CE 137 – Hydrology

ACTIVITY No. 1
CE 137 – Hydrology
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering w/ Specializations in:

(Degree Codes: Program- BSCE Plan – BSCE)

SMC - Course Syllabus

Xxx Name of Instructor:

Engr. Rodrigo Tomaquin Templado

Educational Background:

MARCH ‘1984 - BSCE (SMC)

1998 - MPA (SMC)

1999 - MBA (SMC)

2003 - MA (SMC)

- Educational Management

- Educational Psychology

- Educational Guidance and

Counselling

2006 - Ed. D. (CAR)[Educational Management]

{SMC}}

- MSCE ( structural ) [12 Units] {MSU-IIT- Iligan

City}

- MSCE ( Geotechnical ) [12 Units] {MSU-IIT- Iligan

City}

- PCM ( Crash Course ) {CPU- Iloilo City}

 Cellphone Numbers:
09459809532 - Globe
09462879245 - Smart

09154842322 - Globe

Course Description:
The course deals on the hydrologic cycle and the different
processes such as precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, overland flow,
groundwater flow and surface runoff generation.

Entry Level Skills

The student must be able to read various provided

sources in English and write short essays and

participate in class discussions .

This course is intended for third stage Geotechnical engineering

students who are interested in learning some fundamentals of
engineering hydrology. It is the study of water in all its forms (rains,
snow and water on the earth’s surface), and from its origins to all its
destinations on the earth. The study of hydrology that concerned
mainly with engineering applications is known as applied hydrology.
Engineering Hydrology deals with estimation of water resources, the
study of processes such as runoff, precipitation and their interaction,
the study of problems such as Floods, Droughts and strategies to
overcome them.

Urban Planning, Roads, Culverts, Drains

Dams, Reservoirs, Irrigations and Industry.

The course code is CE 137, the course is given within 28 weeks,

every week the student should attend 2 hrs. theoretical and 2 hrs.
tutorial, the course credit is 2 units.
Methods
1. Give the full lectures to the students (Theory);
2. Class Assignments (Tutorial);
3. Two random quizzes and two major exams for the Midterm; and
4. Two random quizzes and two major exams for the Final;

Number of Units for Lecture and Laboratory: 2 Units lecture

Number of Contact Hours per week: 2 Hours Lecture

Prerequisite: Integral Calculus

Course Outcomes:
At the end the course, the student must be able to:

1. Discuss with appropriate diagrams the hydrologic cycle and the

different processes and storages within the cycle;

2. Perform calculation related to measurements, movement, and

storages in the different processes of the hydrologic cycle;

3. Familiar to hydrology as one of important science integrated with

Geotechnical engineering;

4. Familiar to different branches of applied hydrology;

5. Familiar to design and operation of hydraulic structures;

6. Familiar to basics of hydrogeology and better understanding the

water well drilling procedure and methods of investigating the water
and well site definition;

7. Familiar to Surface and ground water modeling.

Course Objectives:
1. The course will focus on explaining the background of Applied
hydrology,
2. The application of hydrology in different engineering structures.
3. Students will gain experience by solving problem assignments
throughout the semesters.

Course Outline:
1. Definition of Hydrology;
2. The Hydrologic Cycle;

3. Precipitation;

4. Infiltration;

5. Evaporation;

6. Basic Subsurface flow (Steady State Condition)

7. Rainfall-Runoff Relation

8. Class requirements: Syllabus of Engineering Hydrology

8.1. Introduction to hydrology;

8.2. Hydrologic cycle and water balance;

8.3. Watershed characteristics;

8.4. Weather and hydrology, Precipitation;

8.5. Abstraction from precipitation

8.6. Infiltration;

8.7. Streamflow;

8.8. Rainfall-Runoff relationship;

8.9. Unit hydrograph analysis;

8.10. Flood and flood routing;

8.11. Flood control, draught solution;

8.12. Physical character of reservoir;

8.13. Reservoir sedimentation;

8.14. Characteristics of Subsurface Media;

8.15. Groundwater Hydraulics;

8.16. Water wells and groundwater recharge;

8.17. Groundwater quality and contamination hydrology;

8.18. Risk Analysis and Hydrologic Design;

8.19. Major probability distribution;

8.20. Groundwater modelling;

8.21. Surface water modelling.

Reference Books:
 Author, Title, Publisher, Place of Publication, Date of Publication

1. Bedient, P.B., Huber W. C. and Vieux, B. E. Hydrology and Floodplain

Analysis, Pearson 4th Ed., Philippine edition copyright 2010;
2. David Chin, Water Resources Engineering, 3rd Ed., Pearson 2013;
3. McCuen, R. H., Hydrologic Analysis and Design, Prentice Hall, 1989;
4. Linsley, R. K., M. A. Kohler and J. L. H. Paulhus, Hydrology for
Engineers by; McGraw-Hill, 1988;
5. Applied Hydrology by VenTe Chow, David Maidment and Larry Mays;
McGraw-Hill International Editions; 1988;
6. Handbook of Hydrology David Maidment, 1993.
7. Engineering Hydrology, K. Subramantya, Second Edition, McGraw –
Hill Publishing Company, Reprint 2004.
8. Hydrology . Principles. Analysis. Design. H. M. Raghunath. New age
international publishers. New Delhi. 2004.
9. Groundwater Hydrology, Todd, D.K., (third edition), Jhon Wiley &
Sons, Third Reprint, Inc. India, 2007.
10. The Hand Book of Ground Water Engineering. Delleur, J.W.
Published by CRC press LLC, 1999.

1. Definition of Hydrology;
Hydrology --- the branch of science concerned with the properties
of the earth's water, and especially its movement in relation to land.

What is a hydrology simple definition?

Hydrology is the study of water.

What is the study of hydrology?

Hydrology is the study of water. Hydrologists examine

the physical processes involved in the global water cycle, which
spans most disciplines in Earth and environmental sciences.

What is an example of hydrology?

The central theme of hydrology is that water circulates throughout
the Earth through different pathways and at different rates. The
most vivid image of this is in the evaporation of water from the
ocean, which forms clouds. These clouds drift over the land and
produce rain.

Why is hydrology important to life?

Hydrology is an extremely important field of study, dealing with

one of the most valuable resources on Earth: water. All aspects of
the Earth's available water are studied by experts from many
disciplines, from geologists to engineers, to obtain the information
needed to manage this vital resource.

What are the four branches of hydrology?

The branches of Hydrology include: Hydrogeology, Chemical
hydrology, Ecohydrology, Hydroinformatics, Isotope hydrology,
Surface hydrology, Hydrometeorology , Drainage basin management
and Water quality. Surface Hydrology or Surface-water hydrology is
a branch of Hydrology.

How does hydrology affect the environment?

Hydrology, particularly water flow, can affect the local environment
due to changes in water quality and quantity. These changes can be
man-made (e.g. a dam release) or weather-related (flooding), or due
to a combination of both factors (rainfall runoff caused by poor
agricultural practices).
Which are two main branches of hydrology?

Branches of hydrology

Chemical hydrology is the study of the chemical characteristics of

water. Ecohydrology is the study of interactions between organisms
and the hydrologic cycle.

Is hydrology civil engineering?

Hydrology is a subspecialty of civil engineering focused on water

and its movement in relation to land.

Who studies hydrology?

hydrologist

A hydrologist is a scientist who studies water and its movement

around the planet. Hydrologists also study how water affects its
surrounding environment and how environmental factors affect the
quantity and quality of available water. One crucial concept in
hydrology is the hydrologic cycle.

What type of engineering is hydrology?

civil engineering

Hydrology is a branch of civil engineering concerned

with water resources. It includes the study of water
quality, quantity, flow, and distribution
(hydrogeology) but most commonly refers to flood
safety and prevention.
Which are two main branches of hydrology?

Branches of hydrology

Chemical hydrology is the study of the chemical characteristics of

water. Ecohydrology is the study of interactions between organisms
and the hydrologic cycle.

Is hydrology a science or engineering?

Hydrology is the scientific study of the effects, properties and

distribution of water on the earth's surface in soil, underlying rock
structures and in the earth's atmosphere. The NJIT Graduate
Certificate in Hydrology and Water Resources enables students to
transition into this highly important field.

What is the objective of hydrological study?

Hydrology has as its primary objective the study of the

interrelationship between water and its environment. As hydrology
is mainly concerned with water close to the land surface, it focuses
on those components of the hydrologic cycle that occur there—
namely, precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, and groundwater.

What are the sources of hydrology?

Sources of hydrological data

Catchment Flood Management plans.

Climate Records.

Flood maps.

Gauged flow records.

Groundwater vulnerability maps.

Hydrological summaries.

MORECS.

Groundwater level records.

What is application of hydrology?

Applications of Engineering Hydrology

Calculates rainfall, surface runoff, and precipitation. It determines

the water balance for a particular region. It mitigates and predicts
flood, landslide and drought risk in the region. It estimates the
water resource potential of the river basins.

Does hydrologic mean water?

The adjective hydrologic comes from hydrology, "the science of

water," and its roots, the Greek hyrdo-, "water," and the scientific
suffix -logy, "study or science." The way water moves from the
ocean to the atmosphere and back to the earth is known as the
hydrologic cycle.

How does hydrology work?

Hydrologists study how water moves across and through the Earth's
crust. They study how rain, snow, and other forms of precipitation
impact river flows or groundwater levels, and how surface water
and groundwater evaporate back into the atmosphere or eventually
reach the oceans.

How do hydrology affect humans?

There is considerable evidence that humans are responsible for

disruptions and changes to local and global water cycles. A number
of human activities can impact on the water cycle: damming rivers
for hydroelectricity, using water for farming, deforestation and the
burning of fossil fuels.

What are the 5 most important components of the hydrologic cycle?

water cycle, also called hydrologic cycle, cycle that involves the
continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system. Of
the many processes involved in the water cycle, the most important
are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and
runoff.

What are five hydrologic processes?

Many processes work together to keep Earth's water moving in a

cycle. There are five processes at work in the hydrologic cycle:
condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and
evapotranspiration.

What are the main causes of hydrological hazards?

Hydrological hazards, or 'hydro-hazards', are defined as extreme

events associated with the occurrence, movement and distribution
of water, such as floods and droughts. Hydro-hazards usually result
from a combination of compounding interacting physical processes
that occur across multiple spatial and temporal scales.

What causes hydrological disaster?

Hydrological Disasters

They are generally caused due to earthquakes or volcanic eruptions

under the sea.

Who is the founder of hydrology?

The concept of hydrology was described in both the old Greek (e.g.
Aristotle) and Roman (e.g. Marcus Vitruvius) cultures, where
impressive water engineering projects were developed, such as
aqueducts and bridges.

What do hydrological engineers do?

Also known as hydrological or water-resources engineering, it

involves designing systems for water movement, flow, distribution
and circulation. Hydrological engineers may also work on sewage
treatment and disbursement, focusing on getting sewage safely
away from a city or state's water supplies.

What is the duties of hydrology engineer?

Hydrologists apply scientific knowledge and mathematical

principles to solve water-related problems such as quantity, quality
and availability. Hydrologists could work on finding new water
sources, predicting droughts or floods and reducing waste water.

What engineers deal with hydrology?

Hydrological engineering, sometimes called hydrologic engineering

or water resources engineering, is an engineering specialty that
focuses on water resources.
 Does hydrology have math?

Traditionally, a typical undergraduate student enrolled in a

hydrology and atmospheric science major will take about six
required mathematics and computing courses. This approach treats
calculus, linear algebra, statistics, differential equations, and
computer programming as isolated subjects.

2. The Hydrologic Cycle;

What are the 7 ways water moves in the hydrologic cycle?

2.1. THE WATER CYCLE.

The water cycle is often taught as a simple circular
cycle of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
Although this can be a useful model, the reality is much
more complicated. The paths and influences of water
through Earth’s ecosystems are extremely complex and

not completely understood. NOAA is striving to

expand understanding of the water cycle at global to local
scales to improve our ability to forecast weather, climate,
water resources, and ecosystem health.

The water cycle is the endless process that connects all

of the water on Earth.

NOAA --- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

 2.1.1. The water cycle on
Earth
Water is essential to life on Earth. In its three phases
(solid, liquid, and gas), water ties together the major parts
of the Earth’s climate system — air, clouds, the ocean,
lakes, vegetation, snowpack, and glaciersoffsite link.

The water cycle shows the continuous movement of water

within the Earth and atmosphere. It is a complex system
that includes many different processes. Liquid water
evaporates into water vapor, condenses to form clouds,
and precipitates back to earth in the form of rain and
snow. Water in different phases moves through the
atmosphere (transportation). Liquid water flows across
land (runoff), into the ground (infiltration and percolation),
and through the ground (groundwater). Groundwater
moves into plants (plant uptake) and evaporates from
plants into the atmosphere (transpiration). Solid ice and
snow can turn directly into gas (sublimation). The opposite
can also take place when water vapor becomes solid
(deposition).

1.1.1. Water,
society, and
ecology
Water influences the
intensity of climate variability and
change. It is the key part of
 extreme events such as drought
and floods. Its abundance and
timely delivery are critical for
meeting the needs of society and
ecosystems.

Humans use water for

drinking, industrial applications,
irrigating agriculture, hydropower,
waste disposal, and recreation. It
is important that water sources
are protected both for human uses
and ecosystem health. In many
areas, water supplies are being
depleted because of population
growth, pollution, and
development. These stresses have
been made worse by climate
variations and changes that affect
the hydrologic cycle.

1.1.1. Water and

climate change
Climate change is affecting
where, when, and how much
water is available. Extreme
weather events such as
droughts and heavy
precipitation, which are
expected to increase as
climate changes, can impact
water resources. A lack of
adequate water supplies,
flooding, or degraded water
 quality impacts civilization —
now and throughout history.
These challenges can affect
the economy, energy
production and use, human
health, transportation,
agriculture, national security,
natural ecosystems, and
recreation.

1.1.1. EDUCATION CONNECTION

The water cycle impacts
ecosystems, economies, and
our daily lives. The resources
in this collection help teachers
guide their students beyond
the classic water cycle
diagram and through the
complex social and
environmental issues that
surround water. The water
cycle provides the opportunity
to explore the nature of
science using models and
empirical evidence.

3. EVAPORATION.
Evaporation is the process by which a liquid turns into a gas.
It is also one of the three main steps in the global water cycle.
Evaporation on a Farm

Water evaporates from a sugar beet field after a summer

shower in Borger, Netherlands. Evaporation is a key step in
the water cycle.

Evaporation happens when a liquid turns into a gas. It can be

easily visualized when rain puddles “disappear” on a hot
day or when wet clothes dry in the sun. In these examples,
the liquid water is not actually vanishing—it is evaporating
into a gas, called water vapor.

Evaporation happens on a global scale. Alongside

condensation and precipitation, evaporation is one of the
three main steps in the Earth’s water cycle. Evaporation
accounts for 90 percent of the moisture in the Earth’s
atmosphere; the other 10 percent is due to plant
transpiration.

Substances can exist in three main states: solid, liquid, and

gas. Evaporation is just one way a substance, like water,
can change between these states. Melting and freezing are
two other ways. When liquid water reaches a low enough
temperature, it freezes and becomes a solid—ice. When
solid water is exposed to enough heat, it will melt and
return to a liquid. As that liquid water is further heated, it
evaporates and becomes a gas—water vapor.

These changes between states (melting, freezing, and

evaporating) happen because as the temperature either
increases or decreases, the molecules in a substance begin
to speed up or slow down. In a solid, the molecules are
tightly packed and only vibrate against each other. In a
liquid, the molecules move freely, but stay close together.
In a gas, they move around wildly and have a great deal of
space between them.

In the water cycle, evaporation occurs when sunlight warms

the surface of the water. The heat from the sun makes the
water molecules move faster and faster, until they move so
fast they escape as a gas. Once evaporated, a molecule of
water vapor spends about ten days in the air.
 As water vapor rises higher in the atmosphere, it begins to
cool back down. When it is cool enough, the water vapor
condenses and returns to liquid water. These water
droplets eventually gather to form clouds and precipitation.

Evaporation from the oceans is vital to the production of fresh

water. Because more than 70 percent of the Earth’s surface
is covered by oceans, they are the major source of water in
the atmosphere. When that water evaporates, the salt is
left behind. The fresh-water vapor then condenses into
clouds, many of which drift over land. Precipitation from
those clouds fills lakes, rivers, and streams with fresh
water.

4. CONDENSATION.

Condensation is the process where water vapor (a gas)

changes into water droplets (a liquid). This is when we begin to see
clouds.
What is the condensation?
Condensation is the process where water vapor becomes
liquid. It is the reverse of evaporation, where liquid water becomes
a vapor. Condensation happens one of two ways: Either the air is
cooled to its dew point or it becomes so saturated with water vapor
that it cannot hold any more water.

What is the 4 form of the condensation?

Condensation | Forms of Condensation: Dew, Fog, Frost, Mist | Types
of Clouds.

What are 4 examples of condensation?

Morning dew on the grass. Water droplets on the outer surface of
cold drink bottle. Foggy car windows.

What is condensation definition and

examples?
Condensation is the process through which the physical state of
matter changes from the gaseous phase into the liquid phase. For
example, condensation occurs when water vapour (gaseous form) in
the air changes into liquid water when it comes in contact with a
cooler surface.

What are 5 examples of condensation?

Let's take a few examples of condensation in our daily life to

elucidate the phenomenon:

1. Clouds in the Sky;

2. Morning Dew;
3. Fog in the Air;
4. Breathing Fog in Winters;
5. Foggy Car Windows;
6. Foggy Glasses;
7. Sweaty Drink-Cans;
8. Contrails.

9. What are the 3 types of

condensation?
10. Condensation: Dew, Fog, and Clouds. Dew: the water
droplets formed by condensation of water vapor on a
relatively cold surface of an object.
 What are the types of condensation
reactions?
In organic chemistry, a condensation reaction is a type of
chemical reaction in which two molecules are combined to
form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small
molecule such as water. If water is lost, the reaction is also

known as a dehydration synthesis .

What is hydrological problem?

THE ROLE OF THE HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES

Floods, droughts and water pollution are barriers to

sustainable development and management of water
resources. The hydrological sciences have played an
increasingly vital role in the understanding of these problems
and in finding solutions.

What is the best example of

condensation?
Examples of Condensation
Morning Dew – This happens when the moisture present
in the air condenses on the grasses and leaves cooling
overnight.

Droplets on can or bottle – The cold surface of your can or

bottle causes the moisture in the warm air to condense on its
surface.

How many types of condensation are

there?
Condensation is the process where water vapour becomes liquid.
Depending on temperature and location, condensation can take
place in different forms, like dew, frost, fog, mist, and clouds.

What causes condensation?

Condensation occurs when warm air collides with cold surfaces, or
when there's too much humidity in your home. When this
 moisture-packed warm air comes into contact with a chilly
surface, it cools down quickly and releases the water, which
turns into liquid droplets on the cold surface.

Is rain a condensation?
Condensation is the process through which gaseous water vapor
becomes liquid water. A common misconception about
condensation is that rain is a form of condensation. However,
rain is actually a result of condensation. Condensation can
happen in one of two ways: saturation or cooling to the dew
point.

Where is condensation used?

Commercial applications of condensation, by consumers as well as
industry, include power generation, water desalination, thermal
management, refrigeration, and air conditioning.

What are the effects of condensation?

Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from the

gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the reverse of
vaporization.

How do you make condensation?

It can happen in one of two ways. For condensation to form, water
vapor is either cooled to its dew point – which is the
temperature at which water in the air condenses to create
water droplets. Or, the air becomes so saturated with water
vapor that it can't hold any more water.

What are three facts about

condensation?
10 Facts About Condensation
1. Government figures suggest that 1 in 4 homes in the UK, has
an issue with either condensation and/or damp. Up to 50% of
damp-proofing company call-outs are for condensation
related problems. Rising dampness is often confused with
condensation, but rising damp can usually be recognised by
“tide marks” and surface blistering up to about 1.0 m from
 the floor and condensation tends to be accompanied by
mould growth.
2. Condensation is seasonal and the condensation season
coincides with dropping temperatures. If your property
suffered with condensation last Winter but there haven’t
been symptoms over the Summer this doesn’t mean the
issue has gone away as it will, unfortunately, recur the
following Autumn.

3. Condensation is caused by excess moisture in the air

settling on cool surfaces. Air can hold a certain amount of
moisture, but the amount varies depending on temperature;
The colder the air, the less moisture it can hold. When air
temperature drops, the moisture that it can no longer hold is
deposited (condenses) onto the coldest surfaces available.
You often see condensation on windows as these are
generally cold surfaces but external walls or even ceilings
may also be cold.

4. Double glazing reduces condensation on windows by

keeping glass temperatures warmer, but this means that
moisture will condense on other cool surfaces elsewhere,
particularly adjoining wall surfaces, unless the property has
cavity wall insulation.
5. Cooking, washing, drying clothes, having a bath or shower
and even breathing can cause produce up to 5 litres of
moisture a day per person, within the average home. That’s
equivalent to 5 big bottles of soft drink for each person!
6. Condensation does not always occur in the room where the
moisture has been created. Moisture moves around with the
air and it can even move through walls, doors and ceilings. It
helps to close the kitchen door when you are cooking but
you may also need to look at an extract unit to help remove
the excess moisture from the air.
7. You may be experiencing some of the symptoms of
condensation without realising their cause; there may be

musty smells within the property, water on windows

and window sills, peeling wallpaper, mould growths on walls,
clothes, shoes or on areas of the walls and ceiling.
8. If condensation is not treated it can result in a lot of
expense. Clothes and bed linen may be damaged by

mildew and need replacing and in the worst-case

scenarios the damp can rot timbers and result in rusting
metal wall ties.
9. Living with condensation can cause health problems as this
form of dampness causes mould and mildew to grow and
spores from these can aggravate chest conditions, such as
 asthma. House mites also thrive in damp atmospheres and
research shows they can also cause allergies.
Condensation and related dampness can be resolved
only by controlling the level of moisture in the air. It
is important to control moisture levels in the entire
house and ensure that there is adequate ventilation.
If you think that you have a condensation problem it’s
important to get a qualified surveyor to inspect the
area and suggest one of the affordable solutions now
available.

5. PRECIPITATION.

What is precipitation Class 5?

Precipitation is any liquid or frozen water that forms in the
atmosphere and falls back to the Earth. It comes in many forms, like
rain, sleet, and snow.

What are the 4 types of precipitation?

Precipitation (Water Falling from the Sky)

The most common types of precipitation:

1. Rain. ...
2. Snow. ...
3. Hail. ...
4. Sleet.

What are the 6 types of precipitation?

The different types of precipitation
are:
1. Rain. Most commonly observed, drops larger than drizzle (0.02 inch
/ 0.5 mm or more) are considered rain. ...

2. Drizzle. Fairly uniform precipitation composed exclusively of fine drops

very close together. ...
 3. Ice Pellets (Sleet) ...
4. Hail. ...

5. Small Hail (Snow Pellets) ...

6. Snow. ...
7. Snow Grains. ...
8. Ice Crystals.
What is precipitation and its types?
The most common types of precipitation are rain, hail, and snow. Rain.
Rain is precipitation that falls to the surface of the Earth as water droplets.
Raindrops form around microscopic cloud condensation nuclei, such as a
particle of dust or a molecule of pollution.

What is precipitation example?

One of the best examples of precipitation reactions is the chemical reaction

between potassium chloride and silver nitrate , in

which solid silver chloride is precipitated out .
This is the insoluble salt formed as a product of the
precipitation reaction.

What a precipitation means?

: a deposit on the earth of hail, mist, rain, sleet, or snow. also : the quantity
of water deposited.

What are the 5 steps of precipitation?

Together, these five processes -
condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff,
and evapotranspiration- make up the
Hydrologic Cycle . Water vapor condenses to form clouds, which
result in precipitation when the conditions are suitable.
What is class 7 precipitation?
Falling of moisture in the form of rainfall, snow, fog, sleet and hailstone is
termed as precipitation.

What causes precipitation Class 7?

Answer: The sun's heat vaporises water into vapour. This vapour cools down
and condenses to become clouds. This may then fall on the surface of Earth
in the form of rain, snow or sleet. This phenomenon of water falling back
onto the surface of the earth in the form of rain, snow or sleet is called
precipitation.

Can you list 5 types of precipitation?

The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow,
graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere
becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and
“precipitates.

What are the 5 main types of weather?

The five main types of weather are: (1.) sunny, (2.) cloudy, (3.) windy,

(4.) rainy, and (5.)stormy. Below you will find out about the different
types of weather we experience on a day-to-day basis as a result of the
global weather system.

Why are there different types of

precipitation?
When particles fall from clouds and reach the surface as precipitation, they
do so primarily as rain, snow, freezing rain or sleet. The main difference
between these different types of precipitation is the temperature variations
between the cloud base and the ground.

Which is the most common type of

precipitation?
Rainfall
Rainfall is the most common type of precipitation that we all might have
experienced. Water vapour in air condenses to form liquid water droplets.
When precipitation happens in the form of liquid water, it is called rainfall.

How do different types of precipitation

form?
The temperature of the cloud and the air between the cloud and the ground
create different kinds of precipitation. Rain: Rain made of liquid water
droplets falls when temperatures in the air and at the surface are above
freezing (32°F, 0°C).

What is precipitation in Brainly?

includes rain, snow, sleet, and hail. The main forms of precipitation include
drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel (soft hail or snow pellets), and hail.
Precipitation is a form of water that falls from a cloud.

Is precipitation wet or dry?

Rain is liquid precipitation: water falling from the sky. Raindrops fall to Earth
when clouds become saturated, or filled, with water droplets. Millions of
water droplets bump into each other as they gather in a cloud. When a small
water droplet bumps into a bigger one, it condenses, or combines, with the
larger one

What is meant by 10% precipitation?

If there's a 10 percent chance of rain, it means the current conditions yield
rainfall one out of every 10 times observed. If it's 20 percent, then you'd see
rain two out of every 10 times, and so on.

What words describe precipitation?

synonyms for precipitation

1. drizzle.
 Fairly uniform precipitation composed exclusively of fine
drops very close together. Drizzle appears to float while
following air currents, but unlike fog droplets, it falls to the
ground. Quite often fog and drizzle occur together.

2. rain.
Most commonly observed, drops larger than drizzle (0.02
inch / 0.5 mm or more) are considered rain. However, smaller
drops are also considered raindrops if, in contrast to drizzle,
they are widely separated.

3. rainfall.

4. rainstorm.
-------a storm with heavy rain.

------- a weather condition with strong wind and heavy rain.

------- a storm that produces rain

-------- A storm accompanied by rain.

-------- a storm of or with rain

 What causes a rainstorm?
As temperature rises, more water evaporates from
the ocean, transferring energy and water vapor to the
atmosphere. That extra water vapor results in more
rain and snow. Areas that are typically rainy will likely
experience intense down pours. But areas that are
typically dry will likely become more parched.

What are the effects of a

rainstorm?
Heavy rainfall can lead to numerous hazards, for
example: flooding, including risk to human life, damage
to buildings and infrastructure, and loss of crops and
livestock. landslides, which can threaten human life,
disrupt transport and communications, and cause
damage to buildings and infrastructure.

How long can a rainstorm

last?
Thunderstorms affect relatively small areas
when compared with hurricanes and winter storms.
The typical thunderstorm is 15 miles in diameter
and lasts an average of 30 minutes. Nearly 1,800
thunderstorms are occurring at any moment
around the world. That's 16 million a year!

What is a major
rainstorm called?
 downpour. nountremendous pouring of rain.
cloudburst. deluge.

What is a heavy rainfall

called?
A downpour is a heavy fall of rain.

How do you survive a

rainstorm?
Head For Shelter

Keep in mind not to touch plumbing,

electrical equipment, metal objects, or water, as
those could be electrically charged. Being in a car
is safer than being outside, but you should always
keep the windows rolled up, refrain from using
electronics, and resist leaning against the doors.

What happens before a

rainstorm?
The rising warm air forms a partial vacuum,
which pulls cold air from high above. That helps
drive the rain down. But this partial vacuum also
pulls in air from all sides of the storm front. Air
moving away from the partial vacuum gets pulled
back – so the area in front of the storm
experiences a calm.

What are the 3 types of

storm?
1. Types of storms
2. Blizzards.
3. Hail.
4. Heavy rain.
5. Ice storms.
6. Lightning.
7. Thunderstorms.
 8. Wind.

What is a severe
rainstorm?
When they contain strong winds, hail and
tornadoes they can turn violent. NOAA classifies
a storm as “severe” when it produces wind gusts
of at least 58 mph and/or hail one inch in
diameter (about the size of a quarter) or larger
and/or a tornado. A single thunderstorm can be 10
miles wide and 50,000 feet tall. ( NOAA)

Why do I sleep better

during a rainstorm?
Along with the low air pressure, the air is
also filled with a lot of water vapor. The
combination of low air pressure and water vapor
inadvertently lowers the oxygen levels in the air,
making your brain feel tired. When it rains,
negative ions are released and that leads to
people feeling more relaxed and comfortable.

Where is the biggest

rainstorm on earth?
Where is the rainiest place on Earth?
Surprisingly, it's not Wales. According to
Guinness World Records, the place with the
highest average annual rainfall is the village of
Mawsynram in northeastern India, which receives
nearly 12,000mm of rain per year

What are the 4 types of

rain?
Types of Rainfall
1. Convectional rainfall.
2. Orographic or relief rainfall.
3. Cyclonic or frontal rainfall.
What are the 4 types of storms?
The 4 Types of Thunderstorms

1. The single-cell.
2. The multi-cell.
3. The squall line.
4. The supercell.

What causes thunder in a rainstorm?

Answer. Thunder is caused by the rapid expansion of the air surrounding the
path of a lightning bolt.

Is rainstorm a weather?
A rainstorm is a type of extreme weather which can produce heavy rain, poor
visibility, and sometimes thunder and lightning. Rainstorms are formed
sometimes from large weather systems (hurricanes, cyclones, etc.). As the
weather systems move inland and start dissipating, they lose energy.

What are rainstorm clouds called?

Cumulonimbus clouds
Cumulonimbus clouds are also called thunderheads. Thunderheads produce
rain, thunder, and lightning. Many cumulonimbus clouds occur along cold
fronts, where cool air is forced under warm air. They usually shrink as
evening approaches, and moisture in the air evaporates.
What causes a rainstorm?
As temperature rises, more water evaporates from the ocean,
transferring energy and water vapor to the atmosphere. That
extra water vapor results in more rain and snow. Areas that are
typically rainy will likely experience intense down pours. But
areas that are typically dry will likely become more parched.

5. sleet. [Ice Pellets (Sleet)]

Precipitation of transparent or translucent pellets of ice,
which are round or irregular hard grains of ice consisting of
frozen raindrops, or largely melted then refrozen snowflakes.
6. snow.
Precipitation of snow crystals that are mostly branched
and in the form of six-pointed stars.

7. storm.

8. cloudburst.
What is the meaning of cloudburst?
Cloudburst, a sudden, very heavy rainfall, usually
local in nature and of brief duration. Most so-called
cloudbursts occur in connection with thunderstorms. In
these storms there are violent uprushes of air, which at
times prevent the condensing raindrops from falling to the
ground.
 What is cloud burst and why it
happens?
Cloudbursts happen when drenched clouds are not
able to cause rain because of the rising movement of the
extremely hot current of air. Rather than falling down,
raindrops get larger in dimension and are forced up
because of the air current.

Is cloudburst a natural disaster?

Cloudburst is defined as a geo-hydrological hazard.
The aggressiveness in nature and the scale of
destruction of rainfall are scary at times.

What are the effects of

cloudburst?
Cloudburst-triggered debris flows, flash floods,
landslides, and mass movements have become more
intensive and frequent worldwide, mainly in the
mountainous regions, causing large-scale destruction of
people, land, and property (Houghton et al.

9. Small Hail (Snow Pellets)

Precipitation of white, opaque grains of ice that are round or
sometimes conical. Diameters are less than ¼ inch (5 mm).
10. Snow Grains
Precipitation of very small, white, and opaque grains of
ice. Basically, this is frozen drizzle.

11. Ice Crystals

Generally occurring in very cold regions, they are falling
crystals of ice in the form of needles, columns, or plates. Also
called 'diamond dust', ice crystals appear like fog with
individual water particles forming directly as ice. The shape
of the individual ice crystals causes the 'light pillar' optical
effect above the light source.

12. Hail
Precipitation in the form of small balls or other pieces of
ice falling separately or frozen together in irregular lumps.
Associated with thunderstorms, individual hail stones are ¼ inch
(5 mm) or greater in diameter. Hail sizes of 1 inch (2.5 cm) or

more are indicative of severe thunderstorms .

 13. mmm

5. INTERCEPTION.

What does interception mean in the

water cycle?

Interception is the part of the rainfall that is

intercepted by the earth's surface and which subsequently
evaporates. In this definition the earth's surface includes
everything that becomes wet after a rainfall event and that
dries out soon after. It includes: vegetation, soil surface,
litter, build-up surface, etc.

What is the difference between

transpiration and interception?
We conclude that interception mainly works as an
intensifier of the local hydrological cycle during wet spells
and wet seasons. On the other hand, transpiration remains
active during dry spells and dry seasons and is transported
over much larger distances downwind, where it can act as a
significant source of moisture.
How does precipitation affect
interception?
Interception loss, as a percentage of gross rainfall,
decreases as rainfall amount increases. This is because
rainfall amount has little effect on interception loss once the
interception capacity is filled.

What are the 3 types of

interception?

Interception
1. gross rainfall measured above the canopy
or in openings in a forest.

2. throughfall: water that falls between plants,

3. drippage: of water from the plants to the
grounds, and.

4. stemflow: flow of water down stems and

trunks.

How is rain interception measured?

Interception is most easily measured by comparing
rainfall underneath vegetation cover (like a woodland
canopy) with rainfall where there in no vegatation cover.
Place several identical rain gauges in the contrasting areas
– don't just use one rain gauge per area.

Where does interception occur?

Interception refers to
precipitation that does not reach the
soil, but is instead intercepted by
the leaves, branches of plants and
 the forest floor . It occurs in the canopy (i.e.
canopy interception ), and in the forest floor
or litter layer (i.e. forest floor interception ).

How does interception work?

To make initial contact, the intercepting aircraft will
rock its wings and flash its navigation lights at
irregular intervals. This means "you have been
intercepted, follow me". To respond, the pilots of the
intercepted aircraft must also rock their wings, flash
their lights and then proceed to follow the military
jet.

What is the relationship between

interception and infiltration?
The highest level of interception occurs when it
snows on conifer forests and hardwood forests that have not
yet lost their leaves. Infiltration is the physical process
involving movement of water through the boundary area
where the atmosphere interfaces with the soil.

Why does an increase in

interception cause a decrease in
surface runoff?
Interception decreases runoff by reducing the amount
of precipitation which initially reaches the ground. Urban
areas replace forests, grasslands, wetlands, and other

natural areas. As roads , pavements and

buildings are impenetrable , water cannot

infiltrate the soil and is instead directed to rivers via drain.

How do seasons affect

interception?
 The proportion of the precipitation that does not reach
the ground, i.e., the interception loss, depends on the
type of vegetation (forest, tree, or grassland), its age,
density of planting and the season of the year. The
interception loss also depends on rainfall regime,
thus on climate.

What factors influence interception?

Factors Affecting Interception:

(i) Type of Vegetation:
(ii) Wind Velocity:
(iii) Duration of Storm:
(iv) Intensity of Storm:
(v) Season of the Year:
(vi) Climate of the Area:

What is the synonym of

intercepting?
to stop, seize, or interrupt while in progress or on
course the cat was about to hightail it out the front door
when I intercepted her. Synonyms & Similar Words.
Relevance. blocking. grabbing.

What are interception losses?

Interception loss is that portion. of the precipitation
which is returned to the atmosphere through evaporation
from plant surfaces or is absorbed into the plant.

Which is an example of
interception?
Interception might take the form of unauthorized file
viewing or copying, eavesdropping on phone conversations,
or reading e-mail, and can be conducted against data at rest
or in motion.

What are the 3 main components of

interception?
 There are three Main
Components of Interception:
1. Interception Loss.
2. Throughfall.
3. Stemflow.

6. INFILTRATION.
What are the process of
infiltration?
Infiltration is the process of water entry into the
soil through the earth's surface. The water at the soil
surface can originate from rain, snowmelt or anthropogenic
activities (e.g. to regulate groundwater formation by
artificial infiltration).

What is infiltration short answer?

Introduction. Infiltration is defined as
the flow of water from
aboveground into the
subsurface . The topic of infiltration has
received a great deal of attention because of its
importance to topics as widely ranging as irrigation,
contaminant transport, groundwater recharge, and
ecosystem viability.

What is infiltration in the water cycle

for kids?

Infiltration - Infiltration is an important process

where rain water soaks into the ground, through the soil
and underlying rock layers. Runoff - Much of the water that
returns to Earth as precipitation runs off the surface of the
land, and flows down hill into streams, rivers, ponds and
lakes.
What is runoff and infiltration?
Infiltration and runoff are two important processes in

the hydrologic cycle (Figure 1.1). Infiltration

begins when precipitation reaches the
land surface. Runoff begins when the
precipitation rate exceeds the
infiltration rate, and retention and
surface stor- age are filled .

What causes water infiltration?

Water infiltration due to poor
drainage
Poor water drainage along the edge of the
foundation is one of the main causes of basement water
infiltration. To drain water away from your home, make
sure that the ground around it slopes away from the
foundation at a rate of one inch per foot for at least the
first six feet.

What causes infiltration?

Infiltration is the downward entry
of water into the soil. Infiltration
rate is expressed in inches per hour .
Rainwater must first enter the soil for it to be of value.
Water moves more quickly through the large pores of a
sandy soil compared to slower movement through a clay
soil with small pores.

What is the role of infiltration?

Infiltration replenishes aquifers
 Natural refilling of deep aquifers
is a slow process because

groundwater moves slowly

through the unsaturated zone and
the aquifer . The rate of recharge is
also an important consideration .

What is evaporation and

infiltration?
Soil evaporation is the transition of soil water
from the liquid phase to the vapor phase, after which
water vapor diffuses into the atmosphere through the
evaporation surface (Wang et al., 2019). The
evaporation surfaces of infiltration holes are the top
surface, sidewall, and bottom of the hole.

What is another term for

infiltration?
permeate. The water will eventually
permeate through the surrounding concrete. creep in.

percolate.

What affects water infiltration?

Infiltration is caused by multiple
factors including; gravity,

capillary forces, adsorption and

osmosis. Many soil
 characteristics can also play a
role in determining the rate at
which infiltration occurs .

What are the types of infiltration?

1. Infiltration basin.
2. Infiltration trench (a.k.a.
infiltration gallery)
3. Dry wells (a.k.a.
infiltration tubes, french
drains, soak-away pits or
soak holes)
4. Underground infiltration
systems.
How does infiltration affect water
quality?
Role of stormwater infiltration in
the natural water cycle

The increase in impervious surfaces can disrupt the

natural water cycle and alter the surrounding environment
via the decrease of groundwater recharge and the increase
of water directly flowing to surface waters.

What happens to water during

infiltration?
Infiltration happens when water soaks into the soil from
the ground level. It moves underground and moves between
the soil and rocks. Some of the water will be soaked up by
roots to help plants grow. The plant's leaves eventually
release the water into the air through the plant's pours as
waste.
 Does infiltration clean water?
When water soaks into the
ground, soil and plants work
together to absorb it, filtering
pollutants, and decreasing flooding.
Some of this water continues to
travel down in the soil, becoming
cleaner as it goes and recharging
the groundwater.

What are the characteristics of

infiltration?
The infiltration rate is determined by soil
characteristics including ease of entry, storage capacity,
and transmission rate through the soil. The soil texture and
structure, vegetation types and cover, water content of the
soil, soil temperature, and rainfall intensity all play a role in
infiltration rate.

What is infiltration example?

Infiltration occurs when surface
water enters the soil . This process is similar
to pouring water onto a sponge. The sponge soaks up the
water until it can hold no more. At this point, the soil

becomes saturated , but the excess water has to go

somewhere.

7. PERCOLATION.
What is the meaning of
percolation?
the process of a liquid moving
slowly through a substance that has
very small holes in it: the percolation
of water through rocks . the process
of something spreading slowly: So
far we haven't seen much
percolation of higher energy prices
through to retail . Movement of
liquids .

What is percolation 7th?

Percolation is the movement of
water through soil , and the
percolation rate is the speed at
which that movement occurs . Percolation
rate is calculated using the following formula: Percolation
rate = Amount of water (mL)percolation time (mins)

What is percolation of water

explain?
Percolation is the movement of
water through the soil itself . Finally ,
as the water percolates into the deeper
layers of the soil, it reaches ground
water, which is water below the surface .
The upper surface of this
underground water is called the
"water table".

What is percolation in soil?

Infiltration (the rate at which water enters a

soil) and percolation (the rate at which water moves

through a soil) are key factors in
determining the value of a soil as a
crop soil . These two factors
influence the formation of natural
wildlife habitats, and the nature and
speed of flooding in a given area .

Why is percolation used?

Percolation can be used to predict water
transport factors such as the rate of leaching, or the flow of
materials into water. This is most often used in agriculture
to determine the movement of fertilizers or the salt content
of soil.

How is percolation done?

Percolation is an exhaustive extraction
procedure, by which all of the soluble constituents are
completely removed from a comminuted plant material, by
extracting the crude drug by fresh solvent. In the case of
repercolation, the percolate is again introduced as the
solvent, thus reducing solvent consumption.
What is the meaning of
percolation test?
A percolation test , or perc test , is a
procedure performed to review water drainage in different

soils. It is important for many uses,

such as when designing a leach field
for a septic system, planning a
building design, or considering
agricultural use of the land .

How do you measure water

percolation?
To measure how fast water percolates into the soil,
you need to measure the time it takes for a specific amount
of water to soak into a specific area of soil. The easiest way
to do this is to get a length of cylindrical pipe that is sharp
enough to push (or hammer) into the soil at one end.

What is percolation in sandy soil?

Sandy soil. Percolation rate is the rate at which
water passes through the soil. It is a measure used to
determine the water holding capacity of the soil. Sandy soil
has large particles and large air gaps too. Water flows
through sandy soil fastest and hence percolation rate of
sandy soil is the highest.

What is the percolation of clay

soil?
Clay soils have moderate percolation rates of 0.1
inch or less every hour. These soils effortlessly become
waterlogged, and plant roots can choke thus.

What is good percolation?

For soils to effectively treat
effluent, percolation rates must
be between 10 and 60 minutes
per inch

of percolation. You need at least

20 to 21 hours to do a standard
percolation test requires .

What is percolation instrument?

The percolation device
determines the ion-composition of a
soil solution under saturated
conditions and is designed such
that it simultaneously percolates a
defined solution amount with a
constant skipping speed from
various undisturbed soil samples in
different soil sample cylinders
(volume: 100 cm³).

What factors affect percolation?

Those factors are as follows:

Soil: In a mechanism called percolation, where

water travels downwards through the tiny gaps between
rocks and soil particles, runoff seeps underground. ...

Moisture content: The quality of water

alters their cohesion greatly.

What are the main features of

percolation?
Percolation typically exhibits universality. Statistical
physics concepts such as scaling theory, renormalization,
phase transition, critical phenomena and fractals are used to
characterize percolation properties. Combinatorics is
commonly employed to study percolation thresholds.

What is infiltration and

percolation?
Infiltration and percolation are two related but
different processes describing the movement of water

through soil. Infiltration is defined as the

downward entry of water into the
soil or rock surface and percolation
is the flow of water through soil and
porous or fractured rock .

What is the difference between

percolation?
The main difference between infiltration and
percolation is that infiltration occurs in the topmost zone of
soil whereas percolation occurs when water passes through

soil and rock. Infiltration and percolation

are two types of downward
movements of water. Infiltration
occurs fast while percolation occurs
slowly .

How does soil affect percolation?

Soil type influences amounts
and rates of percolation. The
Muskingum soils, because of their
lighter texture, provide greater
opportunity for more rapid soil water
movement which is reflected in
greater amounts and more rapid
rates of percolation than on the
heavier Keene soils except under
the circumstances noted .

What is percolation capacity of

soil?
 Percolation rate of water in soil:
The phenomenon of absorption of
water by soil is termed percolation.
The rate of absorption is different for
different types of soils . The rate of
absorption of soil depends on its
composition . A soil with a high
percolation rate can hold water for a
short period of time .

What is high percolation?

by high percolation rate means. Water easily move
into the soil. For example, sand has high precolation rate
than soil. So ,water easily moves through the sand than soil.

Why is percolation important to

the water cycle?
Percolation is an important
process where rain water soaks
into (infiltrates) the ground, into
the soil

and underlying rock layers.

Some of this water ultimately
returns to the surface at springs
or in low spots downhill .
What is simple percolation
process?
Percolation extraction is a conventional extraction
method used in the processing of traditional Chinese
medicines. After medicinal material powder is placed in a
percolation tank, the extraction solvent is continuously
added, and percolation extract is collected simultaneously.
The percolation equipment is simple.

Which factors determine

percolation of soil?
Various characteristics of the soil such as soil
composition, grain size and aggregation determine the
percolation and water holding capacity of the soils.

What is cold percolation method?

during the cold percolation process. A control is
provided to monitor the contents of the vessel and
regulate the heater output to obtain and maintain the
proper temperature. A pump draws the output of the
vessel and recirculates it to the vessel top so that
the vessel effluent passes through the vessel charge.

What is percolation in
agriculture?
Percolation is the downward movement of water
within soil. The rate of percolation is affected by soil
characteristics, with water moving through coarser soils
more quickly than through fine- grained soils.

How do you test percolation in

soil?
A percolation test consists of digging one or more
holes in the soil of the proposed leach field to a specified
depth, presoaking the holes by maintaining a high water
level in the holes, then running the test by filling the holes to
a specific level and timing the drop of the water level as the
water percolates into ...

What causes percolation of

water on land?
Percolation is primarily controlled by gravitational
forces.

Precipitations such as rainfall and snowmelts

infiltrate the soil surface after which it percolates
downwards through soil layers. The water is able to move
underground through the rock and soil profile due to the
capillary actions of connected pore spaces.

What is maceration and

percolation?
Maceration refers to the process of becoming
softened by soaking in a liquid while percolation refers to
the process of a liquid slowly passing through a filter.

What is the percolation rate of

sand?
The average monthly percolation rates of sand clay
loam, sand clay, and clay vary 2-4.5 mm/day, 1.5-3.5 mm/day,
and 0.5-2 mm/day, respectively with the rainfall intensity of
4-14 mm/day.

What is percolation in civil

engineering?
Percolation can be defined as the flow of fluids
through a porous media (filter). Infiltration rate may be
defined as the meters per unit time of the entry of water into
the soil surface regardless of the types or values of forces or
gradients. Water entry into the soil is caused by matric and
gravitational forces.
8. TRANSPIRATION.
This process of elimination of
excess water from the plant body is
known as transpiration. It is
generally the evaporation of water
from the surface of the leaves . During
the process of transpiration, water
molecules in the plant tissues are
removed from the aerial parts of the
plants .

What is transpiration explain?

Transpiration is a process that
involves loss of water vapour through
the stomata of plants . The loss of water vapour
from the plant cools the plant down when the weather is very
hot, and water from the stem and roots moves upwards or is
'pulled' into the leaves.

What causes transpiration?

Ultimately, for transpiration to occur, the water vapor
pressure deficit of the surrounding air must be lower than the
water potential of the leaves. Transpiration rates are higher
when the relative humidity of air is low, which can occur due
to windy conditions or when the temperatures are high.

What is transpiration short type

answer?
The process by which plants remove excess water
through stomata present on the surface of leaves is called
'transpiration'. Transpiration is essentially
evaporation of water from leaves of
the plant .

What is transpiration Why is it

important?
Transpiration is defined as the process where
plants absorb water through the roots and then give off water

vapour through pores in their leaves

(stomata). This process removes
excess water, creates a suction pull
to help in transport of water
upwards, and cools down the plant .

Where does transpiration

happen?
Leaf stomata

Leaf stomata are the primary sites of transpiration and

consist of two guard cells that form a small pore on the
surfaces of leaves. The guard cells control the opening and
closing of the stomata in response to various environmental
stimuli and can regulate the rate of transpiration to reduce
water loss.

What affects transpiration in

plants?
Factors that affect
transpiration in plants
 The light intensity, temperature, humidity, wind and
water supply will all affect the transpiration rate.

What are the benefits of

transpiration in plants?
Advantages of transpiration:
1. It helps in the exchange of
gases.
2. It helps in sending out
excessively absorbed water
by plants.
3. It helps in the development
of the plant body.
4. It helps in the absorption
and distribution of water and
mineral salts in plants.
5. It provides coolness to the
plant body.

What type of transport is

transpiration?
water transport

Transpiration (water
transport ) involves three
processes : absorption at the
roots , capillary action in the
xylem , and evaporation at the
 leaves . Roots acquire dissolved minerals in a
four-step process: •Active transport into the root
hairs, which moves minerals against their
concentration gradient.

4. Precipitation;

bb
5. Infiltration;

6. PERCOLATION.
5. Evaporation;

6. Basic Subsurface flow (Steady State Condition)

Rainfall-Runoff Relation

8. Class requirements: Syllabus of

Engineering Hydrology
8.1. Introduction to hydrology;

8.2. Hydrologic cycle and water balance;

8.3. Watershed characteristics;

8.4. Weather and hydrology, Precipitation;

8.5. Abstraction from precipitation

8.6. Infiltration;

8.7. Streamflow;

8.8. Rainfall-Runoff relationship;

8.9. Unit hydrograph analysis;

8.10. Flood and flood routing;

8.11. Flood control, draught solution;

8.12. Physical character of reservoir;

8.13. Reservoir sedimentation;

8.14. Characteristics of Subsurface Media;

8.15. Groundwater Hydraulics;

8.16. Water wells and groundwater recharge;

8.17. Groundwater quality and contamination hydrology;

8.18. Risk Analysis and Hydrologic Design;

8.19. Major probability distribution;

8.20. Groundwater modelling;

8.21. Surface water modelling.