AN OPTIMAL SOLUTION FOR DUAL AXIS SOLAR TRACKING

SYSTEM
efficient, but it requires more motion, and it can
overcome the
Abstract:
Today's generation is consuming more
electricity than ever before, and we cannot rely
on other energy sources such as nuclear, wind, losses. In addition, the slow movement of the
and thermal. Instead, we should use solar energy sun helps in reducing the power consumption [2]
to meet our country's needs.

Keywords: LDR sensors, Servo motors, Dual

axis, Motor driver

I. INTRODUCTION:
The electricity produced by solar panels is
mainly generated by the use of sunlight energy
and the radiation from the sun. However, the
main challenge that solar panels face is the
amount of energy that they collect. In order to Fig.2.Dual axis solar tracking system
maximize the electrical output, they have to use
the most effective material and also follow the
sun. II. DESCRIPTION:

The Earth is a sphere that constantly rotates and
changes seasons and days. Because of this, it is
difficult to get the most out of the sunlight that
solar panels can collect. By using a standby solar
panel, we are unable to get the required amount
of energy from the sun at the moment of its
appearance. With the help of a single axis
tracking system, we can achieve this by
absorbing the sunlight at the right angle [1]
A dual-axis solar system requires the use of
various components, such as DC servo motors.
These motors are essential for controlling the
movement of the panels as they are used to guide
the solar system as it moves toward the sun's
direction.

Fig.1.Single axis solar tracking system

The main difference between the single-axis
solar tracking system and the dual-axis system is
that the former requires a lot of power to
operate, while the latter requires only two
motors to move. The dual-axis system is more
Fig.3.Axis of rotation.
There are three different methods used to
track the sun. These are passive, active, and
chronology tracking. These are usually
implemented in a single or dual-axis solar controlling the speed of the MG996R. The
tracker. terminals for the motor driver are connected to
An active tracking system uses sensors that the x-axis and y-axis motors. [7]
constantly track the sun. Whenever a signal is
received from the controller, the sensors will
send it to the motor, which then will start
rotating in the direction indicated by the signal.
[3]
The moment refers to the response of a passive
tracker to a situation involving a pressure
imbalance between two points. When the solar
heat creates gas pressure, this causes the
structure to move according to its surroundings.
Unfortunately, this technique is inaccurate. [4]
A chronological system is a type of timer-based
tracking that keeps track of the movement of
objects in a fixed manner throughout the day.[5]
It utilizes a controller or motor that continuously
rotates at a consistent rate of one revolution a
day, which is determined by the earth's
Fig.5.Dual axis solar tracker.
movement around the sun and its latitudes and
longitude. Although this method of tracking the We used an IC 555 timer to control the speed of
sun is very accurate, it's not feasible to track it the motors using a pulse width modulation
on cloudy days since the motor's continuous (PWM). The two terminals for the motors are
rotation would consume more power. [6]
connected to the A and B pins of the timer. [8] If
III. WORKING the 4 LDR sensors' intensity is equal, the solar
panel will either remain stable or stand by
The working of this solar tracking system is very position. On the other hand, if the intensity is not
simple that we use 4 LDR sensors which are equal and one of the sensors gets illuminated by
connected to the LM358 IC. LDRs are light the LED light, it will change its position to take
dependent resistors when light falls on it because full advantage of the sunlight. Sensor sensitivity
of the intensity of the light the resistance of the can be controlled using a potentiometer or a
sensors will change. These sensors are connected variable resistor. Motor speed can also be
to the 2 low pass filters which are LM358 ICs. controlled using the 104 variable resistor. We
One motor is for x axis motor and the other is for made it into a DC-gear motor with fast rotation
y axis motor. when the light falls on the LDR and easy-to-control operation after taking out the
sensor the respective LED will glow which is internal component of the servo motor. [9]
connected to the respective side of low pass
filter. When the panel is placed beneath the sunlight, it
rotates in the desired direction using motors and
LDW sensors. The collected energy is sent to the
lithium polymer batteries of the TP 4056IC. The
3.7v of electricity is then forwarded to a DC to
DC booster conversion converter. This converter
converts the 3.7v into 5v and provides input for
the various components of the system. [10]

Fig.4.LDR sensor.
A signal is sent from the low pass filter to the
L293D motor driver, which is responsible for
  12 V power supply.
Except these components there are connecting
wires, circuit board etc…

Fig.6.servo motor.

IV. SOLAR PANEL RATING

Fig.7.Block diagram.
DASOL
Model number
DS-A-1.3
Rated maximum 1.3W
power (Pmax)
Voltage at 7.5v
Pmax(Vmp)
Dimensions 180*90mm
Year of 2010
manufacture

V. COMPONENTS:
The main operating components of this system
are:
 Photovoltaic Solar Panel.

 LM 358 IC.

 DC to DC boost converter LM2587 IC.

 MG996R Servo motor.

 LDR sensors – 4.
 Motor driver IC L293D.

 4148 Diodes.
Other auxiliary components are:

 Resistors (10k ,1k).

 Capacitors (104pf,103pf).
Table .1. values of relation between voltage and
time.

Time (in 24 hrs.)

Current (in amps)
Table .2. values of relation between current and
0 6 time.

0.08 7 Voltage Time

(in volts) (in 24 hrs.)
0.2 8
0 6
0.4 9
0.5 7
0.6 10
2.0 8
0.65 11
5.0 9
0.73 12
6.0 10
0.78 13
7.0 11
0.75 14
7.2 12
0.73 15
7.3 13
0.61 16
7.2 14
0.4 17
6.8 15
0.25 18
5.2 16
0 19
4.4 17
1.8 18
0 19

Voltage
8 7 7.2 7.3 7.2 6.8
7 6 Current (in amps)
6 5 5.2
5 4.4 1
Voltage

4 0.8 0.730.780.750.73
3 2 1.8 0.60.65 0.61
2 0.6
Current

1 0 0.5 0.4 0.4

0 0 0.4
0 0.2 0.25
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 0.2 0.08
0 0
Time 0
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Time
Graph.1. Voltage vs Time

Graph.2. Current vs Time

VI. FUTURE SCOPE:
Various changes can be implemented to make this
model more energy-efficient and provide a
secondary source of power for schools, offices, or
other facilities. The street lighting system can also
be completely replaced with a tracking device that
will allow it to store a steady supply of electricity
throughout the day. Such systems should be
extensively implemented in order to meet the
future energy demands.[11]An active tracking
system relies on electrical drives to move its axis,
and this can consume a lot of energy due to
improper control systems. In order to minimize
the number of movements, it is important to
optimize the system's power consumption.
VII. CONCLUSION:
The paper offers an interesting and simple
method to implement dual-axis solar trackers
through the use of LDR and Microcontrollers.
The dual axis design of the tracker makes use of
gears to improve its efficiency, and it can help
extract more power from solar radiation.[12]
This is possible by ensuring that the solar panel's
alignment is correct. The proposed methodology
presents the following features:
 A simple and economic implementation.
 An ability to simultaneously adjust panel
along both the axes.
 Ability to adjust the tracking accuracy.
Provides efficient tracking even under diffuse
weather
conditions.
REFERENCES:
[1] “Dual Axis Solar Tracking system “by
International Journal of Engineering research &
Technology (IJERT)
https://www.ijert.org/dual-axis-solar-tracking-
system
[2] M. R. Patel, “Wind and Solar Power Systems
Design, Analysis and Operations,” 2nd Edition,
CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Producing a
PCB.n.d., BocaRaton,2006.
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/
10.1201/9781420039924/wind-solar-power-
systems-mukund-patel
[3] Making of Dual Axis Solar Tracker | Dual
Axis Sun Tracker Solar Panel.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Okvyq91Q-
0k
[4] Afrin, Farhana, T wisha Titirsha, Syed
Asanjidah, A. R. M. Siddique, and Asif Rabbani.
“Installing dual axis solar tracker on rooftop to
meet the soaring demand of energy for
developing countries.” In India Conference
(INDICON), 2013 Annual IEEE, pp. 1 -5. IEEE,
2013.
[5] “Design and Research of Dual-Axis Solar
Tracking System in Condition of Town Almaty.”
[6] “Implementation of Dual Axis Solar
Tracking System”
[7] “Energy Efficient Hybrid Dual Axis Solar
Tracking System”
[8] “G. Deb and A. B. Roy, “Use of solar
tracking system for extracting solar energy,”
International Journal of Computer and Electrical
Engineering, vol. 4, no. 1, pp.”
[9] A New Design of Dual-Axis Solar Tracking
System With LDR Sensors by Using the
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit by Mahdi Saeedi and
Reza Effatnejad
[10] Design and Control of a Wave-Driven Solar
Tracker by Ruoyu Xu , Xiaoqiang Ji ,
Chongfeng Liu , Jiafan Hou , Zhongzhong Cao,
and Huihuan Qian , Member, IEEE
[11] Developing Smart Self Orienting Solar
Tracker for Mobile PV Power Generation
Systems by yousif r. al-saadi1, monaf s. tapou1,
areej a. badi1, shahab abdulla and mohammed
diykh.
[12] Optimal Selection of the Control Strategy
for Dual-Axis Solar Tracking Systems sergio i.
palomino-resendiz1, frida a. ortiz-
martínez1,itziav.paramo-ortega1,juanmgonzález-
lira1, and diego a. flores-hernández