GROUP 1

WATER

RESOURCES
Chapter 4
 TABLE
of contents

01. Water on Earth 02. The Hydrologic Cycle

03. Earth’s Water 04. Types of Water Reservoir

05. Water as a Resource

WATER
• Water is normally perceived as restricted to its
liquid form as seen in the rivers, oceans, lakes,
and also the water that we drink.
• Earth is the only planet where water is in its
liquid form.

•earth looks mostly blue and white because of

water, snow, and clouds. .
4 Earth's subsystem

1. Hydrosphere
2. Lithosphere
3. Biosphere
4. Atmosphere
LESSON 4.1:
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
• Also known as “Water Cycle”
• The movement of water around the Earth’s
surface and its subsystem.
• Reservoirs are the places where water resides
for varying amount of time

• Pathways are the processes that allow water

to move between reservoirs and subsystems.
HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE
LESSON 4.2:
EARTH’S WATERS
• Earth’s water budget is the total amount of
water in the planet.

• Water moves and changes in form, but

neither created or destroyed.
 OCEAN
• The largest reservoir

• Contains about 97.5% of Earth’s total water,

which is mostly saline water.

• This has a major implication in humans

since humans depend on freshwater for
drinking, agriculture, and industrial use.
FRESHWATER
• Freshwater is only 2.5% of Earth’s total
water, which is found in:
Glacier - 68.7%
Groundwater - 30.1%
Permafrost - 0.8%
total= 99.6%
• Residence time is the average length of time
spent by water molecules in a reservoir.
• In large reservoir, the residence time of
water is longer.
 RESIDENCE TIME FOR
SPECIFIC RESERVOIRS
RESERVOIR RESIDENCE TIME
Ocean and ice sheets thousands of years

Groundwater tens of hundreds of years

Streams and rivers few weeks

Atmosphere few days

Organisms few hours

SALTWATER

RESERVOIR
 DO YOU THINK PACIFIC
OCEAN AND ANTLANTIC
OCEAN MIX OR NOT?
• The idea that the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic
Ocean don't mix is a common misconception.
In reality, the waters of the Pacific and
Atlantic Oceans do mix, but they have distinct
characteristics that create visible boundaries
and differences in temperature, salinity, and
density.
.
• The salinity of saltwater varies from 33 to 37
parts per thousand

• When it is evaporated, three-quarters of the dissolved

material is comprised of NaCl (common salt)

The principal sources of the elements dissolved in

seawater are weathering and volcanic eruptions
•Weathering or the in situ disintegration of geologic materials,
releases soluble materials such as sodium, potassium, and
sulfur.
• Volcanic Eruptions, both on land and submarine,
contribute compounds through volcanic gases and
hot springs
•The salinity of seawater is maintained within a narrow
range by the processes in the hydrologic cycle.

Evaporation removes water, making the remaining solution

saltier

•Precipitation adds water, causing dilution.

•Inflow from rivers and groundwater also
makes the sea less salty. As seawater
freezes, salt is excluded because of its
structure, making the unfrozen sea
 There are three Major
zones in the ocean
• The surface layer, which consists of relatively
warm, low-density water, extends from the ocean
surface to a depth of 100m, this layer is only about
2% of the water in the ocean

•In the second layer, called thermocline, the

temperature of water decreases rapidly with depth.
At high latitudes, the thermocline reaches the
surface and extends up to 1500 m
 There are three Major
zones in the ocean
•Below the thermocline is the deep zone, where the
temperature is uniformly low

•In the deep zone, there is a thermobaline circulation

driven by density differences, which is controlled by
temperature (thermos) and salinity (haline).
FRESHWATER

RESERVOIR
most of the freshwater on earth is stored in
glaciers situated in inaccessible areas (polar
regions and high mountains)

Freshwater water (defined as low salt concentration)

Examples
Lakes, rivers, used for drinking, irrigation and other human activities
further divided into 3 categories

rivers and streams Lakes and ponds Freshwater wetland

freshwater is less than 3% in planet's water, thats why it is calles as
precious resource. Half of it are liquid, the rest is in form of ice in polar caps
and glaciers.
GLACIER
• it is a permanent body of ice, it consists largely of re crystallized snow.
• the unmelted snow is covered by another layer the following
winter. The snow compacted and turns into a mass of ice.

• ice sheet is a mass of glacial land ice

extending more than 50 000km².
GLACIER
• glaciation, when a large amount of water becomes locked up as
snow, resulting in a decrease in the volume of runoff, a lower sea level,
and an exposure of most land in the coastal areas.
• deglaciation, the reverse happens- river flow increases, and the
volume of the world ocean increases, resulting in a rise in sea level and
reduced land area.
PERMAFROST
• when a soil, rock or sediment
that is frozen for more than two
years.
• most of the permafrost is found
in polar regions, they may exist in
high altitude regions.
VID
SURFACE WATER

RESERVOIR
STREAM
• Is a moving body of surface water that flows
downslope toward sea level because of gravity.
• A river is a stream with a considerable
volume and a well defined channel.
• Smaller streams are called tributaries.
• It has clearly defined passageways called
channels.
• Has line that separates individual drainage
basin is called drainage divide.
LAKE
• Is a large bodies of fresh water or saline water.
• It forms in places where water collects in a
low area and behind or humanmade dams.
• Geological processes form natural lakes.
• Ponds are small and shallow lakes.
• Dams are barriers constructed along
stream to contain water.
WETLANDS
• Are land areas where water covers the surface
for significant periods.

• Are biologically diverse environments filled

with species that rely on both land and
water for survival.

• Largest wetland in the Philippines is

Ligawasan Marsh.
MARSH
A shallow wetland around lakes, streams, and oceans where
grasses and reeds are the dominant vegetation.

SWAMP
A wetland with lush trees and vegetation found in low lying
areas beside slow moving rivers.

ESTUARY
A partly enclosed coastal body of water where fresh water from
stream meets the salt water from the sea.
FLOODS
• Is a natural event in which an area that is
usually dry is submerged underwater.
• Fluvial or riverine flood occurs when a
stream’s discharge is greater than the
capacity of the channel, causing the stream
to overflow.
• Flashfloods are characterized by intense,
high velocity torrent of water that occurs in
an existing river channel with a little to no
notice.
FLOODS
• Coastal flooding occurs when water
overwhelms in low lying areas along coasts,
usually due to severe water conditions.

• Pluvial or surface water flood occurs when

heavily rainfall creates a flood event
independent of an overflowing stream.
GROUNDWATER
• Is freshwater found in the rock and soil layers
beneath the surface.
• Is the largest reservoir of liquid freshwater
on earth.
• Water bearing rock layers called aquifers
are akin to a sponge which holds
groundwater in tiny cracks, cavities, and
pores between mineral grains.
• Porosity is the total amount of empty pore
spaces in the rock.
GROUNDWATER

PROFILE
 GROUNDWATER
Groundwater is the water found
underground in the cracks and
spaces in soil, sand and rock.

Largest reservoir of earth

It constitute about 30.1% of total

freshwater on the planet.

usually comes from rain and snowmelt, that soaks

into the ground
 POROSITY
• The total empty pore space in the rock

• It determines the amount of groundwater

that an aquifers can hold
 PERMEABILITY
• Ability of a rock or sediment to allows the liquid to pass
through it.

•Is an indication how easily

water can move through
the material
 AQUIFERS
Saturated area of a sediment or rock that ground
water can move through

ZONE OF AERATION ZONE OF SATURATION

• It is Located beneath • The layer beneath the
the land surface. zone of aeration.
• Where the space between .• Where the space between
particles are mostly filled with air. particles filled with water
 WATER TABLE
• Is located at the bottom of zone
of aeration and at the top of
zone of saturation.
. through tiny spaces between soil
• Boundary
CAPILARY FRINGE
• The capillary fringe is like a
spongey area of soil or rock just
above the water table. In this
zone, water is pulled upward
particles, a process known as
capillary action.
AQUIFERS, ARTESIAN
WELLS, AND SPRINGS
 AQUIFER
A body of porous rock or sediment
that holds groundwater
UNCONFINED & CONFINED
AQUIFER
 UNCONFINED AQUIFER

•Movement is not restricted

•Not trapped

•Able to rise & fall

UNCONFINED AQUIFER
 CONFINED AQUIFER

•Water is trapped and held down by

pressure between impermeable rocks
called “aquiclude”.

•The pressure in confined aquifer causes

water to rise in wells drilled through it called
“artesian well”.
 RECHARGE ZONE

•Land area where water enters the

ground and replenishes the
groundwater.
 DISCHARGE ZONE
•The area where the
groundwater flows out of the
aquifer and onto land surface
or even in submarine
environment. A well in which
groundwater is pumped out is
also a discharge zone.
GROUNDWATER-STREAM

RELATIONSHIP
there is an interaction between groundwater flow
and stream flow.
 WHAT IS WATER CYCLE?
It is the continuous movement of water
within the Earth and atmosphere.
 WHAT IS STREAM

Stream is a small narrow river

WATER AS A

RESOURCES
 PERMEABILITY
• Ability of a rock or sediment to allows the liquid to pass
through it.

•Is an indication how easily

water can move through
the material
SEDIMENTATION
ACID MINE DRAINAGE
WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT AND

CONSERVATION
• The ever-increasing pressure in water
resources calls for an effective water resources
management.
• Water Resources Management is the holistic
approach to managing water supply and water risks to
ensure sufficient quantity and quality to meet many
competing demands.
• It involves planning, developing, distributing, and
managing the optimum use of water resources
• In response to growing water demands,
various countries and regions have become
determined in addressing the natural viability of
their water resources
• Dams and reservoirs are built to provide
additional water storage

• Interbasin transfer of water also increase the

water supply in heavily stressed systems
• Current technology advances make the
wastewater reusable after extensive treatment
to remove biodegradable materials, nutrients
and pathogens.

• In Middle East, countries in coastal areas also

practice desalination.
THANK YOU
 MEMBERS
Earl Bagtas Amberlane Limpin Lynelle Maduli

Freya Bacala Gail Macabale Kiah Enriquez

Mika Mercado Ezekiel Tanjuan Micca Berces