L14 Introduction To Nervous System

FACULTY OF DENTISTRY
ANATOMY
DDS YR1 (0109)
By: Dr. Maher (maher@mahsa.edu.my)
ANATOMY
LESSON 14: Introduction to Nervous System
Learning Outcomes
only the introduction
1. Describe the organization of the nervous system.

2. Describe the components of Central Nervous System
a. Brain no voluntary action
b. Spinal Cord
3. Describe the Peripheral Nervous System
a. Cranial Nerves
b. Spinal Nerves
4. Describe the Autonomic Nervous System
a. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
ANATOMY
• The nervous system is very important in helping to maintain the homeostasis

(balance) of the human body.
• A series of sensory receptors work with the nervous system to provide

information about changes in both the internal and external environments.
ANATOMY
Nervous System are grouped as follows:
1. The central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and the spinal cord.
2. The peripheral nervous system (PNS), consisting of all the nerves outside the
brain and spinal cord.
ANATOMY
ANATOMY
Central Nervous System

we talk about the brain,
• Brain we talk about the cerebrum
right and left
 Cerebrum ( two hemispheres)
 Diencephalon – thalamus &
Cerebrum
hypothalamus
control hormone production
 Brain stem – midbrain, pons,
medulla oblongata
Diencephalon
 Cerebellem
• Spine midbrain
 Spinal Cord pons cerebellum
Medulla
oblongata
we have trillion nerves
Spinal cord
ANATOMY
control of the frontal lobe
cari function
of frontal lobe
more to sensory
speech area
when info move upwards, it will pass the

cerebellum
ANATOMY
Cerebrum
Corpus callosum
connect left and right cerebrum
• The cerebrum is the largest

component of the brain.
• It is divided into right and left
hemispheres.
• The corpus callosum is the
collection of white matter fibers
that joins these hemispheres.
Coronal section
ANATOMY
Lobes of the Cerebrum HAFAL!!
• Frontal – motor area involved in movement,

planning & coordinating behaviour
• Parietal – sensory perception and processing,
attention, and language
• Temporal – auditory perception, speech, and
complex visual perceptions
• Occipital – visual center – plays a role in
processing visual information
ANATOMY
Spinal Cord
ANATOMY
Location of the spinal cord
Vertebral canal
• Within the vertebral canal

Spinal cord
ANATOMY
Extent of the spinal cord
• It extends from the foramen

magnum as the continuation of
the medulla oblongata to the
level of the lower border of the
first lumbar vertebra (≈45cm).
ANATOMY
Shape of the spinal cord

Cervical enlargement
• Cylindrical in shape
but not uniform shape
• Flattened slightly antero-posteriorly
• Has cervical and lumbar enlargements

for the origin of nerves supplying the
upper and lower limbs.
• Thus the cord is NOT uniform in

diameter.
Lumbar enlargement
ANATOMY
Brain and Spinal cord are composed of grey matter and white matter
• White matter consists primarily of myelinated axons of many neurons.
• Grey matter consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals,
and neuroglia.
ANATOMY
Figure 2. Gray Matter and White Matter. A brain removed during an autopsy, with a partial
section removed, shows white matter surrounded by gray matter. Gray matter makes up the outer
cortex of the brain. (credit: modification of work by “Suseno”/Wikimedia Commons)
ANATOMY
The peripheral nervous system (PNS), consisting of all the nerves outside
the brain and spinal cord.
• Spinal nerves
• Cranial nerves
• Enteric plexus
ANATOMY
HAFAL NOMBORR!!!
The spinal nerves 8 cervical
• 31 pairs arise from

different regions of the
spinal cord. 12 thoracic
• The regions of the spinal
cord are named according
to the regions of the
vertebral column.
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
Σ 31
pairs
ANATOMY
The spinal nerves

8 cervical
• Since there are only 7 cervical vertebrae,

the first 7 nerves pass cranial to the
numerically corresponding neural arch
but the 8th spinal nerve passes between 12 thoracic
C7 and T1 vertebrae.
• Caudal to T1, each nerve occupies an

intervertebral foramen caudal to the
vertebra of the same number.
5 lumbar
• The spinal cord segments are cranial to
the numerically equivalent vertebrae. 5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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Cranial Nerves
• Twelve pairs of nerves associated with the brain

some memory
• Most are mixed in function (sensory and motor); two pairs are purely sensory some motor
most are mixed
• Each nerve is identified by a number (I through XII) and a name

hafal number in roman
ANATOMY
Filaments of
olfactory
HAAFFAALL nerve (I)
Optic nerve
(II)
Facial Oculomotor
nerve (VII) nerve (III)
Vestibulo- Trochlear
cochlear nerve (IV)
nerve (VIII) Trigeminal
nerve (V) supply sensation
Glossopharyngeal
nerve (IX) Abducens
nerve (VI)
Vagus nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
ANATOMY
Turns eye downward and laterally
in vague area
ANATOMY
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of:

• Sensory division
• Receptors
• Motor division
• Somatic and Autonomic nervous system
ANATOMY
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Sensory Receptors
• Specialized to respond to changes in their environment (stimuli)

• Activation results in graded potentials that trigger nerve impulses
• Sensation (awareness of stimulus) and perception (interpretation of the meaning
of the stimulus) occur in the brain
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ANATOMY
sense the strecth within the tendon
in Bowman's capsule
ANATOMY
body will react by the signal from receptor to maintain the hoemostatis
Chemoreceptors are located in the
• Medulla oblongata respond to changes in the hydrogen ion and carbon dioxide
concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid by altering the rate and depth of
respiration. to increase or to decrease
• Carotid and aortic bodies monitor the concentration of carbon dioxide and
oxygen in the arterial blood of the carotid arteries and aorta.
for respiration; to wash out certain co2 that is too much
Baroreceptors: are mechano-sensors that are activated by pressure-induced vessel

wall stretch
• Located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses, and are formed by small nerve
endings present in the adventitia of these vessels
high pressure: heart rate will decrease(reaction)
ANATOMY
Special Sensory Receptors
1. Smell : Olfactory nerve fibers

2. Taste: Taste buds
3. Vision: Rods and cones in retina
4. Hearing: Hair cells in cochlea
ANATOMY
The motor division of PNS has two parts:
1. The Somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.
2. The Autonomic nervous system, controlling involuntary processes such as heartbeat

and glandular activity.
ANATOMY
ANATOMY
Somatic Nervous System (voluntary)
• Relays information from skin, sense organs & muscles to CNS

• Brings responses back to skeletal muscles for responses
ANATOMY
Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary)
• Regulates bodies involuntary responses

• Relays information to internal organs
• Two divisions
• Sympathetic nervous system – in times of Emergency response and Fight or flight
• Parasympathetic nervous system – when body is at rest or with normal functions
ANATOMY
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opposite od sympathetic
ANATOMY
THANK YOU

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FACULTY OF DENTISTRY

1. Describe the organization of the nervous system.

• The nervous system is very important in helping to maintain the homeostasis

• A series of sensory receptors work with the nervous system to provide

Nervous System are grouped as follows:

Central Nervous System

 Spinal Cord pons cerebellum

control of the frontal lobe

when info move upwards, it will pass the

• The cerebrum is the largest

Lobes of the Cerebrum HAFAL!!

• Frontal – motor area involved in movement,

Location of the spinal cord

• Within the vertebral canal

Extent of the spinal cord

• It extends from the foramen

Shape of the spinal cord

• Flattened slightly antero-posteriorly

• Has cervical and lumbar enlargements

• Thus the cord is NOT uniform in

The spinal nerves 8 cervical

• 31 pairs arise from

The spinal nerves

• Since there are only 7 cervical vertebrae,

• Caudal to T1, each nerve occupies an

• Twelve pairs of nerves associated with the brain

• Each nerve is identified by a number (I through XII) and a name

HAAFFAALL nerve (I)

Turns eye downward and laterally

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of:

• Specialized to respond to changes in their environment (stimuli)

sense the strecth within the tendon

Chemoreceptors are located in the

Baroreceptors: are mechano-sensors that are activated by pressure-induced vessel

Special Sensory Receptors

1. Smell : Olfactory nerve fibers

The motor division of PNS has two parts:

2. The Autonomic nervous system, controlling involuntary processes such as heartbeat

Somatic Nervous System (voluntary)

• Relays information from skin, sense organs & muscles to CNS

Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary)

• Regulates bodies involuntary responses

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