURIDICAL CONDITIONS OF PENALTY

EARLY FORMS OF PRISON DISCIPLINE

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

JAIL AND PRISON

PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM

2. Iwahig Penal Colonies

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

The Correctional Institution for Women

3. Davao Penal Colony

4. Sablayan Penal Colony

5. Ilo-ilo Penal Colony and Farm

6. Leyte Regional Prison