3 Algebra of Matrices POINTS TO 6 Matrix: A matrix is.a rectangular arrangement of numbers of functions arranged intoa fixed number of rows and columns. ‘A matrix is written inside brackets [_ ]. Bach entry in a matrix is called an element of the matrix. Order of Matrix: The dimension or order of matrix is defined by the number of rows and columns of that matrix. By conversion the dimension or order of a matrix is given by No. of rows x No. of columns If a matrix have m rows and 1 columns then its order (dimension) is written as mt x n and read as mbyn Row Matrix: A matrix having one row and any number of column is called a row matrix. In other words, matrix of order 1 x ris always a row matrix. eg [ab 6 dhi,gis.a row matrix, Column Matrix: A matrix having any number of rows but only one column is called column matrix. In other words, a matrix of order m x 1 is always a column matri a isa column matrix. c dda Square Matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns, say 1, is called a square matrix of order n. Diagonal Elements: The elements a; of a square matrix A = [aj]_., for which ij, ie,, the elements 43, yy ar called the diagonal elements and the line along which the diagonal elements lie, is called the principal diagonal or leading diagonal. Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix [aj] is said to be a diagonal matrix if aj = 0 for ij. In other words, a square matrix is said to be a diagonal matrix, if its element not on principal diagonal are zero. Scalar Matrix: A square matrix A = [aj], , is called a scalar matrix, if (0 ay=0¥ ie jand (i) a; =0V i, where c #0. In other words, a square matrix is said to be scalat, if it is a diagonal matrix and entries on its principal diagonal are equal. “\l 2 z= | n ool S A il as ial < 16] m ve)a Ww co Py ee 2 Wu jad (e) ps WY) lal = (e) oO 8. Identity Matrix: A square matrix in which all non diagonal elements are zero and all diagonal elements are equal to 1is called identity matrix. ie, T= [Ojlmom iS an identity matrix if aj=0 Viejanday=1 Vis] 100) For example, |0 1 0| isan identity matrix. 00 1h. 9, Null or Zero Matrix: A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a null matrix or a zero matrix ie, A= [aglonn is null matrix ifaj=0, ¥ i,j. 10. Upper and Lower Triangular Matrices: A square matrix A = [aj] is called (8 an upper triangular matrix, if a, = 0'V i> j, ie, all entries below principal diagonal are zero. (i) a lower triangular matrix, ifa, = 0 i B= 13, Let A = [aj] be an m x m matrix and k be any number called a scalar. Then, the matrix obtained by multiplying every element of A by k is called the scalar multiple of A by k and is denoted by kA. Thus, kA = [hig]. « Following are the properties of scalar multiplication : If A and B are two matrices of the same order and k,/ are scalars, then () A+ B)=kA+hB (i) k+DAzKA+IA (i) () A= KOA) (io) (K)A=- (kA) =kE-A) (@) 1A=A (i) ()A=-A Note that a scalar matrix can be obtained by multiplying an identity matrix by a scalar. 14, If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then A-B=A+(-B). 15, Multiplication of Matrices: Two matrices A and B are said to be defined for multiplication, if the number of columns of A (pre multiplier) is equal to the number of rows of B (post-multipliex). For example, if the order of A (pre-multiplier) is m x n and the order of B (post-multiplier) is m x p then A and Bis defined for multiplication and order of product of A and B denoted by AB is m x p. ie, Ann * Bap? ABn xp = Ilka)Definition of Product: Let A = [aj] «and B = [Byl,

Pa =Ca Matrix multiplication has the following properties: (i) Matrix multiplication is not commutative. (ii) Matrix multiplication is associative ie., (AB) C = A (BC) wherever both sides of the equality are defined. (ii) Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition ie, A (B + C) = AB + AC and (B+ ©) A= BA + CA wherever both sides of the equality are defined. (ee) IFA is an mxn matrix, then |, A=A=A Lye (p) IEA is an mxn matrix and O is a null matrix, thet Ay. « Opep= Om p20d Opn ® Aman = Open ie, the product of a matrix with a null matrix is a null matrix. (ci) In matrix multiplication the product of two non-zero matrices may be a ‘zero-matrix’ AB = 0, does not imply that at least one of the A or B should be zero. 16. If Ais a square matrix, then we define A’, A and A"? = A". A. 17, ThA isa square matrix and a, dy, are constants, then yA" + aA"! + aA"? +... +,_1A +a, is called a matrix polynomial.18. Transpose of a Matrix: Let A = [aj] be an m x n matrix. Then, the transpose of A, denoted by A’, is an m x m matrix such that A ie, the matrix obtained by interchanging rows into columns, of a given matrix A is called the transpose of A and is denoted by AT or A’. Following are the properties of transpose of a matrix: (AN =A (i) (A+B) = AT +B (iit) (kay = aT (iv) (AB)? = BT AT (@) (ABC) = CTBTAT 19, A square matrix A = [aj] is called a symmetric matrix, if aj=ayV ij ie, ASAT 20. A square matrix A = [aj] is called a skew symmetric matrix, if a= — ay i,j ie, AT=—A 21. All main diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero, 22, Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix 23, All positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix are symmetric. 24, All odd positive integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are skew-symmetric. Multiple Choice Questions Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. 11, when i#j 0, when [CBSE Sample Paper 2021 (Term-1)] a a 0 oka ol if the value of @ is [CBSE 2021-22 (Term-1)] » then A? is @ oF @r @ 2a+b a-2b]_[4 -3] It ES ela 2a then value ofa +b-c+2dis INCERT Exemplar] [CBSE Sample Paper 2021 (Term-1)] @s (®) 10 4 @-8 4. Total number of possible matrices of order 3 x 3 with each entry 2 or Ois [CBSE 2021-22 (Term-1)] @e (27 (©) 81 @ 512 5. If fora square matrix A, A?-3A +1=0and A xA + yl then the value of x + y is [CBSE 2023 (65/1/0)1 (a) -2 (2 (3 @-36 1 E ‘| P+Q, where P is a symmetric and Q is a skew symmetric matrix, then Q is equal to [CBSE 2023 (65/21) 2 5/2 0 5/2 0 5/2 2 5/2 @ lsr2 4 | 6 [pe 0 | © | 5/2 0 | @ i 4 | 4 E [and 24 + Bisa null matrix, then B is equal to [CBSE 2023 (65/1/11 68 6 8 58 5 3 10 | ® Lo jl © li 3] ® lis 3 8 WAS t al Then A*™ js equal to [CBSE 2023 (65/2/11 01 jo 2023) oo 20230 @ [ 4 ® [i 0 | © [ al @ | 0 2023; order of matrix A is 2 x 3, of matrix B is 3 x 2, and of matrix C is 3 x, then which one of the following is not defined. [CBSE 2022 (6511/4) (Term-1)] @ C(A+B) ) CiAsBy () BAC @ cB+a’ 10. If A and B are matrices of same order, then (AB ~ BA’) is a INCERT Exemplar] (@) skew-symmetric matrix (@) null matrix () symmetric matrix (@ unit matrix M1. If Pis a3 x3 matrix such that P’ = 2P +1, where P’is the transpose of P, then [CBSE 2022 (Term-1)] (@) P=1 (b) P=-1 () P=2I @ P=-2r 12, A matrix A = [aylp,g is defined by [CBSE 2021-22 (6512/4) (Term-1)] (2i+3j, ij The number of elements in A which are more than 5 is (@) 3 (a4 (5 @6 21 ana -[2 34 ; 33, If A=|3 “Jandka=|)), 34), then the values of k, a and b respectively are (@) -6-12,-18 (6) -6-4,-9 (0-649 @ -6, 12,18 14. If Ais square matrix such that A?= I, then (A-1)? + (A +1? -7A is equal to. [NCERT Exemplar] @A (I-A (Ita @ 3a i} then (4 - 21) (A - 31) is equal to (CBSE 2022 (65/1/4) (Term-1)] OT () 5T @o2 3 6 KAS i ¢ dna B=|4 -2|, then INCERT Exemplar] a 5 (@) only ABis defined () only BA is defined (©) ABand BA both are defined (@ ABand BA both are not defined. 17. Given that A= iE # | and A?=3i, then [CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term-1)] (@ 1+? + By () 1-«?—py=0 (-)3-a2-By=0 — (@) 34a? + fy =0 1 18, If A=|_| | and GI+4.) (I-44) =2°F, then the value(s) of x is/are [CBSE 2023 (65/1/1)] (@) v7 (0 () +5 @3 19. Given that matrices A and B are of order 3 x n and m x 5 respectively, then the order of matrix C=54+3Bis [CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term-1)] (@) 3x5andm=n (6) 3x5 () 3x3 @ 5x5 i td 20. If A=|1 -1 1], then A= At A’ + A? is equal to CBSE 2021-22 (Term-1)] a ot a @ 24 ()34 (4a @o 21. If fora square matrix A, A7— A + I= O, then A” equals ICBSE 2023 (65/5/1)1 @A (ast (I-A @a-r o 2 WAS and A= B’, then x equals ICBSE 2023 (65/5/1)1 (a 41 (o) (1 @2 1 feud ‘ 23. ta=|) [ i HF then B'A’is equal to ICBSE 2023 (65/3/21 aa ao a lo 0 ofa oft §| of] of a 24, A and B are skew-symmetric matrices of same order. AB is symmetric, if [CBSE 2023 (65/3/2)] (@ AB=0 (b) AB=-BA (©) AB=BA @ BA=0 25, Forwhat value of x €|0, 3s A+A’=V3 1, where [CBSE 2023 (65/3/2)1 x x x Ms OE wo Oz Answers 1 @ 2 3. (@) 4.) 5. (6) 6.) 7. 6) 8. (0) 9. (a) 10. (2) 1.) 12. (b) 13. @) 14. @) 15. (@) 16. (0) 17. (©) 18. (¢) 19. 20. (a) 2.0 20 23, (0) 24, (0) 25. (i)Solutions of Selected Multiple Choice Questions 1 a 3 6 f1, when i # j Given, ay={y men # in ae 2 _J0 1]0 1]_[1 9) > aeblele sb] = elt cht ole Option (d) is correct. ; cosa —sina] [cosa sina Wehave, A+ A’ = + Ss sina cosa |*|-sina cosa cosa 0 | _fi 0} = 0 2cosa} "| 1 1 > 2osesl = z rn > cosascoss = Option (b) is correct. 2atb=4 4e+3d=24) d=4 > atb-c+2d=8 Option (a) is correct. Total number of possible matrices of order 3 x 3 with each entry 2 0r 0 is 2 ie,, 512. Option (d) is correct. Given, A?-3A+ AAT =3A,A7 + 1A* (Multiplying both sides by A“) (Given A? = x4 + yl) (On equating) uvuuuuL => A=P+Q=>{(A+A7)4(A-A7)} ol ya2[2 5] = a= Fa-an= 5]? ° b = > o-|, 2 0 :. Option (b) is correct.7 Given matrix A B i oe merrese af dea 9 _|° 9 6 8 “lo o| > 10 4 6 -8 10 -4 * Option (6) is correct oO 1 w satan? [ ale db | :. Option (¢) is correct. 9. We have matrix A of order 2.x 3, B of order 3 x 2 = BV is of order 2x3 and Cis of order 3 x3, < Aand B' both have same order. = (A+B) is of order2 x 3. Now, matrix C has order 3 x 3 and (A + B') has order 2x 3. Therefore, C(A + B’) is not defined because number of columns of C is not equal to number of rows of (A +B"). :. Option (a) is correct. 1, Wehave, P'=2P + ~O 2 PY=@P+N (Taking transpose on both sides) => P=2P'41 = (i) From (i) and (i), we have P=2QP+)+l >P=4P+2+! >-3P=31 >P * Option (6) is correct. is Mea Ag 1 AMLAidsa57]%1 Me %s 5. 2 Mag M58, a8, ay = 4, In = 5, ay, =7, Ay =5, [5 8 11 =/4 5 13] 75 5 Here, number of elements in A which are greater than 5 are 4 * Option (b) is correct.Je a] 2b 24) => 4k = 24, 3a = 2k, 2b= 3k => k=-6,a=-4andb=-9 ‘Option (b) is correct. 14. Wehave, A= (A=D+(A+D3-7A= (A= +(A+DIA=D? + (A+)? -(A- D(A + D))-7A [e+ = (+b) (2 +02 —ab)] = [(2A){A?+ 1? -2AT +A? +P +2AT -(A?- P-7A =2A[+P+1+P—1+P]-7A = 2A[5I-1]-7A = 8AI-7A=B8A-7A =A *. Option (a) is correct. 15. Given, A= Fal srl HEL ALBS [3 ws af SHS A now, a-anta-an-|? I]? LP ao ++ Option (d) is correct. a7, AP=3r ja? + By o B = a +Py=3 Option (¢) is correct. = 18. Given, A’ wesc HELE » (BI+4A)(3T-4A) =4]_[ 9416 -12+12] “12412 16+9) é fe= v=] x =25 exes Option (¢) is correct 19, C=3A + 5Bis defined ifm = 5 and m=3 and order of Cwill be3 x 5. Option (B) is correct. 1 a1 h aa aif ad 20. Given, A=|1 -1 1] sA%=[1 1 if aaj-[1 a 1 1 1 bh aah aah ay = ASA Similarly, 4° = A,A*= Aand A5=A = ASA‘ AP+A?=A-A-A+A=0 :. Option (A) is correct. mn. A-A+IzO0> 124-4 Pre multiplying the above equation by A, we get AMSAT (A-A)s At A-ATAE = AtaI-(A7A)A=I-IA=I-A +. Option (@) is correct 10] ,_[x 0] .»_[x ofx o]_[ x? | ac def theft ai ela 10 vr 0 ase =f 12,9 =xelandx+1=2 > x=tlandx=1 = Lsatisfiesboth, > 9 x=1 Option (¢) is correct. ho 1a 23, Given. = [j o[22-[5 | Aap ft of_fa off o}_pa oj [ at {i all dk Hl *. Option (6) is correct. 24, Given A and B are skew-symmetric matrices, Az-AT and B=-5" A) Now,(AB)"=B".AT=-Bx(-A) — (From(i)) =BA For AB matrix to be symmetric BA = +. Option (c) is correct. osx sinx = B. 25. Given, A= |" -sinx cosx jcosx —sinx jsinx cosx > | > arae| > A+A's (31 Given) [2cosx 0 0 2cosz| |The following questions consist of two statements—Assertion(A) and Reason(R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below: (@ Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A. (6) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation for A. © Ais true but Ris false. @ Ais false but Ris true. 1. Assertion (A): Reason (R) : 2. Assertion (A): Reason (R) : 3. Assertion (A): Reason (R) : 4. Assertion (A): Reason (R) : 5. Assertion (A): Reason (R) : Answers 1. (@) 2. (@ A matrix A=[1 2 0 3] isa row matrix of order 14. ‘A matrix having one row and any number of column is called a row matrix. 2 2 ee = )-| tfetnen the value of = 1 HP ple 1 Two matrices A = [4j)m xn ad B= [Bile xn Of same order m x n are equal, if a, for all i= 1,2,3,..mandj=1,2,3,..m. If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order then AB ~ BA is also a symmetric matrix. Any square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric matrix if A = -A™, where AT is the transpose of matrix A. Tf A isa square matrix of order 3 x 3, and 2 is any scalar then the value of [24] =8]4] Ifkis a scalar and A is a square matrix of order m xn. Then |kA|=%"" |A|. cos20 sin28 -sin28 cos ail cos8 sin® in® cos® | tnan Abe cosn sinn6 -sinn® cosn8 3. (d) 4) 5. (a) Solutions of Assertion-Reason Questions 1. Wehave, A =[1 2 0 3] matrix which has one row and four columns Therefore, itis a row matrix. Clearly, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are True and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). + Option (a) is correct,2. Wehave, -4r=-3 = x2-4x+3=0 0 => x 3r-x+3=0 = x(e-3)-1@-3)=0 = (x-1)(x-3)=0 = x=13 and, = xet1 Also, Paxt2 = oP tx-2=00 0 = x242x-x-25) > x(e+2)-1(x+2)=0 = (x+2)(e-1)=0 3 x=12 and, xe = -1=0 = (x-1)G@?+x+1)=0 = eixetxt1s0 = Ss af xeLw,0 So, common value of x = 1. Clearly, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). . Option (2) is correct 3. Wehave, AB-BA =P (Let) PT = (AB~BA)" = (AB)"—(Ba)" Bhat — apt =—(aTBT BTA?) -(AB~BA)=-P pr u = P Pis skew-symmetric matrix. = AB-BA is skew-symmetric matrix. Clearly, Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is true. +. Option (d) is correct. 4. As we know that if kis any scalar and A be any square matrix of order n x 1 then [kA] =k 1A] ]24| =2°|A| (~ Aisof order 3 x3 in Assertion (A)) 8/4] Clearly, Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false. +. Option (6) is correct. Clearly, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). Option (a) is correct. Case-based/Data-based Questions Each of the following questions are of 4 marks. 1 Read the following passage and answer the following questions. A manufacturer produces three stationery products Pencil, Eraser and Sharpener which he sells in two markets. Annual sales are indicated belowirae A 10,000 2,000 | 18,000 B | 6,000 20,000 | 3,000 Products in numbers) Market Pencil Eraser Sharpener | If the unit sale price of Pencil, Eraser and Sharpener are @ 2.50, 1.50 and & 1.00 respectively, and unit cost of the above three commodities are @ 2.00, 21.00 and & 0.50 respectively. [CBSE Question Bank] (#) Find the total revenue of market A. (#) (a) Find the total revenue of market B. OR (i) (b) Find the cost incurred in market A. (iii) Find the profit in market A and B. 2.50 Sol. (i) Total revenue for market A=[10,000 2000 18000]}1.50 1.00] = 10,000 x 2.50 +2000 x 1.50 + 18000 x 1.00 = 46000 2.50) (ii) (@) Total revenue for market 8 = [6,000 20,000 8,000]}1.50 1.00, = 6,000 x 2.50 + 20,000 x 1.50 + 8,000 « 1.00 = £53000 OR 2.00 (i) (6) Cost incurred in market A=[10,000 2,000 18,000]}1.00] 0.50, = 10,000 x 2.00 + 2,000 x 1.00 + 18,000 x 0.50 = 231000 (iii) We have, 2.00 Cost incurred in market B=[6,000 20,000 8,000]|1.00 0.50.= 6,000 « 2.00 + 20,000 x 1.00 + 8,000 x 0.50 = 12,000 + 20,000 + 4,000 Profit in market and Profit in market 2. Read the following passage and answer the following questions. Amit, Biraj and Chirag were given the task of creating a square matrix of order 2. Below are the matrices created by them. A, B , Care the matrices created by Amit, Biraj and Chirag respectively. tse de 4 1-2 (i) Find the sum of the matrices A, Band C, A + (B+ 0). Evaluate (A)". (a) Find the matrix AC - BC. OR (iii) (b) Find the matrix of (a + b)B when a= 4nd b ( (i Sol. (i) Wehave, (ii) We have, fifa eis] ae fe ap ft 2] = uff) o] [3] (iii) (@) We have, 1 2/2 0] [4 olf2 o acisc[4 Sr Sl lr allt | [4 -4]_[8 0 ]_[-4 -4) “[1 -6|"|7 -t0]"[-6 4 OR [8 0 2 10) 3. Read the following passage and answer the following questions. Three schools DPS, CVC and KVS decided to organize a fair for collecting money for helping the flood victims. They sold handmade fans, mats and plates from recycled material at a cost of €25, 100 and 250 each respectively. The numbers of articles sold are given as (i) © Wehave (a+b)B=(4-2) 4 0], [4 0] eke‘School/Azticle Handmade fans Mats Plates [CBSE Question Bank] (#) What is the total amount of money collected by all three schools DPS, CVC and KVS? (If the number of handmade fans and plates are interchanged for all the schools, then what is the total money collected by all schools? Sol. (i) Amount of money (in ®) collected by all schools [40 50 20) 1000 + 5000 + 1000 =|25 40 30]}100] = ra 35 50 40) 875 +5000 +2000 '7000 =|6125 17875 Total amount of money collected by all three schools (7000 + 6125 + 7875) = 21,000 (ii) After interchanging the number of handmade fans and plates, We have © toattaise | sve 8 | Vandmadefans 20 | 3% 40 | Mats tw» | 40 50 L Plates | 5 35 Amount of money collected by all schools ]20 50 40][ 25] [20*25+50%100+40%50 =|30 40 25|}100| =|30« 25 +40 «100 +25 x50 40 50 35; 40 x 25450 «100+ 35 x 50) [7500 =|6000 17750, Total amount = ¥ (7500 + 6000 + 7750) 21,250CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS 4] find the value of x + y- [CBSE (AD) 2014) Sol. ——"TTopper’s Aster 20741 ICBSE Delhi 2013] le 3. Write the element ays of a3 x 3 matrix A = (ay) whose elements ay are given by @,,= 12 -1)_[8 35 loa 9] [2 3 + ICBSE Dethi 20151 [2-3] Jt 2 Sol. 5 +s a =sing a. Tf A=/SO8S ~ SMG) on for what value of a, Ais an identity matrix. [CBSE Delhi 2010] ina cosa Sol. If Aisidentity matrix, then A =I, cosa -sina]_[1 0} sina cosa |” [0 1 On equating corresponding elements, we get => — cosa=l, sin = a=0 1 2yfs a]_[7 a zi 5 OF [ dk af 2|* then find the value of k. ICBSE Delhi 2010] Soi 1 23 1)_[7 a1 . Given: 13 alla 5|~]& 23| pare ans) 1 AE)+42 GG+AGE)] [k 23. lr 1 -f nu 17 23] |e 23] Equating the corresponding elements, we get kei7 i ape + sin |" ICBSE Dethi 2012] -sin® cos cos8 sin Sol. Given: cose ‘sin cosa [7S| cos? aie sind |-sin 8.cos 8 seas sin? bs) 7. If A and B are matrices of order 3 x n and mt x 5 respectively, then find the order of matrix 5A ~3B, given that it is defined. [CBSE Sample Paper 2021] Sol. O(A) =3 xx, OB) = m x5 5A -3B is defined ifm =3,n=5. ie, OGA-3B)=3x5 _[sin°® + cos” a 0 in» co? 34 121 5 & If AT=|-1 2) and B i 2 3] shen na a [CBSE (AI) 2012] o4 al Sol. Bt=|2 2 13 ay [4 3 2 2\-13 0 13] lb 012 9. For what value of x, is the matrix A=|-1 0 3| askew-symmetric matrix? [CBSE (AD) 2013] x30 Sol. Aill be skew symmetric matrix if A =—A’. o 12 oa x} fo 1 - = |4 0 3l=-/1 0 3]-}1 0 3] x3 0} [2 3 of [23 0 Equating the corresponding elements, we get x= 2. cos -sin® 10 WAS in@ cos® find AA’. Sol. Wehave, cos8 -sin 8]! sin@ cos 8 os -sin@) sin® cos _|cos® -sin8][ cos® sin@ “|sin@ cos @l[-sin 8 cos 9 =| cost@+sin?@ cos sin -sin8 cos @ sin cos®—cosB sind —sin*6+cos”6 fi “lo 1 M1. Let A and B are matrices of order 3 x 2 and 2 x 4 respectively. Write the order of matrix (AB). [CBSE Delhi (C) 20171 Sol. Order of AB = [dj)s,2 [Bjloaa® [Cjlaug i¢., order of AB is 3 x 4.12. Construct a2 x 2 matrix A = [ay] whose elements are given by ay= | (i)”-j|. [CBSE 2020 (65/3/1)] Sol. We have, elements of the matrix are given by a, =|(i)* - j| = My Fl0PA[=0 , a =|@?4]=3 4 =10)?-21= 1, p= |@)*-2]=2 Matrix af | 3 2 fo a 3] 13. Ifthe matrix A=|2 0 ~1| is skew symmetric, find the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’. [CBSE 2018] b 1 0 Sol. Af a, Teme cymnetnic mabe 2 Ase L 4 Find the value of x-y, if 2|p If -£ 4} [CBSE 2019 (65/1/2)1 “Eee iSy : aye (Toppers Answer 2019]|, then find (A*— 5A). [CBSE 2019 (65/1/2)1 “[Lopper’s Answer 2019]| A, then write the value of 74 ~ (I + A)? , where Tis an 16, If A is a squate matrix such that A* = [CBSE (AI) 2014) identity matrix. Sol. FP fai bis 3 10} fe 1 0 0 2 c] fo « -3 7 ; ie 3a 3 -1 0) |« a 0 a=-2,c=3andb=—b => b=0 a) LE wa-[? | ana 1=[f Ql. fina scalar so that A*+1= a. [CBSE 2020 (65/2/1)1 Detailed Solution: Wehave, Beavaef? 23 2]J™ -8 pare i 1 -1)"-4 3 -3 2]_[-3k 2% wot mane? ef Be 93 11-8] [1 o]_[-3k 2k ome 3 LE Le 12 -8]_[-3k 2k -4 4]°[ k -k [CBSE (AD) 2013)0 2m -2 3. Matrix A=|3 1 3) is given to be symmetric, find values of aandb. [CBSE Delhi 2016] a 3-1 0% 2 Sol. Wehave A=|3 1 3 sa 3-1 Ais symmetric matrix. 0 3 3a] [0 2 -2 => ATSA > 2% 1 3/=|3 1 3] -2 3 -1| | 3 a Equating the corresponding elements, we get 2b=3 and 3a=-2 3 2 > bey and a=-5 4. Show that all the diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are zero. [CBSE Delhi 2017] Sol. i) is skew symmetric matrix. lal” =-la) > lad = Lay) For diagonal elements f= j > met age > mg=0vi Hence, diagonal elements of skew symmetric matrix are zero. 5. Find the value of (x y) from the matrix equation. J : [2 7 6 | [CBSE 2019 (65/513) 7 y-3 2 15 14 sa i -4)_[7 6 = 14 pine 6l*l1 2] bs 14) e-3 10-4 ]_[7 6 > |4+1 2y-6+2| a al - fe 2y- * J lis al We know that two matrices of same order are equal if the corresponding entries are equal. ie, 2x-3=7 = 2x=10 => x and 2y-4=14 = 2y=18 => y= - 7" 2 3 1-23 6 As] 3 2 ana B= 4 5| and BA=(b,), find b,, + Bye [CBSE East 2016] 2 4 2 3] Sol. Wehave, a-[ 3-2 3) and Bla 5 -4 25] 2 1 2 3] sacle sl [13 3] 2 aft 4 2 Shs 2-12 446 6415 -10 2 2 [yJ=|4-20 -8+10 12+25) = -16 2 37 2-4 442 645 -2.-2 11 bas 3i Sol. Sol. Sol. 10. Sol. by + by =- 16-2 =-18 For the matrix A i 3] fina A+ AT and verify itis asymmetric matrix. [CBSE 2019(65/4/2)] 2 3] 2 8 weroe az[E SparefE 3 2 3], f2 s]_[a 8 4 sy _[4 8 a a nr J 7 = aval aE alle a) = eel adele nears Hence, A+ AT is a symmetric matrix. If A and B are symmetric matrices, such that AB and BA are both defined, then prove that AB ~ BA is a skew-symmetric matrix. [CBSE 2019 (65/4/2)] Wehave AT = Aand 8” = B and AB and BA are both defined. Now (AB- BA)" = (AB)" -(BA)™ = BTAT— ATBT (2 (AB)T=BTAT) = BA- AB =~ (AB-BA) = AB ~ BA is a skew-symmetric matrix. Hence proved. A le i and of {sina so that A= 5 ICBSE Sample Paper| 3 p31 2 eid] = 15 5) ik 0 of she 0 3k] = ig 4 al then find the value of k, a and b. ICBSE 2019] Tra sane3 ja 0 2] ua. Ast andB=|7 1 4], then find the matrix BA’. [CBSE 2019 (6513/3)1 7 j2 2 6 RD wa-[3 § ten show that a= A. [CBSE 2019 (65/3/2)) 13. Find the value of x + y from the following equation: 3-4 i a. I f | i 4] [CBSE (AD 2012, Bhubnestnwar 2015, AI (C) 20171 3 a] sor civ af Eff ‘h eal 2x10 fax +3 = ts 2y- ol Lt {ba 15 ee 4 =[t5 aa ee 2e+3=7and2y-4=14 x= 2SSandy= Mt z > x=2 and y=9 0 xey=249=11 Short Answer Questions and (A + B)* = A* + B’, then find the values of a and b. [CBSE (F) 2015) 1 4 +a | a AJP l2+6 2) lta 0] [ita 0 2+b -2| > asare| 1+a?+ 2a 0 242a+b+ab—4-2b -2| @+2at1 0 2a—b+ab-2 4]von ee EMG al sheet a-1]_ ab—b bea)” Given, (A+B) =4?+ 8? ab-b @+2a+1 0] _[a?+b-1 a1 a—b+ab-2 4] | ab-b Equating the corresponding elements, we get @+2tled+b-1 ae afi) a-1=0 > li) 2a-b+ab-2=0b-b > m-2=0 - Ai) fio) «Find a matrix D such that CD - AB = O. (CBSE Delhi 20171 Sol. Since A, B, C are all square matrices of order 2, and CD - AB is well defined, D must be a square matrix of order 2. 2 5 3 8 let p=: ffethen co ~AB=0 gives Beleshb Ibe 2a 5c 2h+5d 0] _[o0 ae Rie eeu elles 2a+5e-3 2b+8d |_[0 0 oF |3a+8c-43 3b+8d-22] [0 0) By equating the corresponding elements of matrices, we get W+5e-3=0 oO) 3a+ 80-43 =0 2b+5d=0 % and 3b+8d-22=0 Gv) Solving (i) and (ii), we get a =~ 191, ¢ = 77 and solving (fi) and (io), we get b =~ 110, d = 44. fab) _[-191 -110 toate oma a 3. Forthe following matrices A and B, verify that (AB) = B’A’. [CBSE (AD 20101 1 a], Baba 21) 3, 1 Ha], B=E12 1] 3 Sol. Given: A=1 -4 3 “12 ft 4-8 -4/= -3 6 3] i 3 a 4-8 -4 -3 6 3 Ht 4-3) 2-8 6 1-4 3 AB=|-4|[-1 2 1] (ABy'= 4-3) 2-8 6 1-4 3] ay fa Ba'=[-1 2 aft ih -4 3] 3} ba (ABY = BIA’ cosa -sina 0) since cose prove that fla) .i-f) = fla -p) [CBSE 2079 (65/2/1)] 0 0 1 4. If f@= cosa -sina 0 Sol. Given fla)=|sina cosa 0. o o 1 [cos(—B) -sin(—B) cosB sinB 0 sin(-B) cos(-B) 0|=|~sinB cosB 0) ° o ylo oo4 cosa - sine oe sinB { > fcB)e sina cosa Ol|-sin8 cosB 0 o o ilo oo 1 cosa cosB+sinasin8 cosasinB sina cosB LHS = fla) fi-B)= sina cosB—cosasin§ sinasin8+cosacos8 0) 0 0 7 lcos(a-B) —sin(a-8) | sin(a-B) — cos(a-B) 0 0 0 1 (8) = RES Proved find A. (CBSE (F) 2015) 2 -1]_[4+1 -2-2]_[ 5 -4 , [ea 2)" |-2-2 ita ]o[-4 5. ~@ ae ee ee From (i) and (ii), we get A” = 4A - 31 Pre-multiplying both sides by A” AY APS AT A-3) = A). As4ATA-344Sol. Sol. > 7 A=41-3A" [v AAt=SL A712 47] => 3At=4I-A > GHG HE _ af? a)_ja/3 1/3 “3i1 2)" |1/3. 2/3] INCERT Exemplar] Here, => ABAKA ‘| = 0 (zero matrix) AAP=4AA-7AL [Pre multiplying by A] lar=4] [Putting the value of 47] [Pre multiplying by A] [Putting the value of A] [Pre multiplying by A] s_ sae a EE 23]_.{1 0]_[-118 -93] AS = 8(4A-71)- 634 =-31A set=-ail_ 21-540 al=] 31 218! Express the following matrix as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix, and verify uouUuUDUUUUUUUY your result. [CBSE (AD) 2010] 3-2 -4] 3-2-5) -1 1 2 3-2-4 Let As] 3-2-5 -1 1 2 A.can be expressed as astucayelanay, 0 [ebucayebunays where, A +A’ and A~ A‘ are symmetric and skew symmetric matrices respectively.3-2-4] [3-2-4 Now, A+A’=| 3 -2 -5[+/ 3 -2 -5 1 1 2] +2 2 2 3-2-4] [3 3-1) [6 1-5 =| 3 -2-5|+|-2 -2 1/=| 1-4-4 -1 1 2) [-4-5 2] [5-4 4 3-2-4) [3 3-1] [0-5-3 A-a'=| 3-2 -5]-|-2 -2 1]=|5 0 -6| -1 1 2] |-4-5 2] [3 6 a Putting these values in (i), we get 6 1-5] , [0-5-3] Hvar helper 5-4 4] “[3 6 0 3 1/2 -5/2] [0 -5/2 -3/2] =| 1/2 -2 -2]+15/2 0 -3 -5/2-2 2) 22 3 0 Verification: 3 1/2 -5/2] | 0-3/2 -3/2| 3 1/2 -2 -2 |+|5/2 0 -3 3 5/2 -2 2) 2 3 oO 1 it 2 8 IfA=|3 -2 1), then show that A°-23A - 401 =O. [CBSE 2023 (65/5/1)1 42 i, 2S Sol. A=|3 2 1 42a h 2 af. 2 3] fi9 4 8 As|3 -2 1/13 -2 1]=|1 12 8 ja 2 alla 2a) fa 6 15 9 4 sift 2 3} [6s 46 69 P=A2A=|1 12 8|[3 -2 1J=|69 -6 23 14 6 15|[4 2 1] [92 46 63 63 46 69] [-23 -46 -69) [-40 0 0 P= 23A-40T= |69 -6 23|+/-69 46 -23/+]} 0 -40 0 92 46 63] [-92 -46 -23] |0 0-40 63-23-40 46 -46 +0 © 69 -69 +0 =|69 -69 +0 -6 +46 -40 23 -23 +0 2-92 40 6 -46 40 63-23 40, ie, A= 234 =& Objective Type Questions 1. Choose and write the correct option in each of the following questions. (0) The product |", ‘| [CBSE 2023 (65/4/1)] a+b? 0 (a+Hy 0} a? +h? 0 ja 0 | 0 wel Olasop of © [atant o ®lo4 x-y 2]_[2 2 aul 3| = [ 2} then value of y is (1 3 @2 @s5 (iii) If A is a square matrix and A? = A, then (I+ A)’—34 is equal to (CBSE 2023 (65/4/1)) @I oa (2A @3r 3 2 (@) The A=[2 -3 4], B=|2)x=[1 2 3] and y=[3| then 4B + xY equals 2 4 [CBSE 2020 (65/4/1)] (@) [28] 124 © 2%8 @u a), f2)_y4 @ ts, of ;| = [gl then [CBSE 2023 (65/4/1)] () x=1, @x=2y=1 @x=1, @ x=3,y=2 (oi) famatrix A=[1 2 3], then the matrix AA’ (where A' is the transpose of A) is, [CBSE 2028 (65/4/1)] 0 0} as @14 @|o 20) @p2 31 @ 14 joo 3 32 (vii) For any two matrices A and B, we have (a) AB=BA (4B 2 BA (©) AB=0) (@ None of these (viii) Ifa matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric, then A is necessarily a (@) diagonal matrix (6) zero matrix _(¢) square matrix _(d) identity matrix = Conceptual Questions 2. Fora2x2matrix,A= ig], whose elements are given by 4, =, write the value of a>. {CBSE Delhi 2011) 3. Write the order of the product matrix. CBSE (F) 2011) 1 alt2 3 4] 3, 4, From the following matrix equation, find the value of x ety a]_[ 34 5 al 5 6 CBSE (F) 2010) 3x-2y 5 35 ee 5]-[3 a find the value of y. [CBSE (F) 2009)6. Write a square matrix of order 2, which is both symmetric and skew symmetric. [CBSE (F) 2010] 7. Ifmatrix A=[1 2 3], then write AA’, where A’ is the transpose of matrix A. [CBSE Delhi 2009] 9% 10. nL cn) zo i 6 1 0 If Ais a square matrix such that A” = A, then write the value of (I+.A)°-7A. [CBSE (AI) 2014) If a matrix has 5 elements, write all possible orders it can have. [CBSE (AD 2011] White the element a, of a3 x 3 matrix A = (as) whose elements ay are given by 4, ="! L If the matrix A is skew symmetric, find the values of ‘a’ and’. [CBSE 2018] ICBSE Delhi 2015] 12. Write the number of all possible matrices of order 2 x 2 with each entry 1, 2 or 3. [CBSE Central 2016] = Very Short Answer Questions 13. Find a matrix A such that 2A -3B + 5C = O, where B Fal [CBSE 2019 (65/1/1)) wa A= i Jlancka =|, 3], then find the value off, a and 6 [CBSE 2019 (65/3/1)] 15 Express A= [; 3] as a sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix. [CBSE 2019 (65/3/1)] 16, Solve the following matrix equation for x: [x als 4 [CBSE Delhi 2014] 3 4) fi y ‘ 7. if fz 4|- ny “i ‘ find (xy). [CBSE Dethi 2074) e ‘| 2 ; 18 WA=|, 5landB 3 Sl. then find (3A ~B). ICBSE Guwahati 2015) ww] 3] seme tease 20. If matrix (35 3 5) and A?=24, then write the value of [CBSE (AD) 2013] 2. If matrix A= [3 lens A? = pA, then write the value of p. {CBSE (AI) 2013} @ Short Answer Questions 22. Given matrix A =|) 4. ina nai = 22 ar+5. a 0 2] 23. IfA=|0 2 1|, then show that A°— 647 +7A +21=0. 20 3 Bt 24, Express the matrix {1 -1 2| as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix. 4 12 201 25. If A=|2. 1 3], then find the value of A?—3A +21. ICBSE (AD 20101 1-1026. Show that the elements along the main diagonal of a skew symmetric matrix are all zero. 27. It A= 0 67] -6 0 8[B= 7-8 0 (A+B)C=AC+BC. fod 102|C= 120 2| -2| 3 [CBSE Sample Paper 2017| , then calculate AC, BC and (A + B) C. Also verify that [CBSE Ajmer 2015] 28, A manufacturer produces three products x, y, z which he sells in two markets. Annual sales are indicated in the table: ‘Market Products x y z T 10,000 2,000 18,000 in 6,000 20,000 8,000 Te unit sale price of x, y and z are %2.50, 21.50 and 21.00 respectively, then find the total revenue in each market, using matrices. Answers 1. Ga) Gi) @ (iii) (@) () @) ©) ®) i) @) (vit) (d) (iti) (b) (om) 2 3.3%3 4. 6 «[} Al 7. t14) & a=-2,b=3 9.1 10, 1x5 and 5x1 ut 12.81 13. 6,a=-4,b a |b 87 15. 4 Wx22 17.10 8. 19.7513 1 IE 9 62 2 2 5 3 16 14) ie z| a a 24-6 2h 2, E Z| oe eer az ela oz lad 9 1 10 3/334 o, ac={12} ac=| 8 |(a+8)c=|20 3 2 ol sof [2] 23 28. 1: £46,000 ; IT: £53,000